In order to help the central axis of the application for heritage, the non-cultural relics buildings located in the Taimiao Temple are being demolished one after another, and the West Side Hall of the Taimiao Temple will be exposed. As we all know, the Taimiao Temple is a place of worship for the Qing court, and what few people know is that the Taimiao Temple not only enshrines the emperor's ancestors, but also enshrines the gods of meritorious service. The West Side Hall of the Taimiao Temple is a place of worship for meritorious people. It is conceivable that the enjoyment of the Taimiao Temple was a supreme honor at that time. Among the courtiers who were able to enjoy the Temple, there was only one Han Chinese, and that was Zhang Tingyu.
Courtesy of Taimiao TAKEFOTO
Kangxi cultivated the elders of the Three Dynasties
The earliest Taimiao temple was only a place dedicated to the ancestors of the emperor, and later the gods of the empress and the heroes could also be enshrined in the taimiao with the approval of the emperor.
The front hall of the Qing Dynasty Taimiao Temple is the main hall of sacrifice, the middle hall is dedicated to the shrine of the emperors below Nurhaci, and the rear of the middle hall is dedicated to the ancestors of the four ancestors above Nurhaci. The east hall of the front hall is worthy of the meritorious prince, and the west hall of the front hall is worthy of the Manchu heroes.
The Temple of the Emperor of the Emperor can be described as a top honor! Zhao, the ninth Prince of Li, who was born in the forty-first year of Qianlong, wrote in volume 10 of the Miscellaneous Records of the Xiaoting Pavilion that he was "worthy of enjoyment": "Those who have great merits in the country and have shown their history at home and abroad are all worthy of the Taimiao ceremony, and Gai Guji is also the will of Yu Chang. The heroes of Xiyu were King Yangwuxun, Duke Ehongyi, Duke Fei Zhiyi, Duke TuZhaoxun, Duke Tuzhongyi, Duke Ma Wenxiang, Prince Chaoyong of Mongolia, Duke Ewenduan, Duke Zhang Wenhe, Prince Fu wenzhong, King Fuwenxiang, and Duke Zhaowen Xiang. ”
In the entire 296-year history of the Qing Dynasty, there were only 12 ministers with different surnames who were eligible to enjoy the Taimiao Temple, and only one Hanchen had received this highest honor, that is, Zhang Tingyu, the elder of the Three Dynasties of Kang Yongqian, "Zhang WenheGong". Even if Liu Tongxun in the middle of the Qianlong Dynasty and Wang Jie of the Jiaqing Dynasty served as the foreman of the cabinet as a Han Chinese, the honor behind him was not as good as Zhang Tingyu.
Zhang Tingyu (1672-1755), also known as Heng chen, was a native of Tongcheng, Anhui, and the son of Zhang Ying, a scholar of the Kangxi Dynasty. Zhang Tingyu was a scholar of the Thirty-ninth Year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1700), and was awarded the title of Shu Jishi of the Hanlin Academy, and later served as a reviewer of the Hanlin Academy, and repeatedly accompanied the Kangxi Southern Tour and the Mongolian Ministries. His parents passed away, and he remained a former official.
Portrait of Zhang Tingyu
Although zhang Tingyucai was successively awarded the title of Left Shilang of the Punishment Department, Zuo Shilang of the Bureaucracy, and Academician of Hanlin three or two years before Kangxi's death, he had been serving as secretary general in the highest power center, which also showed that Kangxi attached great importance to him.
It can be said that Zhang Tingyu is a great talent carefully prepared by Kangxi for Yongzheng. After Yongzheng ascended the throne, he has been reusing Zhang Tingyu. Zhang Tingyu was six years older than Yongzheng, and they were considered brothers, and Zhang Ying's father, Zhang Ying, had been one of the teachers for Yin Chan, who was still the crown prince.
