1 Egyptian fruit bat
is a species of the family Pterophoridae , found mainly in Africa , the Middle East , the Mediterranean region and the Indian subcontinent. The species is traditionally divided into six subspecies. It is considered a medium-sized giant bat, with an adult weight of 80-170 grams and a wingspan of about 60 cm. The body color is dark brown or grayish brown, and its abdomen is lighter than its back.
The fur of the Egyptian fruit bat is relatively short, consisting of soft and smooth strands. On the back of the fur, the color varies from dark brown to grayish brown, while the color on the bottom side is light brown with a yellowish brown on the neck. Its wings are darker than its body color, and the membrane of the wings is attached to the legs of the first toe. Males and females have similar coloration. Similar to other large handwings, the first and second fingers of the Egyptian fruit bat have only claws, while the other fingers have limbs made of cartilage.
Egyptian fruit bats diet regularly, feeding mainly on fruits and sometimes consuming leaves. As a nocturnal animal, it is more active at night. They leave their habitat at dusk and begin to forage. Egyptian fruit bats have a flexible diet and can eat any soft flesh from nearby fruit trees. The common fruits eaten by Egyptian fruit bats are mainly Persian lilacs, figs and wild dates. The type of fruit consumed depends on the season and habitat type and is affected by overall edibleness. Their diet includes eating unripe fruits or fruits damaged by insects or fungi, which allows them to survive in habitats where there are no ripe fruits all year round.
Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus)
2 Honduran white bats
A small bat found in Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and western Panama. Due to habitat loss, the IUCN assesses it as endangered. As its name suggests, the Honduran white bat has bright white fur. The tip of a single hair is grey, and the hair color of the back is slightly gray. The species, along with four Dilideurus species and the Ghost Bat (Macroderma gigas), is one of the only bat species currently known (more than 1300 species are currently known), with all of its skins white. Its large-nosed wings easily distinguish it from the northern ghost bat (Diclidurus albus), however, it is the only white bat that lives in the same area as the Honduran white bat. Its wing membrane is black. Its ears , cartilage protrusions in front of the ear holes , the wings of its nose and its lips are bright yellowish orange. Its orange-yellow pigmentation is derived from high concentrations of carotenoids, especially lutein. It was the first mammal known to have enough carotenoids in its skin to produce a pronounced color. It is a small bat with a head and body length of 37–47 mm, a wingspan of 27.8–29.3 mm, and ears of 10–15 mm. Individuals weigh only 5–6 grams.
Honduran white bat (Ectophylla alba)
These little bats nest along the bottom of the leaves, which provide them with excellent protection
3 Indian foxbat
The Indian Flying Fox is the largest bat in India and one of the largest in the world, weighing 1.6 kg (3.5 lbs). It weighs between 0.6-1.6 kg (1.3-3.5 lbs), with males usually larger than females. The wingspan ranges from 1.2-1.5 meters, and the average body length is 15.5-22.0 cm. The wings rise from the dorsal side and the back of the second toe, with strong claws of its thumb. The first two fingers of its wings have only claws, the thumb has more powerful claws, while all five fingers of the legs have claws, and it has no tail.
Indian fruit bats vary in color, with black backs with slight grey stripes, a faint yellowish brown, brown head and dark brown. Its eyes are larger, its ears are simple to construct, and it has no facial texture, which is typical of the appearance of the pterodactyl bats. The skull is oval in shape and the maximum length of the skull is 71–75.6 mm. The orbital edge of the skull is incomplete. The ears do not have an ear screen or ear screen and are ring-shaped, with ears ranging in length from 35–40 mm.
Indian fox bat (Pteropus giganteus)
4 Short-legged fruit bats
Short-legged fruit bats are found in Ethiopia, west Africa, and southwest and central Africa. Its range is bordered by the Sudanese and Ethiopian highlands to the north, and the eastern border is determined by the Ethiopian highlands, as far south as the northern Zambezia woodlands.
On the dorsal surface of bats , the fur is brown and the wings are long and thick. The hairs on the ventral surface are sparser, shorter and lighter in color. The bone is soft, covering part of the upper and forearms and extending to the flanks. The roots of the ears have small, gradient tufts of hairs from white to yellowish. Female individuals are slightly larger than male individuals. The average male weighs about 20 grams, while the average female weighs 22 grams. The forearm length is 49 to 53 mm for males and 50 to 56 mm for females.
Although the toes are small, the short-legged fruit bat plays an important role in the ecosystem
5 Mediterranean horseshoe bats
Mediterranean horseshoe bats tend to live in the foothills and densely forested areas of the mountains, preferring limestone areas, where there are many caves and nearby water. They can be found in the Mediterranean and Balkans, as well as in parts of Italy. Summer habitats and nurseries are in caves, although sometimes in warm attics in the north. The habitat is usually shared with other horseshoe bat species, although there is no inter-species hybridization.
Mediterranean horseshoe bats typically have between 43 and 58 mm head and body and 22–30 mm tail. Wingspans range from 300 to 320 mm and standard weights range from 8 to 17.5 grams. The connection above the nose is pointed, slightly curved downward, noticeably longer than the lower part, and approximately circular from below. The fur is fluffy and the bottom is light gray. The dorsal side is greyish brown, sometimes slightly reddish, while the ventral side is off-white or yellowish-white.
