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In January 2019, I created my public account, and in more than two years, I have been working tirelessly, writing fourteen original articles a week at most, and now the update frequency is a long article a week, never interrupted, and has written more than 3 million words, mainly in the fields of current affairs and politics, international relations, history, culture, religion, philosophy, finance, macroeconomics and real estate. I have published a long article here, and the follow-up chapter can go to my public account for a sneak peek, and the search can be chaotic.
Sunniism has been the state religion of islamic states many times throughout history, with empires larger, long dominant, or in the forefront of importance, three dynasties that need to be well described: the Umayyad (also known as Umayyad) dynasty, the Abbasid dynasty, and the Ottoman Empire. Previously, in the historical introduction of Islam and Sunniism, it was all in chronological order, which I think is a bit insufficient, and I will add it here.
Although the Umayyad dynasty lasted only 89 years, it was the first hereditary dynasty of the Arab Islamic Empire, the first king was Muawiyah I, whose capital was in Damascus (present-day Syria), so the dynasty was very special and was the beginning of the Sunni rise to power.
As caliph, Muawiyah was the supreme political, military, and religious chief, combining political, military, and theocracy. In order to give the Umayyad family exclusive power to the supreme caliphate, Muawiyah abolished the caliphate electoral system and introduced a hereditary monarchy.
Under the Umayyad dynasty, the caliphate grew rapidly territorially, incorporating the Caucasus, the Central Asian River region, Sindh, the Maghreb, and much of the Iberian Peninsula (Andalus) into the Muslim world. The Umayyad Caliphate, with a maximum area of 13.4 million square kilometers, is the largest empire in the world to date (many empires, such as the Mongols, have acquired a lot of land along the way, but not many can maintain stable rule), and the sixth largest empire in history.
Islamic expansion figure 622-750
The Umayyad dynasty began in 661 AD, and the fourth caliph, Ali, died in 661, after which the former governor of Syria, Muawiyah (later Caliph Muawiyah I), founded the dynasty, and he and the third caliph, Umayyad, belonged to the Umayyad (also known as Umayyad) family.
Speaking of Muawiyah, we have to mention the famous one who liked nepotism, who ascended to heaven, used his religious position to knight a number of brothers in the family, and was eventually murdered by his own people who were also Islamists, and he was the third caliph, Osman ibn Avan, who was Muawiyah's cousin.
In fact, there are quite a few caliphs assassinated in history, and in modern times, most of them were killed by foreigners, opposition, ruling parties, and power competitors, while The Ottomans were killed by their own people. His various actions led to the widening of the gap between the rich and the poor, and eventually the army ruled by his family complained, and the army began to rebel, and how much he had to hate, so much that they would kill him in their collective rebellion.
First of all, for Islam, Muhammad, as the last prophet, has a high status, and Ali (intelligent and studious, well versed in teachings, avid in literature, good at military strategy and martial arts, has made many achievements in battle, has not been defeated, and is known as the "lion of Allah") is particularly lofty. Osman became caliph before Ali, because he was jealous of Ali's position, and Ottoman used his position to organize scholars to adapt the Islamic holy scripture "Quran" in his name, and deleted many of the original chapters describing Ali. This laid the foundation for the division of Islam into Sunnis and Shiites after Ali's death, and the Shiites, who were loyal to the Prophet's adopted son Ali, could not tolerate the Ottomans doing this to him. Moreover, tampering with Muhammad's quotations at will, for the Arabs, these are the words of the prophet's revelation, and tampering is the most serious sin.
Second, nepotism, which has been criticized. After Uthman became caliph, he appointed his nephew Muawiyah as governor of Syria; Abdullah, a close confidant of the same family, was appointed governor of Egypt; and his half-brother, Vilid, who had spit in Muhammad's face (which was super disrespectful), was appointed governor of Iran. In this way, the three regions that were very important to the Arabs were thus monopolized by the Ottomans and their Umayyad families. It was only externally, for Nei osman to arrange for his cousin Melwan to serve as the supreme governor of the Privy Council, controlling the promotion of officials.
Abdullah had worked as a recorder by Muhammad's side, and at that time he had been convicted by Muhammad himself for tampering with Muhammad's quotations at will, and if it were placed in the hands of the iron-faced and selfless caliph, he would never want to be an official in an Islamic country for the rest of his life. However, if Osman would take care of this, Abdullah and he were of the same family, and he was very good at being an "auxiliary officer" around the leader, because he could not fight, but he would pick someone, recommend Muawiyah to Osman, and then follow Muawiyah to mix the credit.