The friendship of the same door contributed to Yongzheng's reliance on Zhang Tingyu. The "Qing History Manuscript Zhang Tingyu Biography" says: "In the first year of Yongzheng, the restoration of the Zhinan Study" and "Tingyu Zhou Min was diligent and cautious, especially relied on". In the first year of Yongzheng's reign, he successively added officials to Zhang Tingyu, Shangshu of the Shengli Department, Taibao the Prince of Jia, Acting Governor of the Ducha Yuan, concurrently in charge of the Hanlin Academy, Shangshu of the Transfer Department, and served as the president of the History of the Four Dynasties. Later, he was awarded the title of Scholar of Wenyuange University, Scholar of Mandarin Temple University, and Scholar of Bohol Hall University, and still in charge of the affairs of The Shangshu of the Hubu Andbu Shangshu and the Shangshu of the Bureaucracy, and once became the first assistant to the cabinet.
Yongzheng Qiyou dying entrusted
In the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729), a military aircraft department was set up, "ordering Prince Yunxiang and Zhang Tingyu to lead their affairs" and "Tingyu set the rules". ("Qing History Manuscript Zhang Tingyu Biography") Zhang Tingyu ranked second in the military aircraft after Yun Xiang the Prince of Yi. Zhang Tingyu has been in a confidential place for a long time, and is most favored and loved by Yongzheng. Yongzheng believed that Zhang Tingyu "obeyed the instructions and wrote the upper edict, and was able to understand the meaning of the emperor in detail, and instructed his subjects, and his merits were great", which was all in line with Yongzheng's original intention.
Zhang Tingyu fell ill, and Yongzheng said to the close attendant: "Do you know that your arm has been in pain for several days?" Zhang Tingyu is ill, what can it be if it is not a disease of Yuan's arm?
Zhang Tingyu returned to his hometown to worship his ancestors, and Yongzheng gave him a piece of jade ruyi and wished him "good luck in everything". Yongzheng's body was slightly ill, and all those who had secret intentions were handed over to Zhang Tingyu to take over. Yongzheng strengthened the rule of officials and punished corruption, but Zhang Tingyuquan leaned toward the opposition but was cautious and cautious, taking "ten thousand words, it is better to be silent" as a motto, and held important positions for decades, but "there is no pole in the door, and those who give gifts with value and gold are discarded."
Any gift given by others that is worth more than 100 gold is rejected. Even Yongzheng cared about Zhang Tingyu's life and rewarded him with 20,000 taels of silver, but Zhang did not dare to receive it.
Yongzheng said, "The first xuanli among the rufei ministers!"
The two were "known as kings and ministers, and they were in love with each other."
On August 23, 1313, the Yongzheng Emperor died mysteriously, and before his death, he made the highest personnel arrangements for Emperor Qianlong: "Prince Zhuang Yunlu, Prince Guo Yunli, University Scholar Ertai and Zhang Tingyu Assisted The Government." (Records of the Qing Dynasty, vol. 159)
Emperor Daxing appointed a chancellor for his successor, that is, he was not at ease with him, mainly because the new monarch was still young and did not have any experience and experience in governance.
Qianlong was not. He was 25 years old when he ascended the throne, was the father of six children, and had already begun to participate in government affairs and run errands during the Yongzheng period. It can be said that when Qianlong sat on the dragon chair, he was already a mature politician.
However, Yongzheng seemed to be very uneasy about him, and arranged an auxiliary political team of "two princes + two elders". Yoon Loc and Yoon Lee are fine, they are the emperor's uncle. And Ertai and Zhang Tingyu, although they were Qianlong's chief masters in the upper study, were not royals after all.
Yong Zheng should have guessed that Qianlong would have an idea, and also took the form of a will to add a talisman to the two university scholars: "The university scholar Zhang Ting's jade is pure and complete, and he serves sincerely, and his cultivation of the Holy Zuren Emperor is recorded, and the propaganda force is unique." Every year, the edict is written in accordance with the will, and the intention can be reached in detail. The teaching of the subjects was a great achievement. University scholar Ortai, Zhi Bingzhong, talented economy, Anmin inspector, appeasement frontier, Xun is an unworldly famous courtier. These two people can ensure that they will never be unswerving. In the future, the two ministers will be worthy of enjoying the Taimiao Temple, in order to show the gifts of grace. (Records of Emperor Shizong of the Qing Dynasty, vol. 159, Yongzheng Thirteenth Year, August)
The heavy courtiers deserve to enjoy the Taimiao Temple, that is, the highest grace. Zhang Tingyu, as the first Hanchen of the Qing Dynasty, Yongzheng also specially placed it before the Manchu Ortai and emphasized it.
