In 1945, Zhou Chunqing, the king of Shanghai's land, suddenly fell ill and died, and his widows and children quarreled and cursed in order to compete for the property left by the huge rich man. Later, after being instructed, the whole family invited a famous female lawyer in Shanghai to pick up the chicken feathers in this place. In the chaotic world, the family affairs that were difficult for the Qing officials to decide, after more than a year of hard work, were finally taken care of by this female lawyer, and none of the descendants of the Zhou family were dissatisfied. In order to express her gratitude, Zhou Chunqing's wife and children gave the female lawyer a three-story house on Nanjing West Road in Shanghai, and gave her more than ten houses on Qipu Road.
At about 11:00 p.m. on May 24, 1949, the PLA armored vehicle rushed into the vicinity of Jiaotong University on Xiafei Road, and a middle-aged lady dressed in a cheongsam and half-heeled shoes, accompanied by a young man wearing glasses, flashed a subtle panic in her eyes, but was immediately replaced by grace and composure, and calmly walked towards the PLA.
This lady was the female lawyer. She is shi liang, who has the highest position, independent personality, and the greatest influence on Chinese women, and is called "the heroine of women" by Mao Zedong.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="5" > talented woman who came out of Qingguo Lane</h1>
"There are talented people in the Jiangshan generation, and each has led the way for hundreds of years." This is the ancient famous sentence of Zhao Yi, a famous scholar in Changzhou in the Qing Dynasty. A hundred years later, Shi Liang, a woman from the same hometown as Zhao Yi, interpreted this sentence with her own experience. Since the ancient Jiangnan is full of talents, Qingguo Lane is full of talents. Known as the "First Lane of Jiangnan", this old alley, which is only a few hundred meters old in the old town of Changzhou, has a history of more than 400 years. The famous masters who came out of this alley, just in modern times, there are Qu Qiubai, Zhang Tailei, Zhou Youguang, Zhao Yuanren...
Counting from Shi Liang's great-grandfather, Shi Jia has produced five generations of people and is one of the eight famous doors in Changzhou. In Shi Liang's father's generation, Shi Jia was considered to be in the middle of the family. Although his father married the daughter of a scholarly jinshi, Shi Liang had three older sisters, three younger sisters, and a younger brother, and it was really difficult for him to raise his children only on the meager salary of his father's teaching. After the eldest sister joined the work, Shi Liangcai began to go to school at the age of 14. Fortunately, the father is also full of economy, a belly of the sage Haojie story, . The feelings of a small family and a big country have taken root in the conscience of childhood history in the father's talk.
Reading opportunities are not easy to come by, so read desperately. Shi Liang's hard work has allowed her to make rapid progress in her studies. "In all my study time, I can really say that I am a hard-working student, and the hard work is indescribable, only books are in my heart, and the rest is not paying attention to anything." I have a diary for fourteen years without interruption, and there is my detailed experience of hard work..." This woman with thick hair, high forehead, big ears and wide cheeks, beautiful eyebrows, straight nose and thin lips, although her family was poor, her father's personality of "temperament and incompatibility" was passed on to her without any legacy. The rebellious and geng-shuang Shi Liang has always remembered the meaning of his father's name for himself, to be a person with a "conscience" and "a conscience". Whether it is in the Changzhou Female Teachers Alumni Association, or on behalf of the three schools (Provincial Fifth Middle School, Changzhou South Division and Female Teachers) Student Federation to publicize the speech, everyone unanimously elected her as the leader. Taking the lead in the school uprising, expelling teachers who did not learn and had no skills, and being arrested by the military and police were not only Shi Liang's rebellion in the face of real injustice in the early days of his growth, but also the motivation for her to embark on the revolutionary road.
At Shanghai University of Political Science and Law, Shi Liang worked part-time and continued his studies in a chaotic world. China's lawyer system began in the early years of the Republic of China and was not allowed to practice as a lawyer until the promulgation of the Lawyers' Charter in 1927. Employment in the legal profession was inherently difficult, and it was even more difficult for a fledgling woman like Shi Liang to become a lawyer in that era. Shi Liang had to give up his legal profession and go to an administrative unit to do things. Shi Liang's immediate boss was a Kuomintang bureaucrat and party stick, and his behavior made Shi Liang very annoying. Before long, the young woman who was not deeply involved in the world had a conflict with this old oiler. This guy surnamed Liu actually framed Shi Liang and imprisoned him for "ideological problems."
