The Southern Song Dynasty poet Jiang Kui's "Qi Tianle Crickets" (Yu Lang Xian yin "Sorrowful Endowment") is a famous work in his collection of words, and successive anthologies such as Huang Sheng's "Selected Wonderful Words Since Zhongxing", Zhou Mi's "Wonderful Good Words", Zhu Xiaozang's "Three Hundred Songs of Song Ci" and many later antagonists have selected this poem. This song of crickets is preceded by a long sequence explaining the background of the creation, and one of the sentences involves the issue of the name of crickets, saying: "Crickets are called to promote weaving." There is nothing difficult about this sentence, "Zhongdu", Juyan Du zhong, Du Nei, the meaning of the whole sentence can probably be translated as: "Crickets, the capital people call to promote weaving." "Jiang Kui is a Southern Song Dynasty person, the capital city refers to, the first thing that makes people think of is that the Southern Song Dynasty was in Lin'an, which is today's Hangzhou. Therefore, Mr. Xia Chengtao's "Jiang Baishi Ci Chronicle School" (Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1981) explains "Zhongdu", saying: "Yu Yan Du Nei, hangzhou is in the line." The various anthologies of this poem also hold the same opinion, such as Hu Yunyi's "Selected Song Words" Note Yun: "Duzhong, guide song capital Lin'an (present-day Hangzhou, Zhejiang). (Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2017) Tang Guizhang's "Notes on three hundred pieces of Song Ci" (People's Literature Publishing House, 2018) is straightforward, with the note: "Hangzhou." Everyone thinks that the "Zhongdu" of this word should be Hangzhou without a doubt.
"Jiang Baishi Ci Chronicle School"
Selected Words of Song
"Three Hundred Notes on Song Ci"
Things seem to seem to take for granted, and they are almost ironclad. But we only have to look at a few more anthologies of song words to see that this is not the case. The well-known and widely acclaimed "Selected Words of the Tang and Song Dynasties" (People's Literature Publishing House, 1981), which explains the word "Zhongdu", said: "The general name of the capital city refers to Fenjing (present-day Kaifeng, Henan). Wang Shuizhao and other "Commentaries on the Three Hundred Songs of song" also noted as: "Refers to the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, Fenjing." (Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2018) In addition, guo Boxun's "Three Hundred Detailed Analysis of Song Ci" and Wu Xionghe's "One Hundred Tang and Song Poems" edited by Wu Xionghe and others all clearly believe that the "Zhongdu" written by the Southern Song Dynasty jiang Kui should refer to the northern Song capital of Beijing, but there is no explanation, which seems to be a matter of course. This can't help but make people wonder, and can't help but want to explore the reasons for interpreting the "Zhongdu" of the Southern Song Dynasty as Beijing.
Selected Words of the Tang and Song Dynasties
Commentary on the Three Hundred Songs of Song Ci
Fortunately, not all annotations do not explain why. Mr. Yu Pingbo's Selected Interpretations of Tang and Song Dynasties (People's Literature Publishing House, 1979) also includes this poem by Jiang Kui, and also interprets "Zhongdu" as Fenjing, and what is even more valuable is that compared with the above books, his annotation is much more detailed: "Zhongdu, Fenjing (present-day Kaifeng, Henan). Crickets in the north are called to promote weaving, fun weaving, since the Han Dynasty, not began in the Song. Look at the next three sentences of this article 'Waiting For The Pavilion', 'Zhongdu' Yunyun is not a pantheon. Detailed bets 7, 9, 11. Note 7 below cites Lu Jie's Mao Shi Shuyi, Note 9 quotes Yan Shigu's Commentary on the Book of Han and Wang's Biography, and Note 11 cites the Shijing Feng And July notes as examples of crickets calling for weaving in the northern dialect. The so-called "three sentences under the waiting hall" is to say that "waiting for the palace to welcome the autumn, away from the palace to hang the moon, do not have countless sad feelings" quite a sad thought of the homeland: Perhaps, in the hearts of Jiang Kui, the Southern Song Dynasty, Hangzhou will always be just a temporary "walking in", and the real "Zhongdu" has never changed, that is, it refers to the fallen Beijing!
