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Because the Edo shogunate's closed-door policies are quite similar to the Ming Dynasty, everyone may think that Tokugawa Ieyasu is the Japanese version of Zhu Yuanzhang, but this is far from the historical facts. The Tokugawa shogunate was not only not a Qin system, but had been maintaining a feudal system, and its understanding of commerce and currency was far from being comparable to Zhu Yuanzhang, and it was also very clear in which places to centralize power and which places to decentralize power, so although Japan was much smaller than the Ming Dynasty, it was better to turn around in modern times.
After the Battle of Sekigahara, 400 years earlier, Tokugawa Ieyasu rewarded him for his exploits and transferred the land of the Daimyo of the Western Army to his allies. The victors of the Eastern Army accepted the land of the losers and moved them out of the old nest, known as "reform". Among them, the foreign samples mainly moved to the Western Kingdom, and Ichimon and Paidai took over their original territories, such as after Fukushima Masanori was transferred to Anyi Hiroshima, matsudaira Tadayoshi took over his Owari Kiyoshu.
Tokugawa Ieyasu during the Battle of Sekigahara
During the Sengoku period, Kwantung agricultural commerce generally lagged behind Kansai, and the Eastern Army transferred to Kansai to obtain a larger stone height, and the Tokugawa family, while expanding their power, could also use them to monitor the daimyo of the original Western Army and take what they needed.
By the time of the Winter Battle of Osaka, Ieyasu retired to the Daimyo Castle, personally led Maeda, Maori, and Shimazu, the daimyōs of the Western kingdoms, to build castles and go-raku, and made his son Hidetada a general, commanding the Daimyo of the Eastern Kingdom in the rear, and hidetamuta and Iemitsu respectively took control of the situation in the east and west.
The Tokugawa shogunate, relying on a large number of vassals and more harmonious allies, safely avoided the tragedy of the Oritoshi regime.
The Tokugawa shogunate, which had gained central authority, promulgated the Prohibition of samurai dharma, and re-established the Ishigao system, the former strictly stipulating "one place, one castle", prohibiting daimyo from building castles at will in their own territories and repairing passes in Mitsutsu, and daimyō and samurai were required to live in the castle towns of various places.
In order to strengthen the unity of the local government and the shogunate, each daimyō had to live in Edo every year and perform certain public duties, which was called "attendance and attendance", and later foreign ambassadors were also required to participate in regular attendance.
Although the daimyō had complete land autonomy, they entered Kiuchi from their domains and passively incorporated them into the economic system of the shogunate because of their frequent consumption. With the help of a unified market, the shogunate could complete the consolidation of feudal lords in various places without touching the land feudal system that had established itself.
The Ishigami system, on the other hand, is different from the local system of the Muromachi period, which was completely determined by the land, and also different from the "Kwangao system" in which the Oritoshi regime measured economic output by the circulation of money, and belonged to the mild compromise between the two, and the economic assessment based on land output was a transitional product of Japan's insufficient circulation of currency and still needed to determine the economic level in kind.
Unlike the "hair inspection" (which frequently calculates the actual output of land every year) during the Muromachi period and after Edo's eiho period, the "mu introduction inspection" that has long been used by the Edo Ishigami system is a short-term measurement, a form of long-term inheritance, which does not reflect the real-time economic level, nor does it carefully examine the newly reclaimed or unstated hidden fields of farmers. By the end of the curtain, the stone height in many places had become the table height, and the actual output was more than doubled. (Daisima Press: Because there was no "household" from time to time by the Central Plains Dynasty, the tax revenue of Japanese peasants was collected for a long time according to the number of acres in the early Tokugawa shogunate, and the tax was gradually reduced when the newly reclaimed fields were not increased in the future. ）
The above can be said to be the shogunate's hot iron, fixing the basis for the division of power hierarchies at the time when its power is most stable. If we use today's example as an analogy, it is like the electoral system in the United States, which divides the number of electoral votes according to the long-term estimated proportion of the population. Some of the positions in the shogunate' central government, such as Kōding Bongxing and Machi Bongxing, were mostly held according to the high rank of Shi.
In order to stabilize this pattern, Edo strictly forbade land trading in the early period and limited the hierarchical barriers of the peasants, industrialists, and merchants. The reason why such coercive policies were carried out so smoothly was that in addition to the personal abilities and prestige of the first three generations of Tokugawa, the force and resources of the Tokugawa family and their relatives were enough to crush all the other daimyōs.
