Speaking of Han Jian, friends who know something about it know that the most famous one is the Han Jian hidden by Peking University. The origin of this batch of HanJian is very special, it is not excavated by Peking University archaeologists, but donated from overseas. This batch of Han Jian includes books such as "Cangjie Chapter", "Lao Tzu", "Yanzi Spring and Autumn", "Guan Zi" and so on.
Among these Han Jian, the Cangjie Chapter is a more special one.
Above_ Peking University Tibetan Western Han Bamboo Book: Lao Tzu (Titles of the Upper and Lower Classics)
I. About the Cangjie Chapter itself
"Lao Tzu", "Yanzi Spring and Autumn" these books, are successfully handed down the famous works, Peking University got this batch of Simple Books of the Western Han Dynasty, through comparison, to see whether the works have changed in the content in the process of circulation. For example, the Simplified Chinese version of the Tao Te Ching and the popular version of the Tao Te Ching that we buy in bookstores today have many subtle differences in content, which will interpret completely different meanings.
Therefore, the academic value of studying these Western Han Dynasty jianshu is very high.
Back to the "Cangjie Chapter", qin shi huang liuhe princes unified the world, the book is the same text, the car is on the same track, the measurement is the same, and the line is the same. Qin Shi Huang recognized a problem - to change the culture, it is natural to start with dolls. So he ordered Li Si, Zhao Gao, and Hu Wujing to write an enlightenment textbook each. Zhao Gao's work is "Love Calendar", Hu Wujing's work is "Erudite", and Li Si's work is "Cangjie". Because of their high value, these three articles have been widely recognized, so they are also known as "Qin Sancang".
Above_ Qin Shi Huang (259 BC – 210 BC), surnamed Ying
The main content of "Cangjie Chapter" is the enlightenment of children's literacy, which is equivalent to the "Three Character Classic", "Hundred Family Names" and "Thousand Character Text" books that we use today. After decades of revision by private school teachers combined with teaching experience, "Cangjie Chapter" has formed an excellent enlightenment work with evenly distributed text and rhymed reading. Ban Gu's "Hanshu Yiwenzhi" and Xu Shen's "Commentaries on the Interpretation of Characters" both gave this book a very high evaluation.
However, this book was later lost, until the professors and students of the History Department of Peking University sorted out the batch of Han Jian and were pleasantly surprised to let this ancient book that had been lost for at least a thousand years return to the field of vision.
Above_ Emperor Xuan of Han (91 BC – January 10, 48 BC), formerly known as Liu Yiji (劉病已), was a Chinese poet
2. The content of "Cangjie Chapter"
Why "Cangjie" was lost, in fact, is very simple. The author of this book, Li Si himself, is indeed very talented, so the ideological connotation of "Cangjie" is actually very far-reaching. During the period of Emperor Xuan of Han, the idea of "Cangjie Chapter" was too far-reaching, and the lectures of folk masters were completely chaotic, which was not an isolated case, but became a common practice. For this reason, Emperor Xuan of Han summoned a group of experts and scholars with real talents and practical knowledge to make official notes on the Cangjie Chapter. This incident is recorded in the annals of history as "Many ancient characters, and the layman lost his reading", and Emperor Xuan of Han "recruited qi people to correct the reader, and Zhang Chang accepted it".
However, the fact that "Cangjie" does not apply to young children's Munology is not something that can be changed by the official commentary, and it is not a good choice to teach primary school students the theory of relativity. Therefore, when the new Mongolian teaching materials appeared, the Cangjie Chapters were gloriously retired and lost in the depths of history. Only the imperial family has reservations, but the Southern Song Dynasty royal family fled in a hurry, and also made the "Cangjie Chapter" completely missing.
Above_ Peking University Tibetan Western Han Bamboo Book: Cangjie Chapter
There are a total of eighty-two pieces of the "Cangjie Chapter" of Peking University Jane, sixty-nine pieces of the whole Jane, 13 references, and 1,300 and 25 words. The handwriting is clear, square and dignified, and the font has some hanli signs, but it is generally closer to Qin Jian.
It collects the basic words and words that most of the daily people need to use during the Qin and Han dynasties, and compiles synonyms, synonyms and antonyms together for comparative learning. Synonyms and synonyms are grouped together to form a large category, and nouns are classified according to names, diets, and utensils. The practice of sorting the "Commentaries on the Interpretation of Texts" according to the head of the part is actually inherited from the "Cangjie Chapter".
The reason why "Cangjie" is so famous in Peking University is actually very simple, because there are many contents that can be studied from "Cangjie", including the living customs of the Qin people, daily diet and so on. Moreover, the "Cangjie Chapter" is often quoted in various articles, and for today's people, it is like the original manuscript of the "Lanting Collection", which is not heard of in any way.