Mediterranean horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus euryale)
A Mediterranean horseshoe bat with a "囧" face
6 Small false vampire bats
Small pseudosampire bats are distributed in South and Southeast Asia in Sri Lanka and India in the west in Indonesia and the Philippines in the east. They live in caves and tree cavities and feed mainly on insects. Small pseudosampire bats have a wingspan of up to 30 cm and a head and body length of about 10 cm. Their forearms are usually about 7 cm.
The wings have pale yellow veins that give off a pronounced yellow/orange hue when light hits the outstretched wings. Their body color ranges from gray-brown to bluish-brown. Fewer small pseudo-vampire bats live in rock crevices, burrows, leaves, and hollow trees, depending on habitat availability, and where they usually hang from trees to sleep.
Smaller than cousins of other vampire bats, they nest in caves and hollow out trees.
7 Three extant species of bats that feed only on blood
<h1>Common vampire bats</h1>
The common vampire bat is a small bat native to the Americas. It is one of three extant species of vampire bats, the other two being the long-haired and white-winged vampire bat. Ordinary vampire bats suck blood and feed mainly on the blood of livestock. Bats usually approach their prey while sleeping at night. It cuts through the host's skin with its sharp teeth and wraps the blood up with its long tongue to eat.
The common vampire bat is one of the most social species among bat species, with a variety of cooperative behaviors, such as "social beauty" and food sharing. Because it feeds on the blood of livestock and is a carrier of rabies, common vampire bats are generally considered pests. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies its conservation status as "least concerned" because "its wide range presupposes that the population has a greater tolerance for habitat changes and is eligible for inclusion in the endangered category because of its rate of decline at the required level."
Common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus)
<h1>Hairy-legged vampire bats</h1>
The hairy-legged vampire bat (Diphylla ecaudata) is one of the three surviving vampire bats. It feeds mainly on the blood of wild birds, but can also sometimes feed on the blood of poultry and humans. This vampire bat lives mainly in tropical and subtropical woodlands in South America, Central America and southern Mexico. Its appearance resembles that of ordinary vampire bats. However, its ears are wide and short. Chestless, short thumb, large and shiny eyes, it has more teeth than the average vampire bat. In addition, its brain is smaller than that of ordinary vampire bats, and its mass is about two-thirds of the latter. Its caudal membrane is narrow and hairy. As the name suggests, it doesn't have a tail. The fur on the back is dark brown, while the fur on the ventral surface is lighter in color. Its fur is soft and long. Compared to other leaf-nosed bats, the size of their noses is greatly reduced.
Hairy-legged vampire bat (Diphylla ecaudata)
Hairy-legged vampire bat (Diphylla ecaudata)
<h1>White-winged vampire bat</h1>
White-winged vampire bats were found from Mexico to northern Argentina and are found on Trinidad and Margarita Islands. Their fur is clay colored, light brown or dark cinnamon brown. The contours of the wings are white, and the membrane between the second and third fingers is also white. The anterior surface of the otochon is hairy and its outer edge is smooth, unlike ordinary jagged vampire bats. Their thumbs are much shorter than those of ordinary vampire bats. Their forearms are 51–54 mm long. Like other vampire bats, their saliva also contains plasminogen activators that rapidly dissolve blood clots formed during the process of sucking the host's blood, as well as platelet aggregation inhibitors and other anticoagulants that prevent platelet aggregation and also prevent blood clots. These compounds in saliva are particularly effective against birds, so birds are their preferred prey, but they also prey on mammals such as goats and cattle and even humans. Although it can transmit rabies, this condition is rare.
White-winged vampire bat (Diaemus youngi)
8 Chinese chrysanthemum bat
Rhinolophus sinicus is a species of Pterodactylidae found in southern China, India, Nepal, Vietnam and other places, and has been identified as rhinolophuhus rouxii sinicus in the past. Body length 4.1-5.3 cm, tail length 1.8-2.9 cm, forearm length 4.5-5.2 cm, weight 9-14 g. The eyes are small and the ears are large, and the ears have no ear screens. The horseshoe leaves are larger, with a leaflet attached to each side of the lower margin, and the saddle-shaped leaves are parallel on the left and right sides, with a rounded apex, and the connecting leaves are broad and rounded. The sonar, which emanates from the nostrils rather than the mouth, has orange, rusty yellow, to brownish yellow coats, and has claws on the thumb and 5 toes of the hind foot.
As early as 2005, researchers at the University of Hong Kong found a virus that resembled SARS in the Chinese chrysanthemum bat. In 2013, CCTV quoted Yuan Guoyong, a professor of infectious diseases at the University of Hong Kong School of Medicine, as saying that the natural host of the SARS virus is the Chinese chrysanthemum bat. The civet is only an intermediate host for the SARS virus, which is contagious.
In November 2015, researchers at the University of North Carolina in the United States found a virus similar to SARS in the Source of SARS virus, Chinese Chrysanthemum Bat, which can be transmitted directly to people, and there is no medicine for the time being. The new virus can be transmitted directly to humans through the host without genetic mutation, infecting lung cells and replicating in them. Researchers say the new virus is highly pathogenic, but it is still unclear whether it will be human-to-human transmission like SARS. But it is certain that the treatment of SARS and the drug against Ebola will not work on this new virus, and there is still no cure.
In January 2020, pneumonia caused by the novel coronavirus broke out in Wuhan and quickly spread to other provinces in China such as Zhejiang, Hong Kong, Taiwan and other regions. The virus of this new pneumonia incident is suspected to be caused by the Chinese chrysanthemum bat as the source of infection.
Rhinolophus sinicus