Xu Zhiyuan
Taking Chinese education as a lifelong career and influencing contemporary Chinese thought. There are only two giants of education from academic to practical politics: Cai Yuanpei and Li Shizeng. Cai and Li were contemporaries, and if it comes to studying in France, Li is five years earlier than Cai, and he is still the first student to study in France. They are not only at Peking University; Cai is the president and Li is the professor. Li Shang succeeded Cai as president of Sino-French University. He has also served as the president of Peking University, the president of Peking Normal University, the chairman and dean of the Palace Museum, and the president of Peking Research Institute. If the family is prominent; the actual funding of education and youth, the establishment of Sino-French universities and the introduction of Chinese young people to France to "work-study" have created countless talents for the country and have actually affected Chinese politics. Lee may have gone above and beyond. Of course, Hu Shizhi also influenced ideological trends and scholarship, but he was not a person who devoted his life to education.
Li Shi was once known as Li Yuying. From a prominent family. According to the History of the Qing Dynasty, this family lived in Shanxi since the Ming Dynasty and later moved to Gaoyang, Hebei. The Gaoyang Li clan began to become a eunuch family from the Chinese style of Li Guopu (Mubian) and began to become a famous eunuch family. Li Guopu was given the title Wen Min; Zi Wei WenQin; then passed to Li Minqi, who was the Shaoqing of Taichang Temple; Li Hongzao was even more prominent, and li Xian Tongguang Three Dynasties Shangshu went to the prince Taifu and university scholar; in the Ming and Qing dynasties, he was the prime minister, who could be called Xiangguo; and Xiao Wenzheng. It is the most respected name for the literati in politics. There are sons 焜瀛 (福曾, 官至郎中) and Yu Ying (i.e. Mr. Shi Zeng). Although Li Kunzhong came from a traditional family, he would be in the chaotic era of the late Qing Dynasty, but he was extremely eager to reform society and accept new wave ideas. The same echoed to the anarchic ideas of Proudhon, Kropotkin and so on. Li Shi also translated the "Memoirs of Kropotkin" and the works of the famous French geographer elisee Reclus (1830-1905) of utopianism. He believed that science and education could sweep away the corrupt stereotypes and traditional prejudices of a backward China, and could build a new society that kept pace with the times. Li Shi was favored by Empress Dowager Cixi from an early age, accepted as a righteous son, and gave him the title of Sanpinguan; however, Li Shi did not wear clean clothes throughout his life. He joined the League in 1906 to oppose the autocratic and corrupt feudal dynasty. He was one of the four great elders of the Founding Of the Republic of China (the others were Cai Yuanpei, Wu Zhihui, and Zhang Jingjiang). It can be seen that Li's personality is independent and does not rely on power.
After the founding of the Republic of China, Li Shi once devoted himself to education with the original intention. His brother is engaged in industry to rejuvenate the country, and he only fulfills his responsibilities to the country and society, and has not seen the private plots of fame and fortune.
Li Shi was born in 1881 (the seventh year of Guangxu), when China was in mourning and attempted to divide the great powers, but it was also the reign of Empress Dowager Cixi, and Emperor Dezong had not yet taken the throne. In 1902 (the twenty-eighth year of Guangxu), Mr. Shi Zeng was twenty-one years old, and if he wanted to be an official, he would not talk about anything else, but only in the words of Cixi's righteous son, he could soar to the top. However, he accompanied sun baoqi, the minister in France, to study in France, and was the first Chinese student to study in France, accompanied by Zhang Jingjiang and Xia Jianzhong. After graduating from Mengda Shunguo Agricultural College, he entered pasteur college and the University of Paris, and became a famous biologist in China. In the year when Li Shi had studied (1905), Sun Yat-sen had changed the organization of the "Zhongxing Association" to the "League Association"; the following year (1906), Li Shi joined the association to engage in revolutionary work to overthrow the Qing court. In the same year, he and Wu Zhihui organized the "World Society"; to publish, research, and education. The four undertakings of society are the purpose of establishing a society. In 1907, Cai Yuanpei also went to France to practice frugal studies, when Li Shi had become a biologist from the University of Paris.