Above_ A closed community of the people of the Qin Dynasty
III. The Research Process of the Cangjie Chapter
In fact, the "Cangjie Chapter" of the Northern Han Dynasty is not the first time that the "Cangjie Chapter" has been unearthed, but the Northern Han Jian is the most complete and valuable.
The earliest excavation of the Cangjie Chapter dates back to the beginning of the twentieth century, when the Englishman Stein excavated the ruins of the Great Wall of Han in the Dunhuang area and inadvertently found a batch of Han Janes, including the Cangjie Chapter, a total of only four crosses. These forty fragments that could not even be coherent into sentences fascinated the ancient literary circles at that time. Wang Guowei and Luo Zhenyu sighed very much: "The Rensun Zhujia of the Guo Dynasty, the cangjie chapters cited in the ancient books are all single words, and there are few written sentences, although there are only forty words left, but the sentences belong to each other, and hate the Sun family can not see it - "Quicksand Falling Jane""
Wang Guowei and Luo Zhenyu are worthy of being a generation of masters, and based on these forty words and the quotations of "Cangjie Chapters" in some ancient books, it is inferred that "Cangjie Chapters" are four words and one sentence, two sentences and one rhyme, and the whole text has rhymes to follow.
Above_ The opening work of Chinese Jian ShuXue, Wang Guowei and Luo Zhenyu wrote "Quicksand Falling Jane", first edition in 1914
Twenty years later, the Northwest Expedition found a batch of Han Dynasty Jian Mu in the Ejina River Valley, which we now call "Juyan Han Jian", and this time the "Cangjie Chapter" unearthed has a total of 11 crosses, including a complete chapter. It was completely consistent with the speculations of Luo Zhenyu and Wang Guowei at that time.
Everyone may not think much of Luo Zhenyu and Wang Guowei's inferences, and feel that it is not difficult. For the study of Han Jian to sort out the archaeological regulations,
1. Ambiguous and unrecognizable Chinese characters are replaced by "mouth"
2. If half of a word is not clear, the unclear part is marked with "mouth"
3. If it is uncertain, replace it with "draw a diagonal line in the mouth"
4. If there is something suspicious, subscript?
If the materials used by Wang Guowei and Liu Zhenyu for research were divided according to these regulations, it was almost like looking for words in various symbols. Almost all that can be clearly recognized is sporadic characters such as "Cangjie Zuo" and "Red White and Yellow".
Later, Yumen Huahai Hanjian, Fuyang Hanjian and Juyan Xinjian were unearthed successively, all of which had "Cangjie Chapters", most of which were compared with each other, like puzzles, gradually spelling out archaeologists' systematic and incomplete understanding of "Cangjie Chapters".
The process was arduous, and the hardships faced by that generation of archaeologists were unimaginable.
Above_ Cangjie, formerly surnamed Hougang, is commonly known as Cangjie Xianshi, also known as The Emperor of Shi, also known as the King of Cang, and cangsheng
4. Peking University's collation of the Cangjie Chapter
Speaking of this, everyone should understand that Peking University's research and collation of "Cangjie" is of great significance, and it is a milestone event in the study of "Cangjie".
The following is a compilation of papers by Mr. Zhu Fenghan, a professor at the Research Center for Ancient Chinese History at Peking University. The Cangjie Chapter has eleven titles, a total of twenty-two words, three of which are not clear. The Cangjie Chapters are compiled according to rhymes, but there is more than one chapter of the same rhyme, correcting the problem of classifying different chapters into one chapter for study due to insufficient materials in the past. Moreover, the text and arrangements included in the chapters of the Cangjie Chapter are mainly two types: list type and statement type.
Professor Zhu's thesis is sprinkled with tens of thousands of words, and the professional paper is very boring, so the main conclusions are sorted out and the original text of the paper is not much to tell.
Luo Zhenyu (August 8, 1866 – May 14, 1940) was a modern agronomist, educator, and archaeologist
From Wang Guowei and Luo Zhenyu to Hu Pingsheng and Han Ziqiang (author of the paper "Preliminary Study of Cangjie Chapter" and important scholar of "Cangjie Chapter") to professors of the Department of History of Peking University.
They made unimaginable efforts and sweat, overcame all kinds of difficulties, and only then did they salvage the shining pearl of "Cangjie Chapter" from the heavy sand of the long river of history. What is this picture?
It's just a brick and a half tile for our already deep and unfathomable five thousand years of heritage. We have such archaeologists, which is a fortunate thing for the ancient literary community, a fortunate thing for the archaeological community, and it is also a thrust for building a cultural power.
The history of Cangjie alone is more profound than the history of the founding of most countries in this world.
Author: Undecided Jun Correction/Editor: Lilith
Resources:
[1] "A Preliminary Study of Cangjie Chapters" Hu Pingsheng and Han Ziqiang
[2] "Overview of the Northern Han Dynasty JianCangjie" Zhu Fenghan
The text was created by the History University Hall team, and the picture originated from the Internet and the copyright belongs to the original author