An excellent argumentative essay has nothing more than three things: thorough reasoning, rich material, and literary language. Of the three, the "rich material" is the skeleton, the "brilliant language" is the appearance, and the "thorough reasoning" is the soul. Although the arguments written by many students are correct and clear, and the arguments are typical and reliable, due to the lack of further excavation of the facts contained in the cases after the examples, the lack of necessary analysis leads to a loose connection between the arguments and arguments, giving people the feeling of listing and stacking arguments, making the whole article lack of ideological nature.
Sick Text 1
Only by reducing pain and persevering can life be brilliant. (Sub-argument) "On the day of the Youth of the Fu, early attendance at the state guests" Du Fu, who had the heart of the world, had a difficult fate and a turbulent life, but he always looked at people and things with a benevolent heart, regarded setbacks and ups and downs as the experience of life, and still pursued unremittingly even in the abyss of melancholy, and finally became a pillar of Tang poetry, a magnificent and magnificent Qiongyu, and enjoyed the reputation of "poetry saint". It can be seen that reducing pain is very important for a person who is in a difficult situation. (Thin and vain)
Excellent paragraph:
Original part (1st step)
If Du Fu could not bear the trickery of fate in that chaotic era and went with the flow, if he could not face up to the lonely life like a yellow leaf and lost his will to live, if he could not bear the pain of frustration and detachment and gave up the ideal of "ruling the country and the world", then how could he recite the immortal work of "poetic history" and shake the ancient world? It was that indifference to pain that allowed Du Fu to live out the openness of "Moon White Breeze and Grass Hall" in a corner of the southwest, and achieved his brilliant life! (Well-reasoned, showing depth of thought.) ）
Analysis: a material + multi-layered hypothesis inference + rhetorical question + conclusion
Method 1: What-if analysis
This method is to list the factual arguments, analyze from the positive or negative assumptions, and the results obtained under the assumption conditions constitute a positive and negative ratio to the results under the original conditions, so as to reveal the internal relationship between the arguments and the arguments. The associative word for hypothetical reasoning is generally used as "if... So...", and others have "Just imagine..." "If... Then...""If", "If", etc.
Note: The hypothesis argument method can be used flexibly. The hypothetical content is often expressed in comparative sentences and rhetorical questions, which can not only enhance the reasoning strength of the article, but also enhance the momentum of the article. It can be "one sentence", such as:
"Throughout the ages, all those who have made achievements have retreated to the net after the envy of the abyss. If Magellan is just "envious of the abyss", instead of chopping the wind and the waves, setting sail, how can he discover the secret of the ocean? If Copernicus was only a "fish of envy" instead of painstakingly observing and creating a new theory, how could he have written the great work "The Movement of Celestial Bodies"? If it is only "Linyuan envy fish", and does not open the Silk Road, how can Zhang Qian have the dashing in front of the saddle in the Western Regions? (Hypothetical argument + ratio + rhetorical question, very powerful and very emotional.) ）
Exercise 1: Use the hypothesis argument method to strengthen the analysis and reasoning of the case, so that the argument can better prove the point.
Opinion: Learn to "look in the mirror" to correctly understand yourself and improve yourself.
Argument: Li Shimin understands the role of mirrors, and can write Wei Zheng's criticism of him on the screen as a "mirror" and compare them at any time. It can also be seen that "with copper as a mirror, you can wear a crown; with the ancient as a mirror, you can know the rise and fall; with people as a mirror, you can see the gains and losses." Isn't this a very good "look in the mirror"? Li Shimin has achieved "taking people as a mirror" and "taking the ancient as a mirror", learning to know himself in people's various criticisms and opinions, and becoming a generation of famous kings. if
Reference Answer:
1. If Tang Taizong had not listened to Wei Zheng's advice against his ears, but instead discarded the "mirror" and smashed it because his ugly points were illuminated, his shortcomings were exposed, and he was ashamed and angry, how could he correct it on the basis of realizing his own willful and extravagant weaknesses? And who can become a figure of the eons of time? And where can there be a peaceful and prosperous era of "the rule of zhenguan"?
2. If Li Shimin did not dare to face Wei Zheng's criticism and cover up his mistakes, if Li Shimin could not have the courage to blame himself in the mirror, and did not use people as a mirror to contrast at all times, how could he create a far-reaching Zhenguan prosperous world? It was he who learned to look in the mirror in order to correctly understand himself, improve himself, and achieve the reputation of a generation of holy kings. ）
Sick Text 2: "Confident, but not blind" example paragraph
During the Three Kingdoms period, Ma Mo was entrusted with the task of guarding the fortress street pavilion. He stationed 200,000 troops on the mountain, and the veteran general Wang Ping, who had been in the battlefield for a long time, urged him to evacuate the mountain, just to convince the soldiers present, but only Ma Mo still insisted on his opinion, and as a result, sima shi surrounded the mountain and cut off the water, set fire to the mountain, and the Shu army was chaotic without a fight, and almost the entire army was destroyed. Ma Mo was also beheaded according to law and his head was in a different place. It can be seen that people should be confident and not blind.