It was this "heavenly disaster" that made Shi Liang's life take a huge turn. In prison, Shi Liang found that many Communists were being held. These imprisoned Communists were brutally tortured without sentencing, and some were quickly executed by firing squad. The ugly face of the reactionary bureaucracy and the darkness of the judiciary in the old society deeply shocked Shi Liang, who was flesh and blood. Although the power of the individual is really small, if there is no concerted effort of all people, where will there be institutional changes in the future?
Through the mediation of Cai Yuanpei and his teacher and family, Shi Liang was finally released from prison. She is determined to devote herself to the profession of lawyer. The woman, who wanted to survive the chaos of the world, once again remembered that she was arrested for participating in demonstrations during the May 30 Movement in 1925. Although he was released a day later, in the face of external enemies and internal strife, he could only rely on his own strong efforts to survive, so that he could have the opportunity to help others and uphold justice. Studying law in school can bring yourself some livelihood benefits while helping others.
Perhaps it was the special care of heaven, or the young Shi Liang was serious and persistent, and she formed a deep friendship with barrister Dong Kang. Soon, Shi Liang won the first lawsuit on debt repayment, and she received a 500 oceans honorarium. This was a significant amount at the time. Almost 20 years later, Shi Liang also fought property lawsuits on behalf of others, and won a huge fortune from the once-prosperous Zhou family. After liberation, Shi Liang donated these properties to the state for the office space of the NLD. In the great Shanghai of flowing gold and silver, with the success of Shi Liang's representation of cases, she became famous in the legal circles in Shanghai and even the whole country.
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="52" > lawyers who embarked on the revolutionary road</h1>
The promotion of the lawyer's predecessor Dong Kang and Shi Liang's own efforts have provided her with a stage to show her skills in the era of alternating between the old and the new and the turbulent. However, the freedom of the lawyer's profession must be subject to the constraints of the system. The wantonness of foreign enemies, the common ground of the party, the darkness of the chaotic world, and the ugliness of human nature make it not surprising that even lawyers who appeal for grievances for the people have suffered repeated setbacks.
In Shi Liang's career as a lawyer, the most helpless and unwilling "political" case was the rescue case entrusted by Deng Zhongxia, then a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, who insisted on underground struggle in 1933. Shi Liang had almost solved the case of Deng Zhongxia, who was then pseudonymized as "Shi Yi", but due to Chiang Kai-shek's personal intervention, the case ended in failure. Shi Liang gradually grew from a lawyer with a sense of justice to a political activist who cared about the fate of the country and the nation, and began her life of running for the people, especially the majority of women.
Through this case, Shi Liang became acquainted with Song Qingling, and was initiated by Song Qingling, Cai Yuanpei, Yang Xingfo, etc. Shi Liang founded the "Civil Rights Protection Alliance" with some leftists in the Kuomintang and social elites who insisted on fairness and justice. Under the white terror of the Kuomintang, Shi Liang began to do his best to handle the cases of the underground Communist Party. To this end, she also established contact with the CCP's underground organization Mutual Freemasonry, and specially arranged a comrade in her law firm to facilitate the timely transmission of news. Cpc members Ren Baige and He Long's relatives Xiang Yuangu were rescued from prison by Shi Liang.
Shi Liang's law firm was in the French Concession, and there was a well-born translator in the French Concession Patrol House, his name was Lu Diandong, and he spoke fluent French and English. Because of their work relationship, Lu Diandong and Shi Liang met and slowly learned about the political tendencies of this graceful female lawyer. He often communicated to Shi Liang, providing information on the arrest of political prisoners. Since then, Shi Liang has not only defended political prisoners in court, but also been able to get the news in advance and inform these people to evacuate as soon as possible.
