'Moldova' grape introduction performance and southern rain shelter cultivation techniques

'Moldova' grape introduction performance and southern rain shelter cultivation techniques

Basic information of the demonstration garden

In 2014, based on summarizing the observations of the previous introduction, the 'Moldovan' grape (Figure 1) was introduced to the demonstration garden of Xijian Town, Fu'an City, the main grape producing area in Fujian Province, for regional planting demonstration, which is located at 26º59' north latitude, 119º44' east longitude, and 10m above sea level, which belongs to the central subtropical climate zone. The average annual temperature is 19.8 °C, the number of sunshine hours is 1921.6 h, the average temperature in January is 10.0 °C, the average temperature in July is 29.4 °C, the absolute minimum temperature is ~1.2 °C, the average annual rainfall is 1260.5 mm, the evaporation is 1590.1 mm, the frost-free period is 304.2 days, and the annual active temperature is greater than 10 °C 5872~6754 °C. The soil is paddy field soil, the soil is loose, the soil layer thickness is 40~50 cm, the groundwater level is greater than 50 cm, the ph is 5.6, the drainage and irrigation conditions are good, and the management level is medium and high.

Fig. 1 'Moldova' viticulture

Shelter from rain facilities greenhouses

Although the 'Moldova' grape strain is highly resistant, the incidence rate is still high under the high temperature and high humidity climate in the south, and efficient cultivation must be cultivated in rain shelter facilities. Demonstration garden with hot-dip galvanized steel pipe single conjoined greenhouse, single greenhouse length 32 m, shed width 5.2 m, shed roof height 3.5 m, shed shoulder height 2.0 m, greenhouse column with steel reinforcement water mud column, specification 10 cm× 10 cm×2.5 m or hot-dip galvanized steel pipe outer diameter 48.3 mm, wall thickness 3.5 mm, pipe length 2.5 m, buried in the ground 50 cm, Cast with cement sand and gravel, the spacing of longitudinal columns is 4 m×4 m, the spacing of horizontal columns is 5.2 m, the outer diameter of the beam is 43 mm, the wall thickness is 3.5 mm, the length is 6 m of hot-plated pipe, the roof is curved, the outer diameter of the roof arch is 23 mm, the wall thickness is 1.3 mm, the length is 6 m, the spacing is 0.8 m, and it is built with some accessories. The use of canopy film to avoid rain, the greenhouse around the maintenance of ventilation, the greenhouse cover film period for the first half of March to October every year, that is, from the beginning of the grape germination to the beginning of the leaf fall, the film release period for the grapes to begin to fall leaves, you can also choose to carry out after the grape harvest, but it must be noted that the southern region september is the high incidence of downy mildew, early film release needs to increase the number of spraying, the film thickness is 0.05 ~ 0.06 mm, good light transmittance droplet film is better.

Manifestations of introductory traits

Botanical features

The 'Moldovan' grape variety is a European and American hybrid, the plant shoots are light green to yellowish green, with dark red longitudinal stripes, medium villi, annual mature branches tan, internodal extremely long, mediumly stout; young leaves are yellow-green, the leaf margins have a purple-red halo, the upper surface of the villi are thin and smoother, the leaf dorsal villi are denser, the leaf veins are light red; the adult leaves are larger, green, the upper surface is smooth and hairless, the leaf dorsal villi are thin, the leaves are medium thick, the leaf margin is rolled upwards when the middle piece is flattened, nearly round, 5 lobes, shallow lobes, and the edges are serrated and sharp, The petioles are closed into oval shapes, the petiole length is equal to or slightly shorter than the midrib; the tendrils are intermittent and biparts; the flowers are complete flowers, and the flower spikes are medium-sized.

Fruit economic traits

'Moldova' grape panicle cylindrical or conical, medium large, with secondary panicle, short panicle stalk, fruit grain chicken heart shape, tighter growth, peel blue-black, thick fruit powder, average grain weight 6~8 g, flesh yellow-green, soft and crisp flesh, mellow taste, juicy aromatic flavor, juice purple red, soluble solids content of 16% to 18%, peel and pulp, pulp and seed are easy to separate, seeds 1 to 3 grains / fruit, the fruit first turn color and then ripen, the ripening period is mid-August, than the local main cultivars' Giant Peak's ripening is about 1 month late, and it is a late-maturing species with few drops and only a few cracked fruits.

Growth outcome habits

After years of observation, this variety shows that the growth of plants in the demonstration garden is extremely strong, the top advantage is obvious, and it can quickly form a productive canopy. The results are early, a small amount of fruit can be hung in the year of colonization, and the later performance is abundant; the peel is easy to color, the coloring is very good under scattered light conditions, and it is neat, the germination rate is 70 to 75%, the fruit branch rate is 60% to 65%, and the average number of fruit spikes is 1.5.

