Anhui Anqing fragrant tree cultivation management technology
ChaWendong
1 Biological and ecological characteristics of chamom
Torreya grandis cv. merrillii) is an artificially cultivated variety of the genus Eucalyptus in the yew family, with a long history of cultivation in Zhejiang, Anhui and other places. It is a tree up to 25 m tall and 1 m thoracic diameter; the bark is pale yellowish grey with longitudinal lobes; the leaves are striped and straight; the seeds are fleshy pseudoseeds, broad or inverted oval, 3 to 4 cm long, 1.5 to 2.5 cm in diameter, white powder, dark purple after drying, shiny, with a short pointed tip at the apex, and the endosperm is slightly wrinkled; the flowering period is April, and the seeds mature in October of the following year. It prefers acidic or slightly acidic soils with deep thickness, fertility and smooth drainage; young fruits can tolerate an absolute minimum temperature of -13 °C.
Yuexi County is located in 115°50′~116°33′e, 30°39′~31°11′n, in the southeast of dabie Mountain Range, belongs to the northern subtropical humid monsoon climate zone, the distribution of mountain vertical natural zones is complex, and the microclimate differences are large. The average annual temperature is 14.4 °C, the average annual precipitation is 1 445.8 mm, the annual sunshine time is 2 070.5 h, the annual frost-free period is about 210 d, and the soil type is mountain yellow-brown soil. In Yuexi County, Zhongguan, Maojianshan, Xiangguo and other townships are distributed with wild rough oak and Bashan beech, and a number of leading forestry industrialization enterprises have built fragrant bases in Maojianshan and other townships, and the fragrant trees in the base have grown well, have stable traits, and have successfully hung fruit. According to the biological and ecological characteristics and natural geographical environment of Xiangyu, Yuexi County has a considerable area suitable for the development of Xiangyu.
2 Fragrant seedling technology
2.1 Garden selection and finishing
The nursery land should choose an area with convenient transportation, deep and fertile soil, and sufficient water sources. In the mountainous areas, it is difficult to choose a large area of flat land, and a large area of flat land should be selected as a seedling land. In order to prevent the accumulation of water in the garden, in the first winter, an excavator can be used to open the ditch and drain the water, the depth of the ditch is 50 to 100 cm; then use the rotary tiller to plough the soil, and apply enough base fertilizer, the fertilizer amount is 2 to 2.5 t/667m2, the soil and the base fertilizer are mixed well, and the seedbed is sorted out.
2.2 Selection
In order to have a reliable seed source, it is necessary to select the best picking at the place of origin and select the seeds with full particles, large individuals and uniformity as seedling seeds. After the seeds are returned, they are stored in a ventilated, cool, dry place or sand storage. Shazang seeds generally begin to germinate in late November, and most of them have germinated by the end of March of the following year, at which time warm water is required for seeds that have not germinated, and seeds can be sown when the seed radicle is 0.5 to 1.5 cm long.
2.3 Sowing
To prevent bacterial infection, the seeds are sterilized with a 0.2% potassium permanganate solution before sowing, and then rinsed with clean water, but it should be noted that seeds that have been exposed cannot be disinfected. When sowing, the row spacing is 15 cm×30 cm, the seeds are placed horizontally, the radicles are down, the topsoil is lightly covered, and the bed surface is covered with straw, thatch, etc., keeping the bed surface loose and moist. After the seedlings are unearthed, the shade net is built in time, and the watering is every 10 to 15 days during the summer drought, and the appropriate amount of fertilizer is applied at the seedling stage to promote the growth of the seedlings. Rootstock can be cultivated for more than 2 years before it can be used for grafting.
2.4 Seedling grafting
The grafting time is generally carried out in late winter and early spring, and Yuexi County is best in mid-to-late March, when the sap begins to flow and the buds have not yet germinated, which is conducive to the growth of the scion in the later stage. The grafting method can be cut and split, and selected according to the technical proficiency. Scion should be taken from the fine single mother tree of origin from the chamfern. It is required that the mother tree age belongs to the young adult, with excellent traits, robust growth, good yield, stable fruit, and the panicles are collected after the growth of the trees stops in late autumn, and the scion taken is sealed with wax or low-temperature wet sand for storage. Self-bred seedlings are used as rootstocks. The scion and the rootstock phloem, especially the forming layer, should be in full contact, and the interface should be tightly wrapped with a film.