The basic plate of the Tokugawa shogunate
The Tokugawa clan brought the Hokuriku, the main grain producing regions of the Eastern Kingdom, the main gold mines Sado Izu, the main silver ore Mitori, the main foreign port Nagasaki, and the commercial center Osaka all under their direct jurisdiction, and collected high amounts of gold for mines outside their sphere of influence, and then set up specialized gold and silver to manage the country's minerals and supervise the operation of each domain. In this way, the shogunate, which did not have the capacity to directly administer the whole country, had enough laws to cover the whole country.
The most important thing about the Tokugawa shogunate's ability to establish a strong authority was that Japan had always been a power-seeking society, and these changes in political structure were all based on not destroying the original rent-seeking chain, which made it so convenient for the central government to exercise power. (Sima Press: Those original rent-seeking chains later became an obstacle to the unification of Japanese politics, which greatly hindered the Qin system.) ）
The samurai rule of Edo was based on the instilling of Confucian loyalty and recognition of local interests in the courtiers. The daimyōs naturally did not dare to do whatever they wanted in the local area, they did not want the people below to go down to the top, nor would they go to the shogun, such a concept of loyalty was transmitted in Japan layer by layer, and while the shogun declared legitimacy to the daimyo, the daimyo also declared legitimacy to the local subjects.
If the relationship between the central and local governments is discussed solely within the samurai, then cooperation is often greater than confrontation. Not to mention the daimyōs who were die-hard to Tokugawa, even Mori and Shimazu, who had previously joined the Western Army and later instigated the fall of the curtain, were loyal to the shogunate system for a long time, and even used to be shogunate reds. In the mature feudal system, there is no such thing as "my subordinates are not my subordinates" at all.
Such a situation of decentralization and centralization of power has enabled a smooth transition to modern times.
Since the Azuchi Momoyama period (Ōshima-san period: i.e., the Oda Toyotomi period), Japan's monetary system has been largely distributed according to mineral land. Gold mines are mainly distributed in Matsuzen, Mutsu, Sado, and Kai, while silver mines are distributed in Izuwa, Yamashiro, Danma, Nagato, Iwami, Kanto gold, Kansai with silver traditions are deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, and even full of the smell of gunpowder in the confrontation between East and West.
In order to maintain stability, the Tokugawa shogunate did not forcibly unify gold coins throughout the country, but followed the tradition of parallel circulation of gold and silver, in addition to gold and silver coins, in order to complete the independence of the currency, the shogunate vigorously promoted the writing of money, issued a large number of low-grade national copper coins to expel Yongle money.
In this way, Japan's unique gold, silver and copper three-coin system in recent times has been successfully landed. Among them, gold is the counting currency, silver is the weighing currency, gold goods are divided into large judgments, small judgments and one cent gold from large to small, silver goods are divided into large amounts of Ding silver, small amounts of bean plate silver, the grade is 80%, gold and silver copper are exchanged according to 1 two gold = 50 dagger silver = 4000 two copper coins. Gold coins are in 4 decimal and silver coins are in decimal.
During the Sengoku period, the Takeda family had become a climate, and As the most mature and creditworthy monetary system, Kaijin was directly copied by the Tokugawa shogunate, measured in quaternary and bi-cent Zhu. Not only that, but the shogunate also followed the power rent-seeking chain of Muromachi Kai, appointing Shosaburo Goto, who had built gold for the Muromachi shogunate, to be in charge of the gold minting house, called the "Imperial Gold Reform", and appointing Yuasa Asakubei to be responsible for the minting of silver coins, a work that both families passed on from generation to generation.
Japanese merchants were powerful
In order to check and balance, the shogunate also set up the Golden Seat And the Ginza Service, which were appointed by the Surveyor to supervise each other with the gold and silver minting house to prevent one of them from filling his own pockets.
Gold and silver seats all independently purchase materials, and then sell them in the market for profit, and then pay "power plus gold" and "silver transport" to the shogunate as business tax, and correspondingly, the shogunate also pays some "one gold" and "one silver" as handling fees in proportion to the mint amount.
Government bureaucrats and contractors cooperated to achieve the interests of both in the respective fields of power and money, and while the shogunate had exclusive power to mint, issue, and taste money, the contractor had almost complete private operational power.
Through this rent-seeking, the Tokugawa regime gave the entire country its own steel stamp, and monetary leverage gradually replaced feudal relations as a tool for the shogunate to maintain order and stability. This is also the key to our discussion of Japan, where the local powers are strong, the shogunate can still achieve nationwide orders and acts of government, and it has been repeatedly successful.
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