Phenological period

According to the observation results of the phenological period for three consecutive years, the germination period of this variety in Fu'an, Fujian Province is March 10 to 15, the flower panicle display period is March 26 to April 6, the flowering period is April 30 to May 12, the color change period is July 25 to August 15, the maturity period is August 25 to September 15, and the deciduous period is late November. Resistance

Compared with the local 'Jufeng' and other main cultivars, the 'Moldovan' grapes showed obvious adaptability in the introduction demonstration garden, the soil requirements were not strict, drought tolerance, barrenness, cold tolerance, heat tolerance, medium to low cold demand, and the resistance to downy mildew and gray mold was significantly stronger than other varieties.

A key technique for the cultivation of rain shelters

In order to achieve the purpose of high-quality and efficient production, while introducing 'Moldovan' grapes, we fully learn from the local viticulture technology experience, focus on the following technical measures, and achieve good results.

Colonization techniques

After the construction of the greenhouse, dig a ditch to build a furrow, each shed is arranged into 2 rows of planting furrows according to the direction, each furrow is 2.6 m wide, dig a planting ditch in the middle of the furrow 60 cm wide, 50 cm deep, the bottom of the planting ditch is buried with 10 to 15 cm thick straw, weeds or coarse soil fertilizer, sprinkle the appropriate amount of lime, cover the soil 5 cm, put rotten farm manure or commercial organic fertilizer in the middle, 1500 ~ 2000 kg/667 m 2 , Add calcium, magnesium and phosphorus fertilizer 100~150 kg, add 10 kg of "ten elements" boron fertilizer mixed, fill in coarse topsoil and mix with it, and then fill the planting ditch with organic fertilizer and topsoil according to 1:6 mixed fertilizer soil, colonization ditch should be about 20 cm higher than the furrow surface. Select robust and disease-free annual seedlings, the height of the seedlings is more than 1.5 m, the diameter of 1.5 m is required to be more than 0.5 cm, colonized in October to November, the plant row spacing is 2.0 m×2.6 m, after planting, pour enough fixed root water, the seedling tray is covered with straw or chaff to protect the soil, and the pole is tied to the vine.

Shaping and trimming

◆Frame type and shaping

'Moldovan' grapes have a strong growth potential, and should adopt a shelf type and shape that can slow down the growth potential. The frame type is a horizontal trellis commonly used in the south, the horizontal trellis is 1.8m high, and the horizontal wire is pulled by 8 # wire every 4.0 m, and the 14 # wire is pulled every 30 cm in the longitudinal direction, forming a grid frame surface of 30 cm × 4.0 m. The shape of the grapes is shaped according to the "one" shape, that is, the height of the main trunk is 1.5 to 1.6 m, and the top of the trunk is selected to leave 2 strong new shoots tied to the left and right sides of the horizontal frame to form two main vines, the main vine is 1 m long, and the mother branches on each of the upper branches are 4 to 6, and the same side branches are spaced at 20 to 30 cm.

◆ Trim

(1) Winter (dormancy) pruning. The winter shearing period is selected in January before the injury period. In winter pruning, according to the thickness of the resulting mother branches and the fullness of the buds, the combination of short and medium-stem pruning is adopted, and 1 to 2 buds can be left short shears when the weak branches are near the main trunk, the external weak shoots in the main vine can be directly removed, and the high-quality mother branches can be directly removed, and the high-quality mother branches can be pruned with 3 to 4 buds. After entering the results 3 to 4 years, we should pay attention to selecting appropriate nutrient branches for renewal and rejuvenation, ensuring that the fruit belt is not moved outward, and the plant shape can still maintain the shape of "one".

(2) Summer (growing season) pruning. Summer pruning mainly adopts measures such as budding, stalking, hearting and parasection treatment, removal of tendrils and vines to balance the relationship between vegetative growth and reproductive growth. Bud smearing: The first time to wipe the bud is about 7 to 10 days after the main bud germination, select the main bud, erase the secondary bud, the second time about 10 days after the last smear and smear the bud again, leave the main bud, and the rest of the sub-buds and tillers are all wiped out. Fixed branches: When the new shoots grow 10 to 20 cm, the inflorescence is exposed after the fixed branches, remove the weak branches, dense branches, diseased insect branches and inflorescence twigs, and finally remove too many fruit branches, the initial fruit tree should be based on expanding the crown width, more nutrient branches should be left, and the ratio of fruit branches to nutrient branches is 1:1. Fruit trees leave 4000 new shoots per 667 m2, about 3000 to 3500 fruit branches, and 1000 vegetative branches. Heart-picking and paraspical treatment: 1 to 3 leaves above the smallpox spikes before flowering, and the nutrient branches can be determined according to the shelf space, leaving 10 to 13 leaves. The sub-shoots below the panicle are removed, and the 1 leaf core is left above the spike, and the top sub-shoots are left with 3 to 4 leaves to be repeatedly hearted or sprayed with 1 mg/kg of chlorellain. Tendrils are cut off in time, and when the new shoots grow for a long time, they should be tied and fixed in time to prevent the new shoots from growing with each other and prevent the branches and leaves from being too hidden and affecting the quality.