After using the method of probing by means of fruit exploration:
Is the street kiosk lost because Ma Mo did not understand the art of war? No, he had been familiar with the art of war since childhood, and had offered zhuge liang to capture the seven Meng and pacify the southern border; he also alienated Cao Rui and Sima Yi, so that Sima Yi was deposed and returned to the field. Ma Mo failed because he was arrogant, stubborn, and unable to listen to the correct opinions of others.
"Don't forget the past, the teacher of the future", we can't be blindly confident when making decisions and doing things, we must choose the good and follow, and listen to the opinions of others with an open mind, so as to achieve success.
Analysis: Negative example + question + reason + conclusion
Method 2: According to the method of fruit exploration
Advantages: The fundamental of argumentative essay writing is mostly to argue "why", according to the effect of the cause method just from the causal relationship to link the argument and the argument, so that the article has more depth and thought.
Associated words: "Because... So..." "The reason... It's because..." "Because" or "why" to lead to "probe for cause".
Exercise 2. Please add a statement to the argumentative paragraph below that explores the reasons so that the argument can be well argued.
Opinion: Toast to your opponent
Argument: On the occasion of the 60th year of the reign of the Kangxi Emperor, a "Feast of a Thousand Sorrows" was held to celebrate. At the banquet, Kangxi toasted three glasses of wine: the first cup was to honor Empress Xiaozhuang and thank him for assisting him in ascending to the throne and unifying the country; the second cup was to honor all the ministers and the people of the world, and to thank all the ministers for their concerted efforts to be loyal to the imperial court, and the people of the world were prosperous. When Kangxi took up the third cup of wine, he said, "This cup of wine is dedicated to my enemies, Wu Sangui, Zheng Jing, Gardan, and Aobai." The ministers were stunned.
(Reference Example: Original Text: Why did Kangxi toast to his enemies?) Because he understands that it is the pressure brought to him by his opponents, forcing him to work hard into the "struggle" and find a way to become a victor. In the confrontation with the opponent, you can really hone yourself and strengthen yourself. In this sense, your opponent is your driving force and the catalyst for your success. ）
Illness 3, calm comes from desirelessness. Mencius said: "He who has no desire, but the king." "If the Buddha abandons selfish desires, has a calm personality, and finally cultivates into positive results, Pudu sentient beings, Zhuge Kong Ming is indifferent to Ming Zhi, quiet and far-reaching, and finally plans for success and fame." And the Western Chu Overlord, with his own selfish desires, drove away His father, angrily took away Han Xin, and finally was trapped under the trap, regretting eternity, and making the hero cry for a long time. The defeat of the overlord, the mourning of posterity. If future generations mourn and do not learn from them, they will surely make future generations mourn their descendants. (Serious lack of analytical argumentation process)
Boost with a positive-opposition ratio:
Composure comes from desirelessness. Mencius said: "He who has no desire, but the king." "No desire is no selfish desire, and those who do great things cannot destroy the overall situation because of the selfish interests of the fly head, only in this way can they cultivate a calm character and win the final victory." (Positive analysis) If the Buddha abandons selfish desires, has a calm personality, and finally cultivates into positive results, Pudu sentient beings, Zhuge Kong Ming is indifferent to Ming Zhi, quiet and far-reaching, and finally plans for success and fame. With selfish desires, the heart naturally cannot calm down, panic when things happen, and chaos in handling things. (Negative analysis) The overlord drove away his father with his own selfish desires, angrily took away Han Xin, and finally was trapped under the trap, regretting eternity, and making the hero cry for a long time. It can be seen that only by not being restrained by selfish desires can we maintain the calmness of not being insulted and calmly coming and going, and can we walk idly in the midst of chaos and bustle, and watch the clouds and clouds. (Conclusion)
Analysis: Sub-argument + positive analysis + positive example + negative analysis + negative example + conclusion
Method three: positive and negative ratio method
"There is a comparison to identify". The positive-to-negative ratio is a commonly used and persuasive method of argumentation. That is, to compare and compare two things, the differences between them, the characteristics and essence of things are most easily revealed in the comparison, and after comparison, the correct argument is more stable.
Associative words: on the contrary..., and..., on the contrary...
Exercise 3: Please use the positive and negative ratio method to add argumentative text to the following paragraph so that the point of view is supported by the argument.
Opinion: Everything is "for"
Peng Duanshu told such a story in "For Learning": There were two monks in the remote areas of Sichuan who were rich and poor, both wanted to make a pilgrimage to the South China Sea, and the rich monk had been planning to hire a boat to go down the river to the South China Sea for several years, but in the end he did not go to cheng; the poor monk reached the South China Sea on foot with a bottle of water and a bowl begging for food, and returned triumphantly.
(Reference: The rich monk could have easily reached the South China Sea, but he did not act, and in the end it was just a fantasy.) Although the poor monk lacked reliance, he dared to "do", could "do", and finally realized his dream. The long road of life, why not? Even if you have rich material conditions, if you "do not do", you can only be mediocre; if you dare to "do", then even if the road is full of dangers, you will eventually find your own season of blossoming. ）