In the fierce anti-Japanese rescue activities, Shi Liang has never forgotten to carry out women's work, handle cases for women, and actively defend them. to do everything in its power to appeal grievances and justice to those who suffer. Some poor people asked her to be a lawyer, and she didn't charge anything, even pasting miscellaneous fees and money for the parties to stay in hotels. During the Republic of China period, the social status of women has improved, and there are opportunities to go out of the house and join the society, but women are also synonymous with "weak and small". Shi Liang's endorsement for the same sex stems from the fact that when she was 7 years old, she was booked by her parents and the family surnamed Liu to be "doll kiss". Although it was a helpless move for parents to support their children, Shi Liang really did not want his fate to be decided in this way. As a child, she had to hide in the bed and fight against hunger strikes. Not eating or drinking for three days and three nights forced parents to finally change their minds. The victorious Shi Liang knew that if he wanted to change and control his own destiny, he could only take the initiative to fight. This incident is closely related to Shi Liang's lifelong traces. She defended the interests of women, had an opinion on things, dared to take responsibility, and had a lifelong ambition to become a lawyer with a conscience.
In the turbulent city of Shanghai, there are many forms of revolution. Shi Liang's heart, which has been infiltrated with awe-inspiring justice since childhood, makes her eager to find a political party that truly seeks the interests of the general public. She eagerly read progressive books and periodicals, and recognized people from all walks of life when handling various cases. Her budding career as a lawyer gave her more opportunities to reach progressive people.
After the Japanese imperialists invaded northeast China, their attempt to turn the whole of China into a colony became more and more obvious. The Communist Party of China issued the August 1st Declaration on August 1, 1935. In response, shanghai cultural circles issued the "Declaration of the National Salvation Movement of Shanghai Cultural Circles" on December 12. More than 280 people from the cultural circles, including Shen Junru, Zhang Naiqi, Tao Xingzhi, and Li Gongpu, signed the declaration, which had a wide political influence among intellectual circles and young men and women. The Shanghai Cultural Circles Salvation Association was established half a month later, and 35 people, including Shi Liang, were elected as executive members. Shi Liang embarked on the revolutionary road from then on.
In order to resist the dictatorship of the Chiang kai-shek government, the various anti-Japanese groups formed the "Chinese Democratic Political League Alliance", which was later changed to the "Chinese Democratic League". In September 1945, the Chongqing Municipal Committee of the China Democratic League was established, and Shi Liang was elected as a member of the municipal party committee and an organizing member. He was then co-opted as a member of the Central Committee of the China Democratic League and a standing member of the Central Committee of the China Democratic League at the First National Congress of the China Democratic League. During the negotiations between Chairman Mao Zedong and Vice Chairman Zhou Enlai in Chongqing and Chiang Kai-shek, Shi Liang served as an adviser to the delegation of the Democratic League, and together with other leaders of the Democratic League, worked closely with the Communist Party of China to wage a resolute struggle for democracy, dictatorship, peace, and civil war.
In October 1947, the Nationalist government declared the NLD an illegal group, forcing the NLD to cease its public activities. In January 1948, the NLD held a meeting in Hong Kong and decided to work closely with the Communist Party of China. Shi Liang could not leave Shanghai for Hong Kong because of his situation at that time, so he had to entrust Sha Qianli to attend on her behalf. Subsequently, according to the decision of the headquarters of the China Democratic League, Shi Liang established the East China Executive Department of the China Democratic League in Shanghai and served as the director of the East China Executive Department.
In 1949, on the eve of the overthrow of the Nanjing government, Tang Enbo, commander of the Kuomintang Beijing-Shanghai-Hangzhou garrison, issued a secret order: "By all means, arrest Shi Liang immediately!" So, Shi Liang, who was hiding around, happened the scene at the beginning of this article.
Shi Liang, who survived the disaster, happily ran to Song Qingling's apartment, and the two women who had made great contributions to the founding of New China were overjoyed by the encounter in the turbulent times.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="53" > the only woman in the "Seven Gentlemen" incident</h1>
On November 22, 1936, Shi Liang was suddenly arrested, but was acquitted on the 23rd. On the same day, she was closely arrested, and she cleverly escaped. A month later, on December 30, Shi Liang resolutely surrendered after arranging the work of saving the Congress.
This was shi Liang's participation in the National Salvation Congress, which advocated uniting all parties and forces to resist Japan, which "contradicted" the Nationalist government's policy of "foreign countries must first be safe inside the country", and the patriots suffered blows, thus a "seven gentlemen incident" that shocked the world.
