Weihai Golden Apple is a new variety of high-quality, shelf-resistant, yellow-skinned and late-ripening apples imported and screened from Japan by Weihai Fruit Tree Tea Workstation in 2011, which has amazed the entire apple market with its beautiful appearance and unique quality. At present, the price of Weihai gold has been maintained at 20 ~ 40 yuan / kg, and the first-class fruit with a diameter of more than 80mm before the Spring Festival is basically sold out, and it is even more difficult to find a fruit after the Spring Festival. This variety of early fruit, strong yield and stable yield, simple management, high comprehensive benefits, growers have a high willingness to develop, has formed a good pattern of "planting willing to plant, sell willing to sell, buy willing to buy, eat willing to eat, industry prosperity, market prosperity" a good pattern. In addition to Shandong Province, in recent years, Gansu, Shaanxi, Xinjiang, Henan, Hebei, Liaoning and other provinces (autonomous regions) have performed well in introducing seeds and trial planting. At present, the national Weihai gold cultivation area is above 1300hm2, of which about 1000hm2 in Shandong Province. In order to further accelerate the promotion and application of this variety and promote the optimization and adjustment of the structure of apple varieties in China, the author summarizes the key technologies for high-quality and efficient cultivation of Weihai golden apples according to years of production practice experience.
Optimization and adjustment of the structure of Weihai gold and apple varieties in China
Apple is the largest tree species of deciduous fruit trees in China. Due to the special epigenetic characteristics of apple buds, China has formed an apple variety structure based on high-quality, resistant storage, late-ripening red Fuji bud varieties (70%), which is also the most economical and effective technical way to ensure the annual supply of China's fresh apple consumer market. For a long time in the future, the pattern of red Fuji bud varieties accounting for 1/2 of China's apple industry will not change. Therefore, the promotion and application of Weihai Jin and other apple varieties is conducive to the construction of an apple variety structure composed of the 4th and 5th generation red buds of Red Fuji such as Yuanfu Hong and Longfu (55%), which is composed of Weihai Jin, Mei Hong, Wang Lin, Han Fu, Qin Crisp, Honey Crisp, Ruixue, Fuli, ASUS and Lu Li, and promotes the transformation and upgrading of China's apple industry and improves quality and efficiency.
Green prevention and control technology of apple tree stubble obstacle
Limited by land resources, most of the new apple orchards in China need to be cultivated with heavy stubble, which brings about heavy stubble obstacles such as weak trees, serious pests and diseases, and reduced yield quality, which hinders the application of new varieties. Fusarium genus is the main pathogenic bacteria that cause apple continuous cropping disorder in China, for this reason, researchers invented the apple stubble barrier green prevention and control technology with "trenching before winter, picking up stumps, burrowing bacterial fertilizer, and mixed cultivation of allium trees" as the core, which reduces the number of copies of the main Fusarium gene in the soil by 80%, the content of phenolic acid substances is reduced by more than 75%, and the yield is more than 95% of the positive stubble garden, which has been widely used in the main apple-producing areas in China. With the upgrading of the state's control over the non-grainization of land, old orchards are gradually becoming limited stock garden resources, and the green prevention and control technology of stubble barriers will play an increasingly important role in orchard renewal and variety optimization in the future.
High-quality park building technology
● Garden selection ●
It is advisable to choose a leeward and sunny, open terrain, appropriate slope, convenient transportation, far away from the source of pollution, the garden should be free of apple beetle moth, apple black star disease, apple beetle moth, apple cotton aphid, American white moth, plum necrotic ring mosaic virus and other quarantine diseases and insect pests and face disease and other viruses. The soil is preferably sandy loam, loam or light clay loam, with a soil pH of 6.0 to 7.0 and a soil thickness greater than 60 cm; there are sufficient water resources, and the groundwater table does not exceed 1.5 m.
● Land consolidation ●
Land consolidation is the appropriate improvement of the terrain of the park, mainly applied to the gentle slope of the hilly area, the slope of less than 25 ° hill or small terrace, through the ladder slope, transformed into a suitable mechanized operation of the continuous slope, to minimize the amount of soil and stone handling and the impact on the surrounding ecological environment, to meet the construction needs of modern apple orchards, easy to park mechanical operations, soil and water conservation and daily management.
● Build a bracket system ●
The bracket support system is composed of support columns, ground anchors, tight clamp cards, side tight cards, bow buckle cards, anchor ropes, inter-column wires, anchor top wires, column top hats, etc., vertical and horizontal connection, in the modern apple orchard to play a series of support, load, anti-lodging and other functions of the grid facility system; when building, high-strength special support columns, steel wires and other materials should be selected, in strict accordance with the relevant requirements to purchase special support columns (length greater than 4.4m), reasonable determination of support column spacing (6 ~ 9m), burial depth (12% to 25% of the length), And do a good job in the erection of steel wires, buried anchors and other work. In areas where hail often occurs, it is recommended that the park with conditions should design the multi-purpose protective net and the bracket system together and use it as a whole.