Selected Interpretations of Tang and Song Dynasties
Mr. Yu's Selected Interpretations of Tang and Song Dynasties was first published by the People's Literature Publishing House in 1979 after the "reform and opening up". Chen Jiangen's "Review Opinions" by Chen Jiangen, the responsible editor at the time, was published in the fourth issue of China Publishing in 1979. From this review opinion, we can probably understand the ins and outs of the publication of this book: Mr. Yu Pingbo began to compile the book "Selected Words of the Five Pronouns of Tang" in 1961, and later added the song part, named "Selected Words of Tang and Song Dynasties", and submitted it to the People's Literature Publishing House in September 1963. After the manuscript was delivered, for various reasons, the company decided to print only two hundred copies on a trial basis, suspending the printing of a large number of copies. Unexpectedly, this delay was delayed for more than ten years. It was not until 1977 that the People's Literature Publishing House decided to ask the Institute of Literature of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences to compile the "Selected Words of the Tang and Song Dynasties", and remembered that Mr. Yu Pingbo had also submitted a manuscript of the "Selected Words of the Tang and Song Dynasties", and felt that the value was very high under review, so he wanted to ask Mr. Yu to revise it and submit it to the society for publication. But Mr. Yu, who has experienced a political storm, still has lingering feelings and did not want to make the old manuscript public again. Later, after several persuasions from the editors, he reluctantly agreed to publish it. At that time, Mr. Yu was nearly eighty years old, but after deciding to publish it, he made great efforts to revise it. Finally, it was renamed "Selected Interpretations of Tang and Song Dynasties", which was officially published in the People's Literature Publishing House in 1979.
It is very coincidental that in the correspondence between Mr. Yu and Chen Jiangen, the responsible editor of the Selected Interpretations of Tang and Song Dynasties at that time, there was a discussion of the interpretation of the word "Zhongdu" in Jiang Kui. On March 24, 1979, Mr. Yu wrote to Chen Jiangen, in which he said:
Jiang Baishi's "Qi Tianle" note three, decided to use a change of text. "Cover" people, uncertain words, so no obstacles also. On the contrary, it does not refer to Lin'an or Yiming, Shangyun drinks Zhang Zhao, its land is Lin'an, and the following mentions "Zhongdu", which is elsewhere. Also, crickets call to promote weaving, Youzhou people's language, is the north, see the bet (vii) also to Fenjing as yes, brother why?
On 25 March, another book was sent, again mentioning this note:
After thinking about it, the Jiang word "Zhongdu" did refer to Fenjing, not Lin'an. I hereby rewrite the note (iii) (ix), and add (xiii) (press, the final draft should be the note [xi]), another paper copy, hoping to correct, so that the layout will be moved, see that the next page has another blank, or there is no difficulty, beg discretion, how? Looking at the complex electricity is charged. The intention of this change to the word Jiang Baishi is quite significant, and it must be carefully considered and examined, which can be seen. The original manuscript was a few big mistakes!
From these two letters, it can be seen that Mr. Yu has made changes to this annotation. The original version should be based on general understanding and the annotations of Xia Chengtao and others, annotated as Hangzhou. However, Mr. Yu was always suspicious of Dou, and finally felt that it was better to note it as Fenjing, so he wrote a rewrite to interpret "Zhongdu" as Fenjing (that is, Kaifeng). Although Mr. Yu did not participate in the compilation of the "Selected Words of the Tang and Song Dynasties", which was published in 1981 by the Institute of Literature of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in 1981, the editor of the book was Chen Jiangen, who corresponded with Mr. Yu to discuss the problem. In this annotation of Jiang Ci, the Selected Words of the Tang and Song Dynasties obviously refers to the Selected Interpretations of the Tang and Song Dynasties, accepts Mr. Yu's opinion, and explains that "Zhongdu" is Fenjing. Perhaps for the sake of conciseness and popularity, and the reason was omitted, it became the blueprint for many later annotations that "Zhongdu" was "Zhongdu" as Fenjing, but the language was unclear.
