In Tehran, the capital of Iran, Ismail · Chania, Hamas's leading political figure, was assassinated in his residence on the day of the inauguration of Iran's President Pezekhizyan.
Whether it is for Iran or Palestinians, this operation can be regarded as quite hurtful and insulting.
In fact, the official Iran and the Palestinian resistance groups cannot say that there is any traditional friendship or deep friendship. Their cooperation with each other is more out of the law that "the enemy of the enemy is the friend".
Historically, the Persians and Arabs, although the dominant faith is Islam, have always been at odds, and it can even be said that they have long hated each other.
For example, for thousands of years, there has been a proverb in the Middle East:
Iran (Persian) version: prefer to believe in the poisonous snakes of the desert than in the rhetoric of the Arabs;
Arabic version: If you encounter a snake and a Persian in the desert at the same time, be sure to kill the Persian first!
This is the traditional attire of Arab men and women in the Saudi Arabian area.
This is the traditional Persian costume. Moreover, even after the Persians converted to Islam, the people still insisted on worldly pleasures such as drinking, gorgeous costumes, and singing, dancing and music.
Moreover, as far as Islam is concerned, it not only encompasses many ethnic groups, but also has many factions.
However, in general, they can be divided into two main categories – Shiites and Sunnis.
The two factions have long hated each other, and it has only eased in the last two years.
Plus all kinds of historical and practical contradictions. So, even within the Arab circle, there is a mess.
This is the truth, whether everyone likes to listen to it or not, you seem to have to admit that for so many years, the living space of the Palestinians has been crushed by Israel, except that Israel has a very background and does not talk about martial virtues; The Arab world is intrigued and has its own agendas (see the five Middle East wars, none of which were fought by Arab countries to help Palestine establish a state; There is also the earliest separation wall in Gaza City, which was built on the initiative of the Egypt government).
And the other big problem may be that there is no unity among the Palestinians.
The Palestinian-controlled areas, namely the West Bank of the Jordan and the Gaza Strip, have a total area of about 2,500 square kilometres and a population of more than 5 million.
Gaza City alone covers an area of only 365 square kilometers and had a pre-war population of 2.37 million.
Let's make a comparison. Baoding Wangdu County covers an area of 374 square kilometers and has a population of only 230,000. It is already a county-level administrative division with a relatively large population density in Hebei Province.
Obviously, when there are more people, things tend to get complicated.
As a result, we have seen that in such two slap-sized places, a bunch of political and military groups claiming to "represent the Palestinian people" have coexisted for a long time.
For example, delegates who met in Beijing and signed the Beijing Declaration were drawn from 14 organizations in the Palestinian territories.
Some of these organizations aim to create a Shariah-based state (e.g., Hamas);
Others advocate the creation of a modern multi-ethnic and multi-religious republic (e.g., some of Fatah's members are Arab Christians). For example, Arafat's wife, Suha, is a Christian, and before marrying Arafat, she was an administrative secretary to the Fatah organization. ）。
Moreover, there are other organizations whose goal is to establish a socialist State in Palestine.
Moreover, even if they all claim to uphold Marxist-Leninist ideology, they have not been able to twist into a single rope, and after various divisions and reorganizations, the left-wing factions that are now more visible are mainly the following two organizations - the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine and the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine.
Okay, let's briefly summarize the five most influential political and military blocs in the Palestinian region at this stage.
They are:
Fatah (Palestine Liberation Movement), Hamas (Palestinian Islamic Resistance Movement), Jihad (Palestinian Islamic Jihad), PFLP (Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine) and FDD (Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine).
Between these factions, there is "cooperation and struggle", and in some cases, the struggle lasts longer than cooperation.
Typical are the two organizations at the top, Fatah and Hamas.
Fatah was born in the mid-1960s as the largest armed wing of the then newly formed PLO.
In May 1964, nationalist organizations and guerrilla groups in the Palestinian areas held a meeting in East Jerusalem, Jordan, known as the First Palestinian National Convention.
The establishment of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was officially announced, with the aim of achieving Palestinian liberation through armed struggle against Israel.
The first shot that led Fatah in the armed struggle against Israel's occupation was Yasser · Arafat, who was once defined as a "terrorist" by many Western countries.
Fatah's style of painting back then was quite different from what it is today—radical and extremely violent.
Because of the uproar, the PLO, with Fatah as its "leading brother," was forced to withdraw outside the country and extensively recruit members among the local Palestine refugees.
Egypt and Jordan were kind enough to take in this group of Arab brothers, and then it itself was "tragic". Egypt suffered successive retaliations from Israel (Egypt took them in, and Israel naturally put all the accounts on Egypt); And Jordan was directly detonated into a civil war, and even the king of Jordan was almost killed.
After more than a year of civil war and huge national costs, the PLO was driven out of Jordan.