Judging from the purpose (or purpose) of the establishment of the "World Society", Li Shi was committed to the cause of publishing, to cooperate with his research on the weaknesses of the Chinese people, to achieve social reform through education, and to build a new society. It's all mutually reinforcing. Li Shi once believed that the impact of drama on society has a subtle effect. He believes that in order to break the traditional monopoly of imperial generals and talents, the Chinese theater must be injected with new ideological trends and promote the reform of traditional society. He began to introduce Western drama with two issues of the Magazine "World Agency". He was the first to translate the one-act satirical social satire of France at that time, "Ming Bu Ping", which had a profound description of class and professional nobility. The play was later performed in China and renamed "Golden Tower", which is the "Ming Bu Ping" of the original French novel (by playwright l'echelle). Li Shi once translated the three-act drama "Legrand Soir" (Night Weiyang)
The story of the assassination of the Tsar by the heroine of the Imperial Russia. Lee had a fighting spirit that inspired people to resist the dark dictatorship, and of course matched his revolutionary ideas. The original author was The Polish Leopold-kampf (Chinese translation: Liao Kangfu 1874-1913). Li Shi had the introduction of the heroine de sanoit, who starred in the play at the time, and met the original author Liao Kangfu; and he had to write the preface for the translation.
Li Shizeng's translation brought French stage plays into China, which caused a wave of translations of Western dramas; later, Ma Junwu translated the famous German drama "Wilhelm Retreat"; Zeng Shu translated the French Hugo's "梟梣"; Chen Wei's translation of The Norwegian Ibsen's "puppet family" and so on. Breaking the monopoly of the imperial generals and talents and beauties in the Chinese social theater. It expresses real subjects, novel scenes and performance forms. Li Shi once introduced Chinese drama to Western theaters, through the French music master Louis Laloy (1874-1944); together with his translation of Ma Zhiyuan's "Han Palace Autumn" and "HuangLiang Dream". Sino-French theater exchanges began with Li's introduction. He did believe in the impact of theater on society. In 1930 (the year before the 9/18 Incident), he devoted himself to the establishment of the "Peking Opera College".
In 1911, Sun Yat-sen led the Chinese revolution, and on October 10, the Wuchang Uprising, the provinces responded, and Sun was elected provisional president. In 1912, the government of the Republic of China was formally established. Li Shizeng was not keen on political activities, and he believed that in order to build a new country and a new society, it is necessary to cultivate talents as the first priority. The long-term planning of education by the "Centennial Tree Man" needs the dedication of people like him who do not care about the immediate position to create talents for the new country and the new society. He fully understood that the country had been in turmoil for seventy-two years since the Opium War (1840), and it was impossible for the country to burden a large number of young people to go abroad to seek new knowledge. Based on his personal experience and personal connections in France, he and Wu Yuzhang initiated the establishment of the "Society for Studying in France and Thrift" in Beijing in 1912. For the first time, he wrote his educational ideals into the chapter; "to improve society, the first emphasis is on education" and "to create a new society and a new nation." He is enthusiastic about contributing money to the study of young people, and raises funds from all walks of life, and often goes to France to arrange work for international students and courses for each school. In 1916, he established the "Huafa Education Association", and under his organization and negotiation, from 1919 to 1920, a total of 1,700 people went to France in 20 batches. Including Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping. Chen Yi and others. In 1920, many students who had returned to China after completing their studies came back to assist Li Shi in expanding the original "French Preparatory School" of Beiping Biyun Temple into the "Sino-French University", which was subordinate to the "World University" under the education established by the "World Society". In 1921, the "Sino-French University of France" (i.e. the Sino-French University of Lyon) was established in Lyon. The headquarters of the "Sino-French University" in Beiping successively added the "Kong De College" (named after the philosopher of law), the "FuErde College" (named after the French writer), and the "Juli College" (named after the physicist), all of which were ordered by the government to file cases, becoming the cradle of Chinese intellectuals and having a great influence. Cai Yuanpei, the first president of the "Sino-French University", was followed by Li Shizeng, Li Shuhua and Li Linyu. It ended in 1950 when it merged with the School of Engineering of North China University. At the "Sino-French University of Lyon" in France, with the efforts of Li Shizeng, it was donated by France with the indemnity of Gengzi, with France as the director. One hundred and thirty-one Chinese students obtained doctoral degrees and sixty obtained engineer diplomas. Most of them returned to China after completing their studies and became the backbone of china's scientific community, education, culture and art. The school was closed in 1951.
