The movie "Jiang Ziya" was released in the National Day slot, and we know more or less about the deeds of Jiang Ziya, whose prototype is the Zhou Dynasty Taishi at the end of the Shang Dynasty and the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, and The Emperor of the State of Qi, Lü Shang. So, why was Lu Shang called Jiang Ziya again, and what was his last name? In fact, there are many titles in Lü Shang's heirloom literature, and each title has certain rules. Let's list how many vests he has here, and we can also get a glimpse of the zhou dynasty's title habits.
First of all, let's say Lu Shang's name. In ancient China, there was a difference between "name" and "character", "name" is the name at birth, mostly used for modesty; "word" is the name of adulthood, mostly used for honorifics. And Lü Shang's character is "Shang Father", "Shijing Daya Daming" boasts of his style in the Battle of Muye and says "Wei Shi Shang Father, Shi Wei Ying Yang", the zhou Dynasty male characters are mostly called "father" and women are mostly called "mother", for example, Confucius is called "Zhongni father", but this "father" can often be omitted, so in the pre-Qin sons "Xunzi", "Lü Shi Chunqiu" and "Shi Shi Qi Taigong Family", there are many titles of "Lü Shang". At the same time, the Zhou Dynasty also used many tong-kanji, so Qinghua Jian wrote him "Qi Ye" as "Qi Shangfu", which is actually another kind of writing of "Lü Shangfu".
Lü Shang's name should be "Wang", and there is also a title of "Lü Wang" in "Xunzi" and "Lü Shi Chunqiu". The more frequent occurrence in the pre-Qin literature is "Taigong Wang", which appears in Mencius, Han Feizi, Lü Shi Chunqiu, and Yi Zhou Shu. The "History of Zhou Benji" says that "Taigong Wang" is the source of the title "Wu Taigong Wangzi Jiuyi", which seems to say that Taigong Wang is the meaning of King Wen's grandfather's hope. However, this statement is unreliable, because "Taigong" and "Wang" were already very common in the pre-Qin Dynasty as lü Shang's title.
Lü Shang's most famous "Ziya" comes from a very late source, and only the "Art of War of Sun Tzu" explicitly mentions "Lü Ya" in the pre-Qin literature, and the Qinghua Jian "Liangchen" has a "Junya" from the time of King Zhou Cheng, but it is clearly listed as two people with the "Master Father" of King Wu of Zhou. The Shang Shu also has a "Junya" section, the specific content is already unknown, and the Shang Shu Preface lists him as a figure in the period of King Mu of Zhou, which is even further away from Lü Shang's era. In short, "tooth" as Lü Shang's name appeared only once in the early records, whether his alias is still confused with "Junya" is unknown, as for the title of "Ziya" is even more later.
Then say Lu Shang's last name. Among the various titles we mentioned about Lü Shang, they only said "Lü Shang", "Lü Wang", "Lü Ya" and did not say "Jiang Mou", why? Because the Surname and Surname of the Zhou Dynasty are also different. In short, the clan was the symbol of the social group at that time, and the surname was the symbol of the blood group. Jiang Ziya lived in the state of Lü at the end of the Shang Dynasty and was called Lü Shang, and when the Zhou Dynasty was divided, he was sealed to the state of Qi, so he was also called Taigong of Qi. Although his surname changed from Lü to Qi, the surname of Jiang remained unchanged. Men in the Zhou Dynasty were generally called by clan names, so that it was clear which country the clan was, while women were called by surnames and names, so that when marrying men, they would not violate the system of "same surname and no marriage". Therefore, Lü Shang could not be called "Jiang Ziya" at all at that time.
So, why was it later called Jiang Ziya? This is related to the confluence of surnames of the Warring States Qin and Han, after the Qin and Han dynasties, the surname and surname are the same thing, and everyone is not so clearly distinguished, the Eastern Han Dynasty's "Theory of The Hidden Husband" says "Wen and Wushi Jiang Shang", which is the earliest record of calling him "Jiang Mou".
In addition to being called by the clan name, the Zhou Dynasty also liked to be called by official positions and honorific titles. Lü Shang's official position was "division", the highest military commander of the Zhou Dynasty, also known as "division". This "division" is not the "division" of the teacher, but the "division" of the army, so it will be called "Master Shangfu"; Jiang Ziya is also honored as "Taigong", so it will be called "Taigongwang" and "Qi Taigong". In the early years of the Zhou Dynasty, "Gong" was a title for His Holiness, such as Zhou Gongdan and Zhao Gongyi, who were auxiliary ministers at that time. However, Lü Shang was not called "Lü Gongwang" at that time, probably because he was not the monarch of the Lü state, and the general title of the monarch could also be called "Gong".