● Selection of high-specification seedlings ●
Choosing the right rootstock is the key to ensuring the success of apple dwarfing and dense cultivation. According to the principle of suitable cultivation, choose the appropriate combination mode of anvil panicle. For Weihai golden apples, areas with better fertility and water conditions can choose M9T337 excellent line, PAJAM system, JM7 and other self-rooting rootstocks, and other areas should select specific resistance rootstocks according to local climatic conditions. The selection of high-standard high-quality seedlings to build a garden ensures that it is easy to manage, early results and early returns after the establishment of the park.
Orchard comprehensive ground lifting technology
Orchard basic soil strength is poor, low soil organic matter content is a restriction on China's fruit tree industry to improve quality and efficiency of the card neck problem, in the current organic fertilizer source shortage of the background, we must take multiple measures at the same time, focus on improving the orchard basic soil and soil organic matter content.
● Orchard composting technology ●
In the design scheme of modern orchards, it is necessary to design a special fertilizer dumping field, which will produce organic fertilizer for the production of biological manure such as cattle, sheep, pigs, chickens, etc., which can not only reduce the production cost of orchards, but also be one of the important measures to improve the basic soil of orchards as soon as possible.
● Orchard covering technology ●
Tree tray (in-row) covering and inter-row grass are common soil management techniques commonly used in modern orchards, which have a variety of effects such as reducing weed growth, preventing soil loss, preserving soil moisture, regulating soil temperature, increasing soil fertility, improving soil physical and chemical properties, optimizing the ecological environment, increasing apple yield and improving apple quality, etc., and is an environment-friendly orchard soil management model. The types of biomass used for the cover of tree trays (in the row) mainly include forest resources, crop straw, bran shells or panicle cores (peanut shells, rice husks and wheat bran, corn cores, etc.), weeds and processing by-product materials such as grain, cotton and oil (corn residue, sorghum slag, soybean meal, peanut meal, mushroom residue, fungus sticks, fruit pomace, etc.); before covering, the covering material needs to be crushed, disinfected, etc., so that the length of the cover material does not exceed 10cm, and does not carry diseases and insect pests; the thickness of the coverage varies according to the type of biomass, generally 10 to 20cm.
● Orchard raw grassland fertilization technology ●
There are two types of interlex grasses: artificial grass and natural grass. Whether it is artificial grass or natural grass should choose suitable for local planting, and apples have no common diseases and insect pests, simple management, high dry matter yield of grass species, artificial grass grass species mainly include hairy leaf amaranth, rye grass, high fescue, early maturing grass, alfalfa, rat thatch, etc., the types of natural grass are mainly matang, barnyard grass, dogtail grass, cattle tendon grass, etc.; the height of the grass is 30 to 40 cm or before flowering, the stubble height is 10 to 15 cm, and the annual mowing is 2 to 4 times, every 3 ~ It is updated once every 5 years, and the turning time is preferably in late autumn. In recent years, studies have found that vicia villosa roth., a grass species of grass in orchards, has the characteristics of strong stress resistance, large growth capacity, strong water conservation capacity, strong nitrogen and fertilizer fixation ability, small water consumption (obvious water saving effect) and no need for cutting (outstanding labor saving effect). On this basis, a new model of orchard grass that has been interactively grown between changrou hairy wild peas and natural grass for many years has been invented, which has been promoted and applied in 25 provinces and cities across the country such as Shandong, and has achieved the remarkable effect of "fertilization, water saving and labor saving", and provided technical support for the bagless cultivation of apples.
● Scientific fertilization technology ●
Actively implement the "organic fertilizer substitution action", change the concept and habit of fertilization, advocate balanced fertilization, encourage the application of organic fertilizer, reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer, and continuously expand the demonstration and promotion of new fertilizers such as biological fertilizer and bacterial fertilizer. First, apply plantar fertilizer. Bottom fertilizer is applied before colonization, combined with land consolidation, foot fertilizer is applied by digging colonization ditches, and decomposed high-quality farm manure or commercial organic fertilizer is applied according to the amount of 4 to 12 m3 per mu. According to the design of the plant spacing in the park planning, the location of the planting line is first determined, and the planting behavior centerline is excavated, and the colonization ditch with a width of 100 cm and a depth of 80 cm is dug, and the topsoil is mixed with fully decomposed organic fertilizer and an appropriate amount of fertilizer, etc., and backfilled in the colonization ditch, and when it is filled to 20 cm below the surface, the irrigation is settled and the soil is covered. Second, apply more base fertilizer early. The base fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer, supplemented by chemical fertilizer. Young Weihai Golden Orchard mu to apply about 1000kg of farm manure or 200kg of commercial organic fertilizer, adult Weihai Golden Orchard can be applied according to the principle of "jinguo jin fertilizer" and the yield of farm manure, or each mu of applied commodities have 1000kg of base fertilizer. It is generally applied from mid-September to mid-October, but can also be applied in early to mid-November after fruit harvesting, using mechanical or manual strip-like trench application, ditch depth of 30 to 40 cm, after application covered soil. In terms of chemical fertilizers, the total amount of base fertilizer (purified) per mu in young orchards is 5 to 7 kg, and the annual application ratio of N:P2O5:K2O is 1:1:1, and the amount of base fertilizer application should increase with the increase of tree age. The total amount of base fertilizer (including chemical fertilizer) applied in adult orchards was determined by the application of pure nitrogen 3.0 to 5.0 kg, pure phosphorus 1.4 to 2.3 kg and pure potassium 3.5 to 5.8 kg per 1000 kg yield (average yield in the previous 3 years), and the application ratio of N:P2O5:K2O was 1:0.4 to 0.5:1.1 to 1.2. Third, reasonable topdressing. Topdressing is mainly based on rhizosphere topdressing of fast-acting chemical fertilizers, supplemented by spraying foliar fertilizers. Rhizosphere topdressing should be applied through the integrated water and fertilizer system, and a trench 5 to 10 cm deep can be dug under the canopy, and the fertilizer is evenly applied to the soil and watered.