Li Shi did not talk about the ideal of education, he realized it with pragmatism. In 1933, the "Beijing Morning Post" (the special issue of the fifth anniversary) published his concept of education: one. The combination of thrift and engineering; that is, the combination of work-study and thriftiness with the national conditions at that time broke the bad habits of a small number of officials and students. This is also to break the traditional monopoly of education habits, advocate the spirit of hard work and half study in recent times, and create a large number of international students. Two. Combination of theory and practicality. The so-called co-op university has arranged for students to intern in related companies and institutions. Canada's famous University of Waterloo and so on are half of the school year, half of the internship to related enterprises and institutions. Li Shizeng's prophetic foresight was half a century earlier. Three. Practice what you preach and pay equal attention to both. It is to advocate hard work and practical results. Four. With a natural and beautiful learning environment and work, instead of school holidays and entertainment, the school is set up in a scenic area. He believes that running a school should also combine four elements: rigor, truth-seeking, science, and democracy.
Mr. Li is almost a perfect person in the history of the Republic of China, and he has devoted his life to the educational cause of creating young people without distraction. As long as it is beneficial to the society of the crowd or the nation, he will not tire of hard work, even do it alone, and never exaggerate his achievements. In the past, some people criticized his translation of anarchist arguments, introducing this evil cult that poisons people's hearts. As everyone knows, Mr. Shi Zeng advocated freedom and democracy and embraced the "right of the people to know", and his introduction of this new doctrine at that time did not mean that he believed in it and approved of it. For example, he was born in a traditional feudal family, but he believed in the teachings of Sun Yat-sen all his life, and did not have different ambitions because of the people he had promoted. "Cai Gen Tan" has a saying: "If you can see fame and fortune, you can be extraordinary." Mr. Li can almost be called a perfect person in the Republic of China, which is probably related to this.
Recently, I read the webpage of "Gaoyang Lishi", and for this silent giant who influenced contemporary China, I have raised up these bits and pieces of historical materials to sort out a more systematic preliminary statement as a starting point for historical existence. In fact, at the end of last year, I had read some relevant biographies of Mr. Shi Zeng's niece, Li Jiexun, and brought them to the Party History Museum of the Kuomintang Central Party Department in Taiwan to suggest to the curator that a single book be published for this founding father. The curator has also carefully looked at it and thinks it is necessary. Unfortunately, the Party History Museum has no funds (not insufficient), and can only be shelved. I think that if it were not for the same party, like Li Shi's influence on contemporary China, the giant who had already surpassed the party, the curator of the Kuomintang Party History Museum, would not have lied to a central judge who enthusiastically recommended the party elders. Later, I inquired or recommended to some publishing houses in Taiwan and Hong Kong, but they were based on the return on investment of business and did not succeed. It is hoped that public and private publishing enterprises with a broad reader market in China will promote it. Just think; organizations, institutions, or individuals who have directly or indirectly received Li Shizeng's favor cannot even publish a biography of him.
He was born in 1881 and finally died in 1973 at the age of 92. In his later years, he was accompanied by Tian Baotian, when Taiwan was still difficult, Mr. Had no other care, and his life and livelihood were shackled, which was probably not expected when he lost his wealth and prospered. I still saw him when I was a student, he was already old and decadent, and the times had failed him! Can't help but throw pen three sighs!
![Li Shizeng, one of the four elders of the Kuomintang[fig]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACwAAAAAAQABAAACAkQBADs=)