Flower and fruit management

'Moldova' grapes have high yields and good coloring, but excessive yields can easily cause serious fruit splitting in the later stages, affecting quality, and in order to improve efficiency, it is necessary to carry out controlled production management. First, through flower thinning management, sparse flowering mainly removes and sorts out flower spikes, generally about 1 week before flowering, removes sick weak panicles and deformed panicles, removes the secondary panicles and basal small flower branches on the flower ears 2 to 3 axes, pinches off the lower end of the flower spikes 3 to 5 cm, and leaves the flower spikes on the small flower branches 15 to 18 axes. Moldovan varieties have a high fruit set rate, and after flowering, foliar fertilizers are sprayed while preventing disease before flowering, with trace elements such as 0.1% to 0.2% borax solution or 0.2% to 0.3% zinc sulfate. The second is fruit thinning to control production, first remove diseased fruit ears and deformed panicles, and then remove overcrowded panicles, retain 1 panicle per 10 leaf or more fruit branches, leave 45 to 60 fruit grains per panicle, leave 3000 panicles per 667 m2, and control the yield within 1250 kg to ensure that the single grain is large and uniform, the color is blue-black and the color is consistent, the soluble solid content is high, the disease is small, the fruit is less split, the quality is excellent, and the price is high.

Soil fertilizer water management

◆ Soil management

(1) Increase the application of organic fertilizer to change the soil. From October to November of each year (which can be combined with fruit harvesting fertilizer), a circular soil ditch of 20 to 30 cm wide and 30 to 40 cm deep is dug in rotation around the vines year by year. Soil modification materials are mainly straw, straw, weeds, green manure, etc., put into the bottom layer of the ditch about 10 cm, sprinkle a small amount of urea or lime to promote decomposition, and then cover the soil 5 to 10 cm, put on the decomposed farm manure or commercial organic fertilizer 10 ~ 12.5 kg, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer 1 ~ 1.5 kg mixed with the topsoil into 2 to 3 layers, which is conducive to improving the formation of soil agglomerate structure around the root system and increasing the organic matter content and permeability.

(2) Deep turning of the mature soil in winter. Every winter, the soil is deeply turned once a year to promote maturation, around the trunk of the tree within 40 cm should be shallow turned about 5 ~ 10 cm, the periphery should be turned deep about 20 ~ 25 cm, deep turning can be some weeds or fallen leaves in the garden can be buried, the underground pests turned out to reduce the harm of underground pests and clean the orchard, reduce the source of overwintering diseases and insects, promote soil maturation and improve permeability.

(3) Raw grass to fertilize the soil. Some green manure crops such as alfalfa, white clover, amaranth, aster and other green manure can be intercropped in the vineyard, and measures such as orchard grass mulching can also be implemented. Raw grass mulching can be implemented according to different grass types of staged mowing cover, when the growth height of green manure or pasture exceeds 40 cm, especially when entering high temperature and drought, mowing mulching, can effectively reduce soil temperature, reduce ground evaporation, maintain water and soil, promote microbial activity, increase soil organic matter, and fertilize the soil.

◆ Fertilization management

(1) Fertilization management of young trees. Plant young trees for 1 year, and start fertilizing when the new shoots grow to 5 to 10 cm, so that the thin fertilizer is applied diligently. From March to June, fertilize twice a month, in early spring, you can choose 0.5% ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium sulfate plus 0.5% calcium superphosphate, plus 0.1% true root fertilizer solution, you can also choose 0.3% to 0.5% urea plus 0.1% ~ 0.2% potassium sulfate aqueous solution for rotational watering, it is best to combine organic fertilizer liquid pouring, the concentration can be increased successively. From July to September, nitrogen and phosphorus increase potassium were appropriately controlled, fertilized once a month, and 45% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer was applied to the plant 25-50 g, and the water was irrigated to preserve moisture. During the growing season, 0.3%-0.5% urea, 0.2%-0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.2% "ten elements" micro fertilizer can also be applied in combination with spraying extra-root.