Before becoming the governor of Syria, Muawiyah had become the governor of Damascus and the commander-in-chief of Egypt because of his military merits, and he would serve the second caliph Umar, and he would also serve the fourth Calis Ali, a warrior who had never tasted defeat on the battlefield, but Ottoman was a non-military talent, so Muawiyah dared to openly disobey his cousin.
Ali was an outstanding Arab knight who had almost never been defeated on the battlefield in his lifetime. The Prophet once gave him a sword and sent him the phrase "There is no sword except the sword of the spine, and there is no haojie except Ali", which is one of the reasons why Ottoman wanted to erase Ali's exploits in the Quran.
The Umayyad family was the most powerful of the 12 clans of the Kulaish tribe of the Arab nobility of Mecca, and was an ethnic continuation of Abdul Manaf, the eldest son of the famous chief of the Kulai clan, Kusaiy, in the 4th century AD. Muawiyah was the second son of Abu Sofyan. Abu Sofyan was known for his opposition to the prophet Muhammad's proselytizing Islam, and Muawiyah fought with his father in many campaigns against Muslims. But after Mecca was occupied by Muhammad in 629, Muawiyah converted to Islam with his father. (Isn't it very like the wind makes the rudder?) ）
"Umayyad" is derived from the name of Umayyad ibn Abdul Shams, a descendant of Abdel Manaf. After the establishment of the Umayyad Dynasty, because it advocated white, Chinese history books called it "white clothing food". (China's Tang Dynasty called the Fan state "Great Eating Country", which refers to the Islamic state after the beginning of the Umayyad Dynasty)
In 656 AD, Osman bin Avan was assassinated, and his cousin, the governor of Syria, Muawiyah, was dissatisfied with the prophet's cousin and son-in-law Ali bin Abi Tarib (the fourth caliph) succeeding him as caliph, sparking a massive civil war.
Uthman was the most controversial and dramatic of the first four caliphs. He was killed by his army in rebellion, and his nephew Muawiyah, still holding his blood coat, openly accused the Ottoman killer of Ali, making the Shiites even more obnoxious to the Umayyad family.
Moreover, after the assassination of the fourth caliph Ali, his eldest son, because of his muhammad's bloodline, was naturally able to inherit the caliphate's position and become the fifth caliph. But when he came across Muawiyah, there was a Zen concession. Ali's eldest son, Hassan, was actually reluctant, and whoever let Muawiyah lead for many years and had absolute superiority in force could only give up the position of caliph. But this did not bring long peace, and he was later poisoned during Muawiyah's reign.
The establishment of the Umayyad dynasty, the people who hate the Umayyad family, the power has become a faction, they are - Shiites, many reasons for hating the Umayyad, I have also introduced above, in short, the Umayyad family ancestors began to plague Muhammad, and then the descendants of the family bullied Muhammad, the descendants of the last prophet of Islam, and sought power and usurped the throne and built the first hereditary dynasty, and the hatred became more and more.
After Ali's eldest son Hassan was poisoned, the Shiites began to support Ali's second son, Hussein, who was willing to fight against the government and be an opposition, but did not want to recognize the legitimate status of the Umayyad caliph, believing that only one of Ali's descendants could be the most orthodox caliph.
Muawiyah was brilliant in his national rule, especially in military acumen, and continued to expand the country's territory outwards, stretching from Central Asia in the east to Spain in the west. He also established the first navy of the Arabs, so that later in the West, the Arabs wiped out the Byzantine north African garrison and occupied the Maghreb from Tunisia to Morocco. The Arabs quickly converted the local Cypriots to Islam and used them as their main force to cross the Strait of Gibraltar to attack Spain. Later, he also fought wars with the Germans and the Frankish kingdoms, and as the territory expanded, he also did a lot of assimilation of foreign races, especially in religion and language.
The Arab Empire was vast, ethnically complex, and populous. The Arabs are a minority as rulers, and their national sophistication lags far behind the peoples ruled. In order to overcome this weakness in Arab rule, the Umayyad dynasty actively encouraged non-Arab peoples to convert to Islam and promised to enjoy the same treatment as Arab Muslims. In order to increase the political and cultural importance of arabic, the caliphate made Arabic the official language of the law; These policies had a positive effect, and some peoples within the empire gradually Arabized or Islamized, thus expanding the social basis of Arab rule and consolidating the rule of the empire.
However, the Shiites in Islam have not given up their reactionary cause, and the friction between them is very frequent, and many caliphs of the Umayyad dynasty have died from Shiite assassinations, and each caliph has not long been in office, and the Shia have continued to contribute to the collapse of the Umayyad dynasty.