2.5 Seedling management
Timely removal of weeds in the garden, it is best to use manual removal to prevent damage to seedlings, once a year from May to June, August to September, avoid the use of glyphosate and other herbicides. Combined with weeding and fertilization at the same time, apply an appropriate amount of farm manure or quick-acting fertilizer, do not apply too much fertilizer, especially not to the root neck, otherwise it will cause burning of roots, resulting in seedling death or root burns.
3 Afforestation techniques
3.1 Afforestation land selection
At present, there are many artificial cultivars of fragrant trees selected and bred on the market, and when afforestation, we must follow the principle of "suitable for the land and trees". According to the biological characteristics of Xiangyu and the specific conditions of Yuexi County, the general selection of slope less than 25 °, altitude below 800 m, loose and deep fertile soil (soil layer of more than 80 cm, humus layer of more than 20 cm), sufficient water, convenient transportation of fire burn sites, thatched mountains, barren mountain wasteland as afforestation land.
3.2 Planting density
Considering the economic benefits, the initial planting density of the general afforestation land is large, 4 m×4 m or 4 m×5 m, 33~42 plants/667 m2 is appropriate, and the plant row spacing can be appropriately adjusted according to the actual situation of the afforestation land in the later stage.
3.3 Land preparation and planting
Before land preparation, according to the scale of afforestation land, rationally excavate forest roads and work lanes. The width of the forest road and the work road is 40 cm to prevent the rainy season from washing the woodland, and the forest road can be hardened in the conditional area to facilitate later operation.
The clearance of forest land should begin in August to September of the year before afforestation, using the method of splitting mountains and removing impurities, and after the weeds are irrigated and dried, small block refining is implemented before the fire prevention period.
In order to prevent soil erosion, it is forbidden to use excavators and other large machinery to carry out full reclamation or strip land preparation for afforestation land, and mostly use small mechanical or manual methods to dig holes, planting holes with specifications of 100cm×100 cm×100 cm, and open a horizontal shallow ditch every 10 meters in larger slope plots to help block rainwater and reduce soil fertility loss. Organic fertilizers such as decomposed cake fertilizer, human and animal manure can also be used as the base fertilizer, and biogas liquid can also be used as the base fertilizer, mixed with the topsoil and placed at the bottom of the cave, which is used as an isolation layer, with a dosage of 2.5 to 5 t/hm 2, and planted after improving the physical and chemical properties of the soil.
After grafting, the incense tree needs to be transplanted and cultivated for 2 to 5 years, and can be used for afforestation until the seedlings are thick and the seedlings are more than 50 cm tall. Transplant with soil balls, cut off some of the branches and leaves after planting, and reduce water transpiration. Yuexi County mountainous area early spring temperature is low and the temperature difference is large, in order to prevent frost damage, in the mountain area afforestation time can not be earlier than the middle and late March, should choose windless cloudy or cloudy weather, so that shallow seeds, high cultivation, compact, cover the floating soil, and the seedlings are properly reinforced, with standing wood binding support or triangular support, in order to prevent the wind caused by tearing of the graft.
3.4 Care management
Fragrant young plants are not drought tolerant and strong direct light, easy to be burned by sunlight, after planting in the summer high temperature to do a good job of drought resistance seedlings. Generally 6.67 hm 2 to build a reservoir with a volume of 50 m3 to facilitate water management in the planting area. Build a shade net, which can be built in its entirety or one per plant, in April. In order to prevent frost damage of seedlings in the cold season, the seedlings can be covered with straw to keep warm, and the weeds removed by care can also be placed around the roots of the seedlings to play a role in heat preservation.
It is nurtured at least 2 times a year before the incense tree is forested. The first time is generally in May to June, and the second time is in August to September, and artificial weeding is used during tending, which can not only loosen the soil, but also reduce seedling damage. Combined with fertilization, try to choose organic fertilizer, such as planting area, difficult to apply organic fertilizer can choose compound fertilizer. In order to increase income, appropriate implementation of forest grain intercropping, but intercropping should choose dwarf crops such as beans, and avoid planting high-pole crops, so as not to affect the growth of fragrant trees.