Lü Shang also had a special title of "Flying Bear" in later generations. In the "Zhou Benji", it is mentioned that King Wen of Zhou had divination before meeting Lü Shang, and concluded that he had obtained "not a dragon and not a mite, not a tiger and not a cat", but "the assistant of the king", that is to say, what he got would not be a dragon, a mantis, a tiger, and a cat, and a bear, so everyone said "non-dragon" as "non-bear" and then said as "flying bear". In the Yuan Dynasty's "Wu Wang Fa Shu Ping", it is said that King Wen dreamed of a two-winged tiger to His Highness, and Zhou Gongdan interpreted the dream for him, saying that this is a flying bear, and if he gets it, he will get a sage, so that Lü Shangcai has the title of "flying bear".
Lü Shang was good at the art of war and wrote "Taigong Liutao". Therefore, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang included him in the state sacrifice; Emperor Suzong of Tang made him King Wucheng and a martial saint on a par with Confucius; and Emperor Zhenzong of Song made him King Wucheng of Zhaolie. It was not until the Ming Dynasty that his position was taken away by Guan Yu. The title of "King of Wucheng" was gradually forgotten, but instead merged with "Non-Tiger" to form a new character, that is, Huang Feihu, the King of Wucheng in the "Evolution of the Fengshen Gods".
Interestingly, archaeological finds have also found suspected Lu Shang. In 2008-200, a bronze artifact was found at the site of the early Western Zhou Dynasty in Chenzhuang, Gaoqing County, Zibo City, Shandong Province, which was made by Feng for his ancestor Zujia Qigong. This "A" is the "day name" of this "Qi Gong", the so-called "day name" originated in the Shang Dynasty, representing which day the ancestor was sacrificed in the ten days of Tiangan, such as Shang Yi, also known as Di Xin, that is, on the Xin Day. This custom was also inherited in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, with Lü Shang's son being called Duke Ding of Qi, his grandson being called Duke Yi of Qi, and his great-grandson being called Duke Qi, which was obviously different from the later titles. Since this site is located in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, Zu Jia will not be Ding Gong, Yi Gong, and Duke Yan, then Lü Shang's own suspicion is of course the greatest.
In short, because of the complicated salutation habits of the Zhou Dynasty and the complicated experience of Lü Shang himself, he had a lot of vests at that time, and before the "History", there were Zujia Qi Gong, Shi Shang Father, Lü Shang Father, Lü Shang Father, Tai Gong, Tai Gong Wang, Lü Wang, Lü Ya, Qi TaiGong and so on. It was not until the later Eastern Han Dynasty that he began to be called Jiang Shang, who was officially known as King Wucheng and King Wucheng of Zhaolie during the Tang and Song Dynasties, while in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, he was known as Flying Bear and Jiang Ziya.
bibliography:
Li Xueqin, "On Gao Qing Chen Zhuang's Inscription "Wenzu Jia Qi Gong"", Dongyue On Cong, No. 10, 2010.
Li Yihui: "Examination of the Evolution of the Fengshen Gods", Beijing: People's Literature Publishing House, 2017.
Lin Wu Gongzi, "The Key Mr. Of Shang Zhou Dingge: The Change of Jiang Ziya's Image", National Humanistic History, No. 3, 2020.
Zhan Huajun and Jiang Ying: Chronicles of the Qi State, Jinan: Qilu Book Society, 2004.
Zhou Shucan, "Jiang Taigong Title and Tsinghua Jian 'Qi Ye' "Lü Shangfu" Problem", Journal of Baoji College of Arts and Sciences (Social Sciences Edition), No. 2, 2020.
The author is Lin Wu Gongzi, a writer of literature and history, specializing in the history of the pre-Qin, Qin, and Han dynasties, mythological and youkai. He is the author of today's headlines, Wukong Q&A, Baidu Encyclopedia Ta said signed author, surging history, NetEase history, full history columnist, published "Pre-Qin Ancient Guozhi", "Pre-Qin Ancient Guozhi Wu Yue Chunqiu", "Shanhai Jing Complete Painting Collection", "Phantom: Ancient Chinese Gods zhizhi different atlas" physical books four kinds, works scattered in "National Humanistic History", "Beijing Evening News", "Together in the Boat" and other newspapers and magazines and self-media. Thanks for reading, welcome to pay attention!