After understanding the reasons and context of this comment, looking back, is Mr. Yu Pingbo's explanation reasonable? Mr. Yu seems to have a good reason and is impeccable, but on closer examination, this is not the case. First of all, although Lin'an (Hangzhou) is called "Xingzai" in the official title, that is, the temporary capital where the emperor is located, it is not the real capital. However, in the era of Jiang Kui, the Southern Song Dynasty had been peaceful for a long time, and the "capital" and "Zhongdu" that people used to call it referred to as Lin'an. The Southern Song Dynasty scholar Hong Mai's activities are similar to those of Jiang Kui, and in his "Essays on Rong Zhai", he mentions "Zhongdu" many times, without exception referring to the Southern Song Dynasty. For example, in the "Rong Zhai Sanbi" volume 5 "Number of Lang Officials", the article reads: "In the winter of the fourth year of Shao Xi, the guests came from Zhongdu and showed them with a compilation of the "Records of the Ban Dynasty" copied by him, and the names of the non-commissioned officials of the Gai Dynasty were also displayed. Below, according to the number of imperial officials in the "Records of the Ban Dynasty", the number of scholars and officials in the discussion is smaller and smaller than in the last years of the Northern Song Dynasty, thus concluding that Qin Juniper wants to monopolize power and "does not want scholars to be in the dynasty". Obviously, the "Zhongdu" here refers to Lin'an, where the Southern Song Dynasty soldiers were located. And the "Four Strokes" volume 12 "The state rises to the capital and not the town" article: "When it is in the middle capital, every person who is the lord of heaven says it." Obviously, this is also when he was an official in Lin'an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty. It can be seen that "Zhongdu" in the population at that time should only refer to the idiom of Lin'an Xingzai, even if Jiang Kui has the idea of the homeland, but the word order is not written "Spring and Autumn", there is no rigorous "brushwork", and it may not be possible to call an old capital that has fallen "Zhongdu" between the lines.
Mr. Yu Pingbo's key evidence, that is, the so-called "cricket north is called to promote weaving, fun weaving, since the Han Dynasty, not began in the Song", this reason seems reasonable, but in fact it is the most flawed. We know that language, especially dialects, is not static, and crickets were called weaving in the north of the Han Dynasty, and cannot be the reason why they cannot be called weaving in the south of the Song Dynasty. Our Hangzhou dialect today has elements of the Central Plains dialect, and the addition of this element is precisely due to the relocation of the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty. So why can't the term "promoting weaving" become the name of crickets in Lin'an during the Southern Song Dynasty? The meticulous "Past Affairs of Wulin" at the end of the Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty is a book that records the customs and customs of Lin'an in the Southern Song Dynasty, of which the sixth volume of the "small economy" is a list of various items in Lin'an, including "promoting weaving" and "promoting weaving pots". It can be seen that perhaps the word "promoting weaving" is exactly what Lin'an called crickets at that time.
Yu Pingbo
Finally, let's talk about Mr. Yu's initial doubts about the word "Zhongdu" in his letters. In the preface, it is said, "At the age of Chengchen, he and Zhang Gong's father will drink Zhang Dake's hall, smell the crickets between the walls of the house, and the gong father will give the same endowment to the singer." The word was written when Zhang Gong's father, that is, Zhang Wei's family was drinking, and Zhang Wei's family was in Lin'an, so it seems that the following "Zhongdu", if it is Lin'an again, says "Lin'an Huzuo to promote weaving" Yunyun, it seems a bit repetitive, so there should be something else to point to in it. However, it should be noted that Jiang Kui is not a Lin'an person, and when he comes to Lin'an, he is the so-called "guest residence". In this way, the so-called "Zhongdu hu is called to promote weaving", which is precisely compared to the location of Jiang Kui's hometown, then it seems that it is not necessary to say that "Lin'an people call to promote weaving". Moreover, Zhang Wei and Jiang Kui have the same work for crickets, titled "Man Ting Fang Promoting Weaving", which has a sentence: "Earnestly persuade weaving, promote the breakthrough of dawn." It can be seen that Zhang Wei, who has lived in Lin'an for a long time, calls crickets "promoting weaving", and the phrase "zhongdu is called to promote weaving" should be aimed at Zhang Wei's work of the Lin'an people. Mr. Yu's first suspicion is actually the key to solving the problem.
In this way, the so-called "Zhongdu" in Jiang's words has gone around a big circle, or returned to the original point, with the interpretation of Hangzhou as true. It seems that the explanation in Mr. Pingbo's "Selected Interpretations of Tang and Song Dynasties" is a rewrite of the failure of the annotation. Now that I think about it, if Mr. Yu had only looked at other people's explanations to write this annotation at that time, and was willing to follow the clouds, perhaps there would have been no differences and doubts in Hangzhou and Beijing in today's annotations. However, in addition to introducing the famous classical poems to the public concisely and popularly, the interpretation of some words should also be cast in the commentators' own thinking on poetry and meaning. It is not enough to simply refer to other annotations, explain the words, and annotate the meaning of the text. Mr. Yu Pingbo's small problem in the annotated poems, going back and forth to the number four, the covetousness, from the first doubt, to the final decision to rewrite, cautious and cautious, even if the final conclusion is not so correct, but it can indeed become a model for the annotators of the poetry reader to write notes.