3.5 Post-forest management
3.5.1 Water and fertilizer management
Fragrant tree growing period consumes more nutrients, once a year in autumn to apply organic fertilizer, preferably farm manure, 20 cm from the root of the fertilizer ring buried around, in order to restore the tree momentum, in April of the following year, another application of quick-acting fertilizer, is conducive to fruit expansion, improve fruit set rate.
3.5.2 Shaping trimming
Pruning controls loose branches and intact canopy. After the canopy is finalized, it is lightly pruned every year to cut off delicate, diseased and overly dense branches.
3.5.3 Adjust male plants and pollinate
Male and female plants should be planted in proportion, if the male plant and the female plant are not properly matched, the male plant can be adjusted by transplantation, grafting and other measures to meet the needs of female plant pollination. It is also possible to use artificial pollination to collect male pollen first, and dissolve the pollen in water to spray the female flowers.
3.6 Control of major pests and diseases
3.6.1 Bacterial brown rot
The disease begins in early May and reaches its peak in late May, which is easy to cause fragrant fruit drops and affect yields. Fruit bagging has obvious anti-disease effect, and it can also be sprayed with 5% bacteriological detoxification water agent 800 times liquid spray.
3.6.2 Sclerotia root rot
Also known as white silk disease, the root system is covered with hyphal nets at the onset of the disease, so that the root system rots. Can be used to irrigate the roots 1 to 2 times with cumin + garlic oil + Trichoderma harz. Young trees are infused near the root system, and large trees dig several ring ditches or radial grooves of different radii around the canopy projection for irrigation, taking permeation as the standard.
3.6.3 Chamomile moth
2 generations occur in 1 year, and the larvae endanger new shoots and leaves. The control methods are as follows: First, remove the dead branches and leaves on the ground in autumn and winter, bury them deeply or burn them in a concentrated manner; treat the trunk with whitening agent to eliminate the source of overwintering insects. The second is drug control, using 1.8% avermectin wettable powder 1 000 times liquid spray canopy and insect buds.
3.6.4 Gall mites
Sucking on the sap of branches and leaves, after the damage, the trees fall badly, and some will cause the whole plant to die. Prevention and control method: use washing powder, urea and water to prepare a mixture or washing powder and motor oil to prepare a mixture of spray, pay attention to the concentration of uric acid is not higher than 0.3%, spray time is more appropriate after 15 o'clock.
3.6.5 Termites
It mainly harms the roots and body of the tree. Termites are very harmful, and where there are termites in or near the afforestation land, it is necessary to strengthen prevention and control. Prevention and control methods: First, in the place where there are more termites, the termites that are in contact with the termites return to the nest, and their bodies are swallowed by other termites, which can poison all the termites in the nest; the second is to completely eradicate the termites by manually digging up the nest and killing the ant queens. After digging a nest in winter, it is better to apply some antactors.
4 Harvesting, post-ripening and decolorization of the scent
In Yuexi County, the incense can generally be matured in October, because its growth period is affected by light, moisture, soil natural conditions and artificial auxiliary measures, there are differences in the ripening time of the catalpa between individual plants, and even between the branches of the same tree, so it can not be uniformly picked, in order to ensure the quality of the incense, it can be picked after 70% or 80% of the catfish is ripe.
After harvesting the catalpa, it is transported to the collection place and divided and stored with a partition, stacked in a place with a cool environment and good ventilation, the height of the pile does not exceed 25 cm, and it is processed after ripening, until the flesh and shell are easy to peel off, peel off the flesh and make a woolen. The woolen is also stored in partitions, the stacking height does not exceed 25 cm, placed about 20 d, the stacking temperature and ventilation conditions are consistent with the pile of the catalpa, turned once every few days, and carefully observe the inner kernel, when the inner kernel becomes dark brown, the astringency is completed. In sunny weather, the kernels that have undergone post-ripening and deastringent treatment are washed, dried, and dried before they can be stored, processed and sold.