This was designed for the Qianlong Emperor to use chonglong, especially the han courtiers, for the Qianlong Emperor.
Fortunately, the four old ministers were clever, so they resigned from the name of the assistant minister and changed it to the title of the prime minister.wang minister. There is a precedent for this, and at the beginning of Yongzheng's reign, he appointed the four major prime ministers. They were the executors of the Emperor's decrees, but not the Emperor's guardians. It is also because of this last will before Yongzheng's death that Zhang Tingyu became the most prominent Hanchen of the Qing Dynasty.
However, Yongzheng's trust and attention to Zhang Tingyu is also limited. Two years earlier, at the beginning of the eleventh year of Yongzheng (1732), Ortai, a local official who had achieved success in experimenting with the strategy of "reforming the land and returning to the stream" in the Yunnan-Guizhou Guangxi region, was left behind by Yongzheng when he returned to Beijing and ordered him to serve as a scholar of the Bohol Temple, a foreman of military aircraft, and a count of Jin. In this way, the position of Zhang Tingyu, the original foreman cabinet, has changed. This change in position intensified the entanglement between Zhang Tingyu and Ortai, who was an official in the same dynasty and an adviser to the emperor, and often did not say a word all day.
Qianlong's suspicions were repeatedly tested
Ortai and Zhang Tingyu were at odds, which facilitated Qianlong's flexible use of them. Every time Qianlong went out on a tour, he asked Zhang Tingyu to stay in Beijing for prime minister affairs, and even appointed him chancellor of prime minister affairs, or a university scholar, and also made a third-class earl, but he was always uneasy about Zhang Tingyu, and made a big fuss if he was slightly unhappy. After Ortai's death, Zhang Tingyu, who was over seventy years old, became the leader of the Manchu Dynasty's Wenwu again, but Qianlong did not give him a good look because of this.
In the eleventh year of Qianlong (1746), Zhang Tingyu's eldest son, Zhang Ruoyi, a cabinet scholar, died of illness, which was a great blow to Lao Zhang. The following year, Zhang Tingyu prayed for retirement due to old age and illness. Qianlong insisted on retaining it, and was very displeased: "Qing qing has received great favors from the two dynasties, and has been entrusted with the Taimiao Temple by the emperor's will, so why should he return from the YuanChen to the field and end up old?" Zhang Tingyu repeatedly begged, but Qianlong still did not allow it: "Those who are subjects to others, if they have this intention, they will certainly ignore everything, and they will be as general as Qin and Yue, and they will retreat from the country. It is not possible to be unrecognizable. ”
Qianlong did not want to let Zhang Tingyu leave his sight, but he also changed his method to keep Zhang Tingyu away from government affairs, such as not having to go early in the early dynasty when he was old, and not having to enter in abnormal weather, etc., and also made a slightly insulting evaluation of Zhang Tingyu, "taking the post of writing edicts", "there is no construction of white, no praise", "but because of his successive years, such as Ding Yi ancient tools, the furnishings are only right." Saying that Zhang Tingyu was just a decoration for writing the holy will made Zhang take the initiative to give up the position of first assistant. Zhang Tingyu was insightful and immediately asked to resign and return to his hometown, and this time Qianlong was accurate. Zhang Tingyu was invited to join the imperial court xie en, and said that "Meng Shizong was entrusted with the taimiao temple, and in the previous year he was entrusted with a grace edict, and it was not appropriate for him to return to the field to grow old, for fear that he would not receive more honors after his death." Qianlong was very unhappy, but he still "made three chapters of poetry to give" Zhang Tingyu, indicating that he would not change the edict of the former emperor.