Eventually, Abu Abbas Al-Safah, a descendant of Muhammad's uncle Abbas ibn Abdal Al-Mutharib, took advantage of the Shiite and Khawariji rebellions and the military power of the Persian Abu Muslim to finally overthrow the Umayyad dynasty, and all but one of the Umayyad family members were slaughtered, establishing the Abbasid dynasty.
During the massacre of the Umayyyad family by Abbas (nicknamed "Safah", meaning butcher), one survivor, Abdel Rahman (later emir Abdul Rahman I), fled to Spain, where he founded the Later Umayyad dynasty (still known as the White Eater) in 756 AD. After the collapse of the Umayyad dynasty of the Arab Empire, the regime dominated a large area of the Iberian Peninsula with Córdoba as the center for a long time, becoming the most important Islamic regime in Europe.
Most of the Umayyad lands belonged to the Byzantine and Persian empires before, and the local population had become accustomed to feudal monarchies, and it did not matter who became king, it was important not to affect their lives. A little different is that the king of the original country could not have been a religious leader, and the Umayyad dynasty began, and the religious, political and military centralized rule was reduced to one person, which was a feudal system with Arab characteristics.
Following the Abbasid (also known as Abbasid) Revolution of 746-750 (the Abbasid Revolution was largely due to the disenfranchisement of non-Arab Muslims. Later, the Abbasid dynasty was established in 750 AD, and its capital was later located in Baghdad (present-day the capital of Iraq). Caliph Al-Mansour established its second capital, Baghdad, in 762 as a center of science, culture, and art, as well as a center of trade.
The Abbas caliphate, ruled by Abbas, a dynasty that originated in Mecca, was a descendant of Muhammad's great-grandfather Hashemite, and through Muhammad's uncle Abbas, made them part of banu hashemite, hence the name.
Situation in Eurasia during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (712-756) Notice the white-clad feast on the left, which was established by the last royal family of the Umayyad Dynasty who fled to it
China's Tang Dynasty called the Umayyad Dynasty as the "white-clothed food" and the Abbasid dynasty as the "black-clothed food", and the reign of the dynasty was much longer than the Umayyad, a total of 508 years, and finally was destroyed by china's Mongol army. The currency used was still the dinar (gold) that the Umayyad dynasty began to use, and miraculously, the gold coins of the Arab countries are still called dinars today.
Why mention the Tang Dynasty? Because the Tang Dynasty really fought many battles with the Great Eating Nation. In 750, the Abbasid dynasty had just established its state, and the next year, the Tang Dynasty army came and defeated the then powerful Tang Dynasty in the Battle of Qiluo.
The 80th year of the abbasid dynasty's initial founding was the most powerful stage of the dynasty and the peak of the Arab Empire, and when Harun Rashid (reigned from 786 to 809) was still crown prince, he led an expedition to the Byzantine Empire and forced its regent, Erini, to offer a large amount of tribute, which was indeed fierce!
Harun is also very capable of ruling, so ah, a wise monarch can lead the country to glory and prosperity. He promoted a sound administrative system, strengthened the centralization of power, improved the judicial system, set up post stations, introduced a new tax system, developed agriculture, handicrafts, commerce and foreign trade, enriched the national treasury, prospered the economy, and attached importance to the development of culture and art. During his reign, it was the most prosperous.
Abbasids in the ninth century AD (red part) Abbasids in the ninth century AD (red part)
His successor was not weak either, and when Mamun (reigned 813-833) came to power, he reused the Persian nobility to hold military and political power, eased the contradictions with the Shiites (this is a clever move, even if it is like the Umayyad dynasty, it only intensifies the contradictions with the Shiites, and only destroys itself, compared to the two, it is really a day and a place), build water conservancy and roads, reduce land taxes, reward scholarship, develop Islamic culture, and support the religious and philosophical views of the Murtazirais.
In 830, the "Palace of Wisdom", a comprehensive academic institution, was created in Baghdad, and the translation of foreign classics was strongly advocated. This enabled the Islamic world to have its first intimate contact with the scientific and philosophical ideas of the time. Against the political opposition, he still insisted on the use of force to suppress measures. Mammon's policies were adopted by his successors, a period of rule known as the "Golden Age."