The PLO left Jordan and went north to Lebanon, where it continued to carry out hijackings and kidnappings, and interfered in people's internal affairs.
On April 13, 1975, a church murder was the trigger, and the Lebanon right-wing Christian Phalangists and PLO-led Palestinian guerrillas began a melee, and the Lebanon civil war broke out and lasted until October 13, 1990.
In June 1982, Israel also took the opportunity to intervene and create the Beirut massacre that shocked the world.
Obviously, the above past still leaves a huge shadow on the surrounding countries of Palestine. As a result, it has been seen that since the start of the war last year, the above-mentioned countries have behaved relatively indifferently. King Abdullah II of Jordan even publicly declared that Palestinian refugees must not enter Egypt and Jordan, which is a "red line".
However, this time they are not wary of the PLO and Fatah, but the more radical - Hamas.
Okay, let's start with the "transformation" of Fatach.
The long-term practice of "countering violence with violence" has not been able to bring about any substantial improvement in the tense situation, and has also caused both sides to lose and lose.
Coupled with the delicate international environment of the year, in 1993, there was the following famous scene when the Oslo Accords were signed.
Israel Prime Minister Rabin and Arafat, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization and Commander-in-Chief of the Palestinian Revolutionary Armed Forces, signed the Oslo Accords under the mediation of Clinton and shook hands with each other.
The Gaza Strip was also subsequently returned to the Fatah Palestinian National Authority, as required by the Oslo Accords.
In 1996, Palestine held its first general elections in history, and Arafat, chairman of the PLO and supreme leader of Fatah, was elected president of the Palestinian National Authority without any suspense.
At this time, although the Fatah-led Palestinian National Authority began to reconcile with Israel, some Fatah radical members still advocated continuing the confrontation in the form of violent attacks on Israel, that is, engaging in "jihad".
Among these people there was another branch of the Fath, the Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade.
The Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades are primarily Fahtah-ruled West Bank of the Jordan River, and their members are mainly snipers and suicide "human bombs" that specialize in attacking Jewish settlers in the West Bank of the Jordan River.
Like the Palestinian movies "Heaven at This Time" and "Omar", they interpret similar themes.
The play does not explicitly mention which organization the foolish spirit guys are going to do the bombing, but it is most likely hinting at the "Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade".
This is a classic shot from "Heaven at This Time", where the "human bullet" is enjoying the Last Supper – a tribute to Leonardo da Vinci's famous painting.
Although the Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade also engaged in "jihad", their ties to Hamas in Gaza City are not very close, and their style is not very different. It was not until last year that after the outbreak of the Kazakh-Israeli conflict, some members of the Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade entered Gaza through tunnels and began to fight alongside Hamas.
Next, let's move on to Hamas, which is currently the most exposed.
In 1973, when Israel was struggling with the growing madness of the PLO, in 1973 a Gazan named She·ikh Ahmed · Yassin applied to Israel for the establishment of an Mugamah (a religious charity) and received approval and funding from the Israel authorities.
The area of Gaza, previously controlled by Egypt, was seized by Israel after the Third Middle East War in 1967. Therefore, all Palestinian institutions in those days had to be brought to trial by the Israel authorities if they wanted to be "legitimate".
In the more than 20 years since then, Yassin's "Mugamah" has built schools, hospitals, religious salons, and so on in Gaza, and has developed it into a Palestinian nationalist organization with the nature of a political party in the form of "charity."
During this period, Mugama's activities have been undisturbed by the Israel authorities, and they have even been able to apply for financial grants from the Israel side. Yassin's personal relationships with many Israel officials are also quite good.
Israel believes that this "Mugama" is very conducive to stabilizing Israel's situation in Gaza, and can even use "Mugama" to split the PLO, which is bent on armed struggle, so that the Palestinians will have more "internal attrition".
Moreover, Yassin looks weak, paralyzed at the age of 12, and can only go out in a wheelchair, unlike Arafat, who always wears a military uniform and keeps a gun, which gives people the feeling of violence.
Through Yassin's operation, Mugama has amassed extremely high prestige and public opinion in the Gaza Strip, even surpassing the PLO and Fatah led by Arafat.
In 1988, a traffic accident in the Gaza Strip sparked protests by local Palestinians against Israel authorities.
Yassin seized the opportunity to open up another institution on the basis of Mugama - Hamas.
Hamas, whose full name is "Palestinian Islamic Resistance Movement". Compared with the Palestine National Liberation Movement (Fatah), the Palestinian Islamic Resistance Movement (PTIR) is clearly more religious and violent.
Hamas advocates the violent recapture of all Palestinian land, the complete elimination of Israel and the establishment of a theocratic Islamic Republic of Palestine, with Jerusalem as its capital and stretching from the Eastern Mediterranean to the Jordan River.