At that time, in order to strive for the unity of the anti-Japanese front, the patriotic salvation movement was in full swing. In 1936, after the establishment of the National Salvation Congress, Shi Liang, Shen Junru, Zhang Naiqi, Sha Qianli, and others participated in the petition at the venue of the Second Kuomintang Middle School in Nanjing, and the armed military and police launched a large-scale attack on the masses commemorating the 5th anniversary of "9/18."
As an influential women's representative, Shi Liang was well aware of the importance of calling on the broad masses of women to rise up and resist Japan, and if he were in danger, he would play a decisive role in uniting the people to resist Japan. However, there was still work to be done in the Salvation Congress, and Shi Liang had to avoid it. A month later, Shi Liangyi went to the Suzhou High Court to surrender himself.
The fact that patriots who insisted on resisting Japanese aggression were "guilty" caused great indignation not only among the people at home, but also caused great repercussions in the international community. The internationally renowned philosopher Dewey and physicist Albert Einstein respectively sent telegrams to the National Government in Nanjing, expressing "serious uneasiness."
There was both international pressure and the support of the people of the whole country; the imprisoned Shen Junru, Zou Taofen, Li Gongpu, Sha Qianli, Zhang Naiqi, Wang Zaoshi, and Shi Liang waged a resolute struggle against the Kuomintang in prison and in court, and coupled with the fact that the patriots represented by Ten people, including Soong Ching-ling, Hu Yuzhi, and Zhang Dingfu, echoed outside the prison, the Kuomintang reactionaries were greatly shaken.
In the courtroom, Shi Liang's hair was like a golden crown, Emei pink, wearing a dress of fragrant cloud yarn, water red pressed white flowers, if she then held a scale in her left hand, a sword in her right hand, a snake wrapped around a stick, and a dog sitting at her feet, it was really like the goddess Themis. But what surprised everyone was Shi Liang's quick thinking and ability to speak eloquently.
The presiding judge asked Shi Liang, "What does the declaration and program of the All-China Salvation Association (All Walks of Life) mean?" Shi Liang replied succinctly: "Unite against Japan." The presiding judge then asked, "Are you in favor of all parties and factions uniting to save the country?" Shi Liang replied in a loud voice: "All Chinese, except for traitors and traitors, should unite to resist Japan." The presiding judge frowned, blinked his eyes, and asked with a knife in his words: "Are the united parties and factions a united communist party?" Shi Liang calmly replied: "The meaning of the National Salvation Congress is that any party must unite, whether it is the Kuomintang or the Communist Party, there is no distinction between parties, no class, no distinction between men and women, only the division of resistance against Japan and not the resistance against Japan."
"Is the establishment of a unified anti-enemy regime another government?" The presiding judge finally couldn't hold back and asked defiantly. "There is a difference between a government and a regime. The government is the organ of the state, and the regime is the force exerted by this institution. For example, the five powers of the five-power constitution are also political power, and it cannot be said that there are five governments. We are advocating the expansion of power, not the formation of another government. Shi Liang used the courtroom as a classroom to "popularize" legal knowledge to the presiding judge.
The presiding judge interrupted Shi Liang angrily and suddenly asked, "Are you against the Constitution?" Shi Liang replied forcefully: "I did not oppose the Constitution, but at a time when the country was in deep trouble, I shouted out the voice of the masses and demanded resistance to Japan and salvation." The presiding judge shouted: "You advocate the unity of all parties and factions, is this not a slogan put forward by the Communist Party?" The Salvation Congress advocates unanimous resistance to Japan and save the country without distinction between classes, parties, men and women, because of the demands of the people of the whole country, not the slogan shouted by the Communist Party. Shi Liangyi refuted it sternly.
