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In November of the eighth year of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (383), after the Jin army won the Battle of Luojian, Xie Shi, Xie Xuan, and others led their armies to advance both land and water, directly approaching the east bank of the Shuishui River, and the military appearance was very neat. When jian Jian ascended shouyang city, he saw that the Jin army was strict and orderly, and the morale of the generals was high, and saw the grass and trees swaying on the nearby Bagong Mountain (2.5 kilometers northeast of present-day Shou County, Anhui), and they all thought that it was the Jin army, and turned back to Xiang Rong and said: "This is also the enemy, what is the little!"
At this time, a feeling of fear began to arise in Jian Jian's heart.
Xie Shi led his army to approach Shuishui, and the Qin army rode Zhang Oyster across the Shuishui to meet the battle, and defeated the Jin army. So Xie Xuan and Xie Yan led tens of thousands of elite troops and waited in a strict position, and Zhang Oyster retreated through the water and linshui lined up. The Qin and Jin armies were sandwiched between the waters, and a major battle was about to break out.
The Qin army was defending along the Mishui River, the Jin army could not cross the river, and the disparity in the balance of forces between the two sides did not allow the Jin army to engage in a protracted war of attrition with Former Qin. Xie Xuan decided to use Jian Jian to seek victory, in order to mobilize the enemy army to retreat, look for fighters, and launch a surprise attack to crush the Qin army in one fell swoop.
So Xie Xuan sent an envoy to Xiang Rong and said:
"The Emperor's hanging army is deep, and it is forced to force the water, and this lasting strategy is not a war? If the little retreats, the order will rotate last week, and the servant and the prince will slowly look at it, not only is it beautiful!"
All the generals of the Qin army believed that Xie Xuan's method of seducing the enemy was that "I am a widow, it is better to curb them, so that I cannot be superior, but I can be perfect."
Xie Xuan's remarks were very clever, giving Xiang Rong the hat of "forcing the water in front of the battlefield, this is a lasting strategy", which was difficult for Zhi Rong, who had an army of one million, and Zhi Rong, who held nearly 200,000 people, to accept it. Xie Xuan even used whether he dared to fight a decisive battle with the Jin army to force the Qin army to retreat, thus creating a fighter plane for the Jin army to cross the river for a decisive battle.
However, Jian Jian and Zhi Rong were unwilling to occupy the passive position of "not wanting to fight" with hundreds of thousands of troops, and decided to agree to take a step back to cross the River of the Jin Army, so that the plan could be taken into account, "Let it (the Jin army) half cross, I will kill it with iron horses, and scorn (none) will not win!" But it turned out that this was just an unrealistic fantasy of Jian Jian.
After accepting Xie Xuan's request, Jian Jian ordered the Qin army, which was lined up along the Shuishui River, to retreat slightly. However, as soon as the Qin army retreated, the position was chaotic and could not be stopped. Xie Xuan, Xie Yan, Huan Yi, and others immediately led their elite troops to cross the river and attack the Qin army. Zhu Xu saw that the Qin army was in a chaotic position, and shouted loudly behind the battle: "The Qin army is defeated!"
The generals of the Qin army believed it to be true, and scattered and fled, even more out of control. He Rong rode a little on horseback to stop the army from collapsing, but the war horse fell and was killed by the Jin army. The Qin army was defeated, trampled on each other and died, hiding the wild Saichuan. The Qin army that escaped from the battlefield panicked, heard the sound of the wind and quail, and thought that the Jin army had killed, did not dare to rest day and night, and ate and slept all the way, starved and frozen, and died 78 out of 10. Jian Jian was hit by a stray arrow and fled back to Huaibei on a single horse. Xie Xuan and the others took advantage of the victory to pursue them until They reached Qinggang (青冈, in present-day northwestern Shou County, Anhui).
Subsequently, the Jin army recaptured Shouyang and captured the mica carts, ceremonial clothes, instruments, military supplies, and treasures used by Jian Jian, and obtained more than 100,000 cattle, horses, donkeys, mules, and camels. At this point, the 4-month Battle of Shuishui ended with the victory of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
Before the Battle of Shuishui, Former Qin achieved a series of major military victories and successfully unified the vast northern region. Overwhelmed by these victories, Jian Jian was bent on taking advantage of the so-called "power of accumulation and victory" and the military superiority of "having millions of people and fighting like mountains" to eliminate the Eastern Jin Dynasty in one fell swoop and realize his great ambition of "mixing one and six and saving the life of the people".