In order to achieve this goal, it does not matter how much it costs, even if it is the same death.
(This is a video of a Hamas woman before she impeached Fatima · Omar · Najjar before "carrying out her mission")
Hamas's military organization is the Qassam Brigade, which is on TV every day.
The name of the Qassam Brigade is derived from the Palestinian national hero Az · al-Din · Qassam.
But this Az· al-Din Kasan did not die at the hands of ·Israel, but in the 1930s, in the struggle against United Kingdom colonial rule.
In this way, when Fatah, who claims to "never reconcile with Israel", led the PLO and began to "reconcile" with Israel, Hamas rose.
Since the banner was raised, Fatah and Hamas have not been on good terms, and have even fought a civil war.
From 2007 to 2017, Fatah and Hamas, the two largest politico-military blocs in Palestine, fought to the death for a decade in areas under Palestinian control, which were already so fragmented.
In 2007, Fatah's Abbas government was forced to abandon the Gaza Strip and retreat to the West Bank of the Jordan River.
It was from this moment that the Gaza Strip became a "large open-air prison" of violence and hatred – a complex of Hamas and civilians that were simply unmistakable among Gaza's dense population. In order to prevent them from coming in and wreaking, Israel and Egypt simply built high walls, and Gazans were subjected to very strict checks when they entered and exited the checkpoints on a daily basis.
Also clearly opposed to the Oslo Accords and insisting on using "jihad" to counter violence against Israel is another Islamist militant group, Jihad.
Compared to Hamas, which operates only in Gaza, Jihad's "blueprint" is obviously much larger.
Its armed forces, called the Quds Force, have a Muslim Brotherhood background and are headquartered in rebel-held areas of Syria with offices in Jordan and Lebanon.
Jihad's realistic goal is to completely eliminate Israel through "jihad" and establish a theocratic Islamic Republic of Palestine;
The highest goal is to rebuild a unified Islamic world, including the entire Palestinian region and the surrounding countries of Syria and Egypt.
In the civil war in Syria, Jihad was very active.
(The headquarters of Jihad's "Quds Force" was bombed by Israeli forces at a targeted point)
The last two organizations to mention are those that claim to uphold Marxist-Leninist ideology -- the People's Front (Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine) and the Democratic Front (Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine).
Both organizations, both of which were born in the 1960s, accompanied by the revolutions and left-wing movements in Asia, Africa and Latin America, attracted "volunteers" from all over the world to come to Palestine to "carry out the revolution".
Among them, the most earth-shattering was the "1972 Ludd Airport Massacre in Israel" planned by the "People's Front" and carried out by the Japan Red Army.
THERE WAS A TIME WHEN MANY PALESTINIANS LOVED TO NAME THEIR SONS "OKUDAIRA" IN HONOR OF THE JAPAN RED ARMY LEADER WHO COMMITTED SUICIDE BY DRINKING A BULLET IN THE ATTACK, AND THE HUSBAND OF THE HOUSE, OKUPAIRI TSUSHI.
However, Shigenobu House has been living well, and in 2022, he was released from prison by the Japan government.
She and her daughter Shigenobu (pictured below), along with her second husband, a left-wing Lebanon guerrilla, is now a Japan expert on the Middle East and appears frequently as a guest.
However, in the 1980s, as the world revolutionary movement fell into a low ebb, the activity and scale of the "PFLP" and "FDC" continued to shrink. The influence and sense of existence are far inferior to those organizations engaged in "jihad" introduced earlier.
At present, the supporters of these two organizations include secularists, atheists, and Arab Christians, in addition to the leftists who continue to uphold Marxist-Leninist ideas and advocate the construction of a socialist Palestinian state.
Compared with the PFLP, the FDC was more moderate, believing that it should adjust the direction of the struggle in due course, pay less attention to Marxism-Leninism and violent armed struggle, accept the reality of coexistence with Israel, and use political means to achieve the goals of the organization.
At the end of the 90s of the last century, the "PFLP" and the "FRODE" formed the Palestinian Democratic Alliance, and as a legitimate political party within the PLO, it has long maintained a certain number of seats in the Palestinian government.
Since the beginning of the fighting in Gaza last year, some members of the FDD have also voluntarily joined the armed resistance against Israel.
These are the six members of the organization who have died in Gaza, announced by FRODEBU.
Having said all that, let's sum it up.
Although the Palestinian territory is only a little bigger, its internal political and military composition is still very complicated. It is quite difficult for them to smoothly form a "national united front against Israel."
Even though they signed the Beijing Declaration with our mediation, it is not the first time in history that the Palestinian factions have reached an agreement. The outlook is still difficult to judge.
No wonder many people say that in the eyes of Israel, the many names of opponents really do not seem to be a bad thing.
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