Ninth-century Eurasian formal diagram
Unfortunately, after Mamun's death, the Abbasid dynasty began to corrupt, and in the 9th century, Abbas established an army loyal only to his caliph, composed mainly of Turkic Kumans, Cherkasiyas, and Mamluks of Georgian slave origin. As slaves, the Mamluks gradually seized military power, anti-guest domination, slaves turned over, controlled the country, and had enough power to prop up the puppet caliphate.
By 1250, the Mamluks were in power in Egypt. The Mamluk army, though often viewed negatively, helped at the same time, but it hurt the caliphate. In the early days, it provided the government with a stabilizing force to solve problems at home and abroad. However, the establishment of this foreign army, and Mutasim's transfer of the capital from Baghdad to Samara, created a division between the caliphate and the people they claimed to rule. In addition, the power of the Mamluk family grew steadily until Al Radi (reigned 934–941) was forced to hand over most of the royal functions to Muhammad ibn Rajci.
In order to maintain the operation of the Islamic caliphate dominated by the Abbas family, the empire has been constantly intensifying the cruel exploitation of peasants, craftsmen and slaves, resulting in the intensification of class, ethnic and religious contradictions, popular uprisings, sectarian struggles.
The Division of the Arab Empire (Late 8th Century – 9th Century)
By 920 AD, however, the Abbas caliph had lost effective power outside Iraq. By 945, when the Bouyds conquered Baghdad and all of Iraq, the loss of power had become the official norm. The empire collapsed, and its various parts were ruled by local dynasties in the next century. Internal worries and external troubles, foreign invasion, the Abbasid dynasty split, several provinces in the country declared independence, in fact, the Abbasid dynasty was stable and prosperous for nearly a hundred years, and the two Ming emperors began to decline after that.
From the 10th century onwards, Abbas's rule was confined to one area around Baghdad. From 945 to 1157, the Abbasid caliph was under the military control of the Bouyd and Seljuks. In 1250, Abbas created a non-Arab army called the Mamluks that came to power in Egypt. But the good times are not long, and a dynasty will always have a time of decline. In 1258, the Mongol Empire sacked Baghdad, ending the Abbasid dynasty.
In 1258, Hulagu, the grandson of Genghis Khan, led an army to attack the Abbasid dynasty and besieged Baghdad, and the uncle of the last caliph, Mustaisim (reigned 1242-1258), the ruler Abbas Abdul Mutalib, was killed, Mustasuim surrendered, and was later wrapped in carpets by the Mongols and trampled to death by horses, the Abbasid dynasty collapsed, the Ilkhanate occupied most of Persia, and most of the members of the dynasty were executed.
In 1261 the Mamluks of Egypt re-established the Abbasid Caliphate in Cairo. Despite its lack of political power, the Abbasids claimed authority on religious matters until the Ottoman conquest of Mamluk Egypt in 1517.
When the Abbasid dynasty was established, it controlled the Arabian Peninsula and Mesopotamia, and during its reign, Mansour expanded its territory on a large scale, annexing Egypt, the Caucasus, and Central Asia. At its peak, the Abbasid empire stretched from Morocco in the west, India in the east, the Caucasus in the north, and the Sahara Desert in the south, covering an area of more than 10 million square kilometers, making it the largest country in the world at that time. Later in the dynasty, the dynasty controlled less than one-third of the territory it had at its peak, and only controlled the Central and Western Asia regions from the Two Rivers Valley to the Indian border.
Knowledge is the driving force of technology, Harun heavy trade, Mamun to establish comprehensive academic institutions, Abbasid Dynasty is good in the same period of China's Tang and Song Dynasties, China's four major inventions were also introduced to the Arab region at this time. For the Islamic world is very important gunpowder, its optimal ratio of potassium nitrate was also concocted during the Abbasid dynasty, which played an important role in the later Ottoman Empire's attack on the Byzantine Empire, as well as the war in the gunpowder era; Arabia became the world's major seafaring country at that time, thanks to our invention - the compass.
Summing up the historical developments of the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties, the rulers of the country were crucial in leading the nation to glory, as well as creating internal divisions and giving foreign enemies the opportunity to invade.
Knowledge can not only change the fate of individuals, for the Arab countries at that time, it can also change the national fortunes, and the four major inventions of our country have made qualitative changes in their weapons strength and naval navigation.
How similar are the reasons for the prosperity of a dynasty, the trajectory of its demise is unchanged for thousands of years, oppression, exploitation, corruption, and class differences will cause division, uprising, rebellion, and war, so since the ancient Ming Emperor and the Xian Emperor, they have paid great attention to reading history, and the historical record has all kinds of advantages and disadvantages, and only later can they say "take history as a lesson"!