The tit-for-tat confrontation in the courtroom made people see the extraordinary arrogance displayed by this fashionably dressed woman, and Li Gongpu, one of the seven gentlemen, replied to the chief judge's question, "You have been used by the Communist Party", which made the other party even more embarrassed: "The people of the whole country must resist Japan, and I believe that the presiding judge also wants to resist Japan. Shen Junru, the standard-bearer of the Anti-Japanese Salvation in the Kuomintang Region, loudly defended the crime of "endangering the Emergency Punishment Law of the Republic of China" in court: "The word anti-Japanese is the same as this heart, and the heart is the same." Unless the prosecutor is a Japanese imperialist, he will be convicted of saving the country! ”
The war of words in court turned the Kuomintang trial into a slap-in-the-face farce. Under the watchful eyes of the whole world, on July 31, 1937, after the "Qiqi Lugou Bridge", Shi Liang and other seven gentlemen were released from prison. This event, which caused great shock at home and abroad, finally came to an end.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="54" > representatives of women's rights</h1>
In Shi Liang's youth, the three Song sisters had contact with her. In the Shanghai Salvation Congress, Shi Liang worked with Song Qingling and maintained a lifelong friendship. During the Anti-Japanese War, Song Meiling served as the leader of the "National Women's Guidance Association", and Shi Liang was also one of its members, and she and Song Meiling had more and more contact.
Since the "Women's Guidance Association" is a united front organization, which includes the Kuomintang, the Communist Party, the National Salvation Congress and other parties, as well as people with different political tendencies, Shi Liang, with his own wisdom, relying on the underground members of the CPC, members of the National Salvation Congress, and other progressive figures, adopted a method of both struggle and unity, cooperated with Song Meiling and other Kuomintang women workers, and made major contributions to publicizing, mobilizing, and organizing the broad masses of women to participate in the war of resistance.
More than 400 exiled female students were taken in by Chen Cheng, director of the General Political Department of the National Revolutionary Army, and formed a wartime service regiment. In order to win over this group of students, Shi Liang managed to join this wartime service group under the "Women's Guidance Association". Later, this group of students did a lot of work in publicizing the War of Resistance, and some of them embarked on the revolutionary road because of their ideological progress.
Shi Liang has a cheerful and open-minded personality, is good at sociability and coping with different environments, and has a wide range of contacts. In order to strengthen the influence of the Kuomintang in the women's movement, Song Meiling tried her best to attract some key members and well-known figures in the Women's Guidance Association to join the Kuomintang. Shi Liang, who is quick-witted, has strong working ability, and has great influence and appeal in the women's community and society, has naturally become one of her goals.
Once, Soong Mei-ling invited Shi Liang to dinner, and Chiang Kai-shek was also present. Song told her: "The Kuomintang needs to strengthen new blood, and among the members of the Kuomintang Central Committee, there are too few women. He also said: "The Kuomintang is indeed corrupt, so why don't you join the Kuomintang and carry out some reforms together?" And expressed his willingness to be Shi Liang's introducer. But Shi Liang was always sober-minded and had his own opinions. In order to resist japan together, she can cooperate with Song Meiling and maintain good friendship, but she cannot blur the differences in their political positions, so she gently but firmly rejects Song Meiling's solicitation.
Shi Liang's influence in the legal profession and her enthusiasm for social activities led the Nationalist government to deliberately solicit her to participate in politics and deliberations. During the constitutional period of the National Council of Political Participation, Shi Liang served as a suffragan and was the only woman. In order to demand that the Kuomintang government implement democracy and protect women's rights, Shi Liang strived to explicitly stipulate equality between men and women and to protect women's rights in the Constitution. She proposed not only to clearly stipulate the fact of equality between men and women in the "General Programme" of the Constitution, but also to include in the chapter "National Assembly" that the number of women deputies should not be less than 15 per cent. In the old semi-feudal and semi-colonial society, where patriarchy was the mainstay and women were emerging, it took great courage and wisdom to vigorously fight for the rights of ordinary women. Before the founding of New China, Shi Liang also solemnly proposed to Zhou Enlai that "attention should be paid to increasing the number of women's deputies."
Before the founding of New China, Shi Liang fought lawsuits free of charge for women living at the bottom of society, and made many contributions to safeguarding women's rights and interests. Uniting women to resist Japan and save the country and actively participating in various struggles has always been an important matter that Shi Liang personally practiced. Shi Liang said: "The greatest responsibility of Chinese women today is to save the country rather than to govern the family. To liberate our women, we must first liberate our nation. Without the liberation of the Chinese nation, the liberation of Chinese women would not be possible. In the construction of new China, Shi Liang was even more dedicated to women's independence in judicial work. As a representative figure of China's women's circles, she devoted a lot of effort to participating in the formulation of the Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China, abolishing the feudal marriage system of arranged coercion and male superiority over female inferiority. The introduction of freedom of marriage, equality between men and women, and monogamy has done a great thing for the majority of women.