(2) Fertilize the fruit tree. The young 'Moldovan' vines grow fast, and after 1 year of careful management, year 2 has reached the fruiting stage. At this stage, the fertilization should be based on the base fertilizer, and the appropriate amount of chemical fertilizer and trace element fertilizer should be added at the same time as the sufficient amount of organic fertilizer in combination with the expansion of the hole and the soil. Topdressing can be applied 3 to 4 times a year, germinating fertilizer in mid-to-late February plant urea 25 g plus 45% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 50 g, tree strength can not be applied germination fertilizer; in early and mid-May plant urea 50 ~75 g plus calcium perphosphate 150 ~300 g, or with decomposed farm fertilizer, to promote the rapid expansion of young fruits and flower bud differentiation; in early and mid-August application of color expansion fertilizer (can be divided into two times, once every 10 days), plant application of high potassium compound fertilizer 100 ~ 150 g plus an appropriate amount of organic liquid fertilizer or 51% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 100g add potassium sulfate 50~100 g; combined with spraying before flowering and young fruit stage for extra-root supplementation of 0.3%~0.5% urea, 0.2%~0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.2%~0.3% "ten elements" boron fertilizer, etc., especially in the late stage of fruit development, extra-root supplementation of zinc calcium amino acid 300 times liquid or other calcium-containing foliar fertilizer is an important measure to prevent fruit splitting.

(3) Moisture management. The vineyard requires drainage and irrigation, and drainage and irrigation are convenient. For example, in the winter when the garden is cleared, it is necessary to ensure that the drainage communication is smooth, especially the flowering period and the rainy season from April to May should be cleaned up in time, so that the rain stops and the water is dry, the budding period and the expansion of young fruits need sufficient water, and july enters the high temperature and drought season, it is necessary to irrigate and cool down in time, and the fruit ripening and picking period should be properly controlled to prevent fruit splitting and improve quality. The soil must be kept moist before each fertilization.

Green prevention and control of pests and diseases

With "prevention first, comprehensive management" as the basic policy. Disease control under the conditions of facility cultivation is mainly based on agricultural control, and biological control, physical control and chemical control are rationally used according to local conditions and time conditions.

◆ The main pests and diseases of the facility

Under the cultivation of rain shelter greenhouses, the main diseases of 'Moldovan' grapes are anthrax, powdery mildew, panicle shaft brown blight, gray mold, brown spot disease, white rot and downy mildew; the main pests are scarab beetles, green blind bugs, insect shell insects, malignant leaf beetles and mites.

◆ Standardized prevention and control points under facility conditions

(1) Strengthen agricultural prevention and control measures. Strengthen soil management, enhance tree potential, reduce yield, reduce load, enhance immunity; clear the garden in winter, cut off diseased branches, clean up leaves in the field, centralized incineration treatment, and spray Baume 5 degree stone sulfur compound or 1:0.7:100 Bordeaux liquid to kill overwintering bacteria and pests, reduce bacterial potential, and reduce the base of wintering in the whole park without dead ends.

(2) Timely lamination. Timely mulching during the germination period to isolate rainwater, inhibit the infection and spread of pathogenic bacteria, and reduce the occurrence of diseases.

(3) Timely medication during the critical period of the occurrence of major diseases. Spray 5 baumeths of stone sulfur compound at the grape budding stage; spray 80% essential 600 times liquid or 80% daisen manganese zinc 600 times liquid +2.5% bifenthrin emulsion 1500 times liquid during the dew stage of flower ear germination; 2000 times liquid +21% bao times boron 2000 times liquid + zinc calcium amino acid 300 times liquid +70% methyl tolbuzin 1000 times liquid or 40% pyrimidine 800 times liquid; spray 25% azoxystrobin 2000 times liquid +25% imidacin emulsion before flowering 2000 times liquid +40% Skaccale 1000 times (Agriline) + 25% thiamethoxine water dispersion 2000 times liquid, if downy mildew has occurred at this stage can increase by 50% Jin cork 3000 times liquid; Xie flowering period spray Kairun (pyrazole ether) 2000 times liquid +20% phenylmethicazole water dispersible granules 2000 times liquid +50% humilix wettable powder 1000 times liquid; grape bagging 1 to 3 days before the occurrence of powder spray 1 time avermectin before 25% azalecle 2000 times liquid + 20% phenylethicazole water dispersible granules 2000 times liquid +50% pyrostatazole 3000 times liquid evenly sprayed with fruit spikes. After the solution dries, bag within 3 days. After fruit picking, if the film is not revealed, it can not be used, if the film needs to be sprayed 2 to 3 times, focusing on the prevention and treatment of downy mildew and brown spot disease, copper preparations can be used.