He believed that the Eastern Jin Dynasty was nothing more than a "dying Kou" and vulnerable, and even before the war, he declared that on the day of Kejie, Emperor Xiaowu of Jin was appointed as Shangshu Zuo's servant, Xie An as the official Shangshu, and Huan Chong as his attendant, and waited for him in Chang'an, the capital of the capital. However, these good wishes of Jian Jian are based on a miscalculation of the subjective and objective situation.
According to former Qin, although Jian Jian achieved the unification of the north by military conquest, the ethnic contradictions and class contradictions in his ruling areas were very sharp, and although the nobles of various minorities were temporarily subordinated to Former Qin's military pressure, they were all looking for opportunities to break away from Former Qin's control and seek independent development.
On the other hand, although Former Qin defeated the enemy militarily many times, it was precisely this "tired and powerful" that made former Qin's supreme ruler have the idea of being proud of the enemy, and his subordinates had the fatal weakness of "the soldiers are tired and tired, and they have the intention of fearing the enemy". From the perspective of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, at that time, the reign of Xie An, the famous minister, "the monarch and the subject were harmonious, and the upper and lower levels were united", which was the period of political stability of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Most of the soldiers in the Northern Jin Dynasty were composed of a group of displaced people in the north, and in the face of the invasion of Former Qin, they were bound to die due to the destruction of the country and their families, and their morale was high, so that their combat effectiveness was very strong.
In addition, the Eastern Jin Dynasty was regarded as the orthodox place by the Northern Han, and the former Qin and Han generals were reluctant to fight against the Eastern Jin, and their morale and combat effectiveness were bound to be low. However, due to his arrogance in repeated victories, he was paralyzed by the enemy, could not soberly understand the subjective and objective actual situation, and could not listen to the correct opinions of his subordinates, and rushed to use troops against Jin, which finally led to failure.
At the Battle of Shuishui, Former Qin had four times as large an army as the enemy (only referring to the strength of the front-line troops), and was the active attacking side; the Eastern Jin Dynasty was far weaker than the enemy and originally belonged to the defensive side. The final result of the war was the victory of the inferior Eastern Jin Dynasty, and this outcome was promoted by many subjective and objective factors.
Former Qin made serious mistakes in strategic command.
First, at the beginning of the war, shudi, Xiangyang, Pengcheng and other military strongholds had been occupied, and Jian Jian's plan was to advance in three ways, east, middle and west, to break through the Yangtze River and attack the Eastern Jin Dynasty's capital Jiankang. However, when the Jin army went north to block the route army, Zhi Jian was eager to win, and prematurely fought a decisive battle with the Jin army at Shuishui, so the actual army invested in the Battle of Shuishui was only the Middle Route Army, and did not make full use of the advantages of the 3-way march;
In terms of campaign guidance, Jian Jian carried out a strategic offensive, and Zhi Rong's task was to act as a forward. After capturing Shouyang and winning a sequential victory, Gong Rong should take advantage of the victory to march and attack the Jin army; Zhi Jian should quickly deploy the main force, coordinate with the forwards, and seek the main force of the Jin army to fight a decisive battle. However, Xiang Rong only wanted to annihilate Hu Bin's five thousand men, so Liang Cheng went to stop the Jin army and turned the strategic offensive into a campaign defense. Jian Jian only took eight thousand horses to Shouyang, but left the main force in Xiangcheng. Both commanders forgot about the strategic offensive, one organized the defense, the other stopped moving, ceded the initiative to the Jin army, gave the Jin army freedom of action, and Liang Cheng and Xiang Rong were successively destroyed.
Second, the 270,000-strong forward commanded by Gong Rong, the troops were disjointed and scattered, and the lack of mutual coordination and coordination directly led to the annihilation of Liang Cheng's 50,000 troops at the Battle of Luojian;
Third, when the two armies were waiting in a strict position, Jian Jianzhong's plan of Xie Xuan ordered the Qin army to retreat, which was the biggest mistake in operational command, causing the Qin army to retreat and flee and collapse; it was impossible to suck the main force of the Jin army on the east bank of the Shuishui River, and It was impossible to send a force to swim across the river from the Shuishui (lower) of the Water, flank the encirclement of the Jin army, and take an active attack, which had the reason for retreating.
It is foolish for the enemy to retreat forward, and even if it is prepared in advance and enters the reserve position and completes all the preparations, it is difficult to prevent the enemy from following the first line of retreating troops to carry out heel-foot attacks.