The next morning, Zhang Tingyu, who was old and had been tossing and turning in the palace yesterday, was too tired to climb up, so he hurriedly let his son Zhang Ruocheng go to the imperial court. Qianlong was very annoyed: This is the last will and testament of the former emperor, and it is also my reward, you can't take the first emperor and ignore me! Qianlong "ordered the surrender of the will to rebuke." Military Ministers Fu Heng and Wang Youduncheng". Wang Youdun, a co-founder of the university, was Zhang Tingyu's protégé, "for the sake of begging, the will was not given", secretly ventilated, and on the third day Zhang Tingyu hurried into the court of Xie En. Qianlong saw the situation and guessed that someone had leaked the news, and strictly ordered it to be clarified. Qianlong was most afraid of Zhang Tingyu's "negative favor planting party", and was very angry, and immediately cut off Count Zhang Tingyu. Those courtiers who were jealous of Zhang Tingyu spoke upwards, saying that Zhang Tingyu was not entitled to enjoy the taimiao temple after death. Qianlong's edict still retained Zhang Tingyu and was worthy of the Taimiao Temple. This was the fourteenth year of Qianlong (1749).
The following year, the emperor's eldest son, Yong Huang the Prince of Ding'an, fell ill and died. Just after the first sacrifice, Zhang Tingyu hurriedly asked Nan to return to his hometown, and Qianlong rebuked: As the master of my son Prince Ding'an, you are in a hurry to leave just after the funeral, and are there still the common sense of the teachers and students of the junchen? Therefore, he ordered him to show him the list of people who deserved to enjoy the Temple, and let him say for himself whether he was qualified to enjoy the Temple. Zhang Tingyu was terrified and asked to be deposed and given to the Taimiao Temple, and the crime was punished according to the law. Qianlong ordered Jiuqing to discuss whether Zhang Tingyu was eligible for the Taimiao Temple, and agreed to play it.
The courtiers saw the Qianlong Emperor's intentions and unanimously agreed that Zhang Tingyu should be deposed and given the title of Taimiao and played Qianlong. The Qianlong Emperor thus deposed Zhang Tingyu and was entitled to the treatment of a taimiao temple after his death. Later, it was revealed that Zhang Tingyu's in-laws, Zhu Quan, had been involved in the Lü Liuliang case, and the Qianlong Emperor ordered Zhang Tingyu to be punished, "ordering all the things that had been given over the years" and raiding his residence in Beijing. Zhang Tingyu's protégés such as Wang Youdun and others were also punished.
In the spring of the twentieth year of Qianlong (1755), Zhang Tingyu died of illness at the age of eighty-three, and the Qianlong Emperor made a gesture of remembering his old minister and forgave Zhang Tingyu's sins, saying that "Tingyu had such a brilliant insight, but he had not seen it." He will obey the emperor's will and make it worthy of it. In ancient times, the so-called old and ordination was taken as the precept of Tingyu, and the Tingyu was spared", the title of Wenhe, and the grace was allowed to enjoy the Taimiao Temple.
Qianlong finally honored Yongzheng's will, allowing Zhang Tingyu's tablet to enter the Western Temple of the Taimiao Temple, enjoying the Emperor's Conggong, 23 years earlier than Zhao's sixth ancestor and the first generation of Prince Li' Daishan to enjoy the Taimiao Temple. Volume 10 of the Miscellaneous Records of the Xiaoting Pavilion says: "The kings of the Eastern Empire, the king of the kingdom at the beginning of the country, only four people such as the king of Wugong County, deserve it, and Gai is also worthy of his heir." Yongzheng Zhong, Prince Yixian of Zengqi. Qianlong Wushu, Shang Te Nian created the great works of the kings, but did not enjoy with Si, because of the order to increase the number of kings of Li Lie and Ruizhong, Zheng Xian, Yutong, Suwu, and Keqinyi in the Eastern Palace, and also for a while. ”
"Qianlong Pengzhi", that is, in the forty-third year of Qianlong (1778), the kings of Daishan, Dolgun and other kings were entitled to enjoy the Taimiao Temple, because they were for the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, the wind and rain, the vigorous charge, and the expansion of the territory. The sequence of heroes, the vast majority of them have great achievements in conquest, that is, Ortai is also stable in the southwest to maintain the sovereignty of the country. Zhang Tingyu, who had never left the temple, was able to enter, mainly because of his special friendship with the Yongzheng Emperor and a will, otherwise the Qianlong Emperor would never have arranged it to be shared.