In the Marriage Law, Shi Liang specifically proposed that "the woman also has the right to file for divorce". Shi Liang, who gradually participated in the work of the government, came into contact with first-hand information in participating in the land reform and found that in some places women were not allowed to leave the village, and widows must marry poor peasants and bare sticks. Shi Liang believes that the realization of women's rights and interests must be protected by law. After the promulgation of the "Marriage Law," Shi Liang personally went to the grass-roots level to inspect the implementation of the "Marriage Law," wrote an article entitled "Conscientiously Implementing the Marriage Law," vigorously publicized the marriage policy, demanded that those who infringed upon women's human rights be severely punished, and at the same time improved the judicial system and work style, and resolutely investigated and dealt with illegal acts that were ineffectively enforced and interfered with the freedom of marriage. Issues that should be addressed were raised in a timely manner, and it was suggested that the courts should establish a marriage division with a woman as its president. To her comrades who work for women, she said: "Continuous efforts are needed to make the provisions of the Marriage Act a fact. At present, some young women demand autonomy in marriage, and some widows demand remarriage, and they are still interfered with and persecuted. The Women's Federation is the mother's home of women, and we women cadres must support the broad masses of women, be bold and bold, speak loudly, and support them in their struggle against the feudal forces. In publicizing the marriage law and solving marriage problems, she proposed to adopt a "fragmented package dry system" to become a household name.
The Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang spoke highly of Shi Liang: "As the first minister of justice of New China, in the face of a situation of waste and waiting to be rebuilt, Shi Liang began to establish a legal system for New China. New China abolished the Kuomintang's six-law system and completely eradicated the bourgeois legal system, shi liang not only contributed to it, but also as a famous lawyer in the old legal system, reflected her rupture and innovation of the old society; after the "old" was broken, Shi Liang was full of enthusiasm to "establish a new". She went deep into the rural areas to conduct legislative research, especially focusing on the rights and interests of women and children. Under the auspices of Shi Liang, the marriage law, the first basic law of New China, was born, which was praised by Chairman Mao Zedong as "the interests of all men and women, and its universality is second only to the Constitution", which condensed Shi Liang's solid and profound legal literacy and opened the prelude to the construction of the legal system in New China. ”
Shi Liang successively served as minister of justice and member of the Political and Legal Committee of the State Council, and was also elected as an executive member and vice chairman of the All-China Women's Federation, a member and vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, and a vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. On September 6, 1985, Shi Liang completed a rich and colorful life path.
Zhang Bojun's daughter Zhang Yihe once wrote in an essay: "Shi Liang looks beautiful, loves beauty, and understands beauty. The sum of these three 'beauties' makes her different wherever she goes and wherever she comes." However, when Shi Liang went in and out of various occasions to identify the jewelry worn on various occasions before his death, he found that all the rings, brooches, earrings, and necklaces were worth three thousand yuan. It turned out that with the increase of fame, Shi Liang also came into contact with more and more characters, including some socialites and foreign emissaries, who also had more requirements for appearance in such a working environment. Although she has a good income and is well-dressed, she lives an exquisite and exquisite and elegant life, but she "arms" herself with an inside-out temperament, leaving the world with her heart of chivalry and righteousness.
About the Author:
Feng Junlong, a young writer and literary and art critic, has published many works in newspapers and media such as "People's Liberation Army Daily", "Advancing together in the same boat", "Literature and History World", cover news and Xinhua Net, China Military Net, China Youth Net, People's Net, Sohu Net, China Writers Net, Sichuan News Network, etc., and has won the National and All-Army Essay Awards for many times, and his works have been reprinted by Xinhua Digest and Writers Digest. In recent years, he has mainly engaged in the creation of historical and military theme works, published many literary and art reviews, and is currently the chairman of Wushi Cultural Communication Co., Ltd.