Fourth, when Zhi Resolutely decided to fight a decisive battle with the Jin army in Shuishui, he had a great deal of blindness, so there was no careful arrangement for the strategy and strategic and tactical deployment of the entire war, so the end of the war was bound to be defeat.
Subjectively speaking, Xie An's policy of calming down before the Battle of Shuishui successfully coordinated the internal contradictions of the ruling class, coupled with the sharpness of the ethnic contradictions between the north and the south at that time, the broad masses of the people in the south supported the Han regime at the present time of the great enemy, and actively supported and participated in the struggle against the former Qin's attack, which was the most important condition for the victory of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
Secondly, a series of political and economic policies implemented by Xie An since he came to power made the Eastern Jin dynasty "rich and prosperous", which ensured the victory of the Jin army in counterattacking the Former Qin offensive in terms of manpower and material resources. After many years of military operation in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Xie Xuan formed the Beifu Army at Guangling (廣陵, northwest of present-day Yangzhou, Jiangsu).
Most of the sources of the Beifu soldiers were from the north, who had a bitter hatred for the rule of the minority nobles in the north, so the morale of the Beifu soldiers was high, and they fought bravely, which became a military guarantee for the victory of the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the Battle of Shuishui.
On the Former Qin side, however, the main arrogant soldiers were tired, there was no thorough planning in the war, the strategic command was wrong, its leading group had different opinions on the Cutting jin, and the ethnic minority generals hoped that Former Qin would fail and seek its own development, which provided objective conditions for the Eastern Jin Dynasty to win.
At the same time, Xie An and Xie Xuan of the Eastern Jin Dynasty were good at making use of their own strengths and attacking the enemy's weaknesses in strategic command; in the face of former Qin's strong pressure, they calmly and calmly adopted the policy of ensuring Huainan and relying on the natural dangers of the Yangtze River to ensure the safety of The Jingshi Jiankang; and to consolidate the defense of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River with heavy troops from Jingzhou and control the Jianghan region, so as to ensure that the western side of the Jianghuai region in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River was not threatened, so that the Beifu troops could fully deal with the Forward Qin troops.
In command of the battle, Xie Shi and Xie Xuan first adopted a defensive position and watched the enemy's movements, and after Zhu Xu reported the enemy's situation and discovered the enemy's weakness, they immediately adjusted their strategic policy, changed the defense to an attack, and surprised the troops to launch a surprise attack, winning the initial battle of Luojian.
The information and advice provided by Zhu Xu were accurate. With 250,000 men in Murong Rong's forward army, Murong Rong and Murong Chui divided into tens of thousands of men, and in addition to the men and horses who besieged Hu Bin, Murong Rong could use only a few hundred thousand people. These hundreds of thousands of people are also not concentrated, according to only Liang Cheng, who are guarding Luojian, are 50,000 people, and the rest are near Shouyang.
Luojian was no less than fifty miles away from Shouyang, and the main force of Jian Jian was far away in Xiangcheng, which provided the Jin army with extremely favorable fighters to break through. Judging from the comparison of troop strength, compared with the Jin army, the strength of the troops that Can Be used by Xiang Rong is only two to one, and with the quality of the soldiers in the northern province plus proper command, there is a possibility of victory; for example, compared with Liang Cheng, the Jin army has an advantage not only in quality, but also in quantity.
Xie Xuan and Xie Yan saw it and thought that the opportunity could not be lost, so they immediately made a decision and immediately launched an attack on Liang Cheng. Luo Jian's victory showed the quality of the two armies, and the elimination of Liang Chengjun was 50,000 fewer people, only a little more than 100,000 people were left, the battle was lost, the morale of the Qin army was greatly damaged, and the morale of the Jin army was even higher. Therefore, the possibility of winning the water showdown is greater.
Zhu Xu's intelligence, San Xie's immediate decision, and the bravery and good fighting of the Beifu Army all played a major role.
During the decisive battle at Shuishui, Xie Xuan again carried out a trick to lure the troops, capturing fighters, causing the Qin army to chaos itself, and then the Jin army launched a fierce attack, which showed the strategic and tactical principle of the Commander of the Jin Army to respond to changes and win a surprise victory, thus achieving a complete victory in the Battle of Water.
Contrary to Erzhu's use of strategic offense as a campaign defense, San Xie brilliantly created a brilliant example of using campaign offense to accomplish strategic defensive tasks. Of course, this can only happen under certain conditions.
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