Water and fertilizer integration technology
Water and fertilizer integration technology refers to irrigation and fertilization integration of new agricultural technology, is the use of pressure system (or natural difference in terrain) liquid fertilizer according to the soil nutrient content and crop type of fertilizer law and characteristics, mixed into fertilizer and irrigation water together, through the controllable pipeline system water supply, fertilizer, so that water and fertilizer after the fusion, through the pipeline and dripper to form drip irrigation, uniform, regular, quantitative infiltration of crop root development and growth area, so that the main root soil always maintain loose and suitable water content. The advantage of this technology is that the fertilizer efficiency of irrigation and fertilization is fast, which greatly improves the utilization rate of fertilizer and meets the needs of apples in the critical growth period of "eating and drinking". The rhizosphere topdressing of Weihai Golden Apple mainly adopts water and fertilizer integration facilities. The topdressing period of young Weihai Golden Orchard was mainly before and after germination and flower bud differentiation, and the ratio of N:P2O5:K2O topdressing was 1:1:1, and the amount of topdressing increased accordingly with the increase of tree age. 1-year weihai gold topdressing pure nitrogen 0.25kg (equivalent to urea 12kg), pure phosphorus 5kg (equivalent to 15% calcium superphosphate 33kg), pure potassium 5kg (equivalent to potassium sulfate 10kg); 2-year weihai gold topdressing doubled; after 3 years of growth according to the target yield to determine the amount of topdressing, before and after germination and flower bud differentiation period of the amount of topdressing accounted for half; adult orchards according to the target yield (generally can refer to the average yield of the previous 3 years) to determine the total amount of topdressing application, every 1000kg yield, topdressing pure nitrogen 2.5 ~ 4.0kg (6.0~10.0kg urea), 0.4~0.6kg (2.5~4.0kg equivalent to 15% calcium superphosphate), 5.0~9.0kg (equivalent to 10.0~18.0kg of potassium sulfate). Among them, before germination (March to early April), the topdressing was mainly nitrogen fertilizer, and the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer application accounted for 30%, 10% and 20% of the whole year, respectively; the flower bud differentiation period (early and mid-June) was mainly phosphorus, and the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium topdressing accounted for 10%, 30% and 10% of the whole year, respectively; from late August to early September, potassium fertilizer was the mainstay, and the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium topdressing amounted to 20%, 10% and 40% of the whole year; from late October to early November, phosphorus fertilizer was the mainstay, and the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium topdressing amount accounted for 40% of the whole year. 50%、30%。
High-light efficiency tree culture technology
In the plain areas with good watering conditions and suitable for dwarf anvils, detoxified perennial dwarfed self-root anvil strip branching high-quality seedlings can be selected, and comprehensive measures such as pulling branches and pruning are used to cultivate high spindle shape and slender spindle shape. In the year of colonization, maintain the growth advantage of the trunk, remove the competing branches of the main trunk in time and leave the sleigh, and remove the side branches below the height of the main trunk below 80 cm. When the length of the new branch reaches 25cm, use the angle opener to open its base angle to more than 90 °, and when the end of August, pull the new branches at the open angle to keep the branches straight and straight, with an angle of 110 to 130 °; in the second year, remove the lateral branches with a thickness close to 1/3 of the main trunk in time before germination and leave a slab, and remove the branches on the back of the side branches in time during the growth period. At the same time, do a good job in the opening and pulling of the new side branches; after the 3rd year, the height of the tree body basically reaches 3.5m, repeat the management technology of the second year, and change the head in time as needed. Weihai golden apple has strong fruit setting ability, which is relatively simpler than Fuji apple in terms of tree shape cultivation and other shaping pruning, and can refer to the "Trinity Chinese style wide row high dry no bracket labor-saving and efficient cultivation mode" for management, in order to achieve the remarkable effect of "2 years of fruit, 3 years of effect, 4 years of abundant production".
Labor-saving flower and fruit management technology
● Pollination tree configuration with pollination ●
Weihai golden apple is easy to flower, and the fruit set ability is strong. To improve fruit set, reasonable matching of pollinator trees, wall bee pollination, and spraying of 0.2% to 0.3% borax solution during flowering can be used. When selecting red Fuji, Wang Lin and other varieties as the pollinator trees of Weihai gold, the configuration ratio of pollinator varieties and Weihai gold is 1:6 to 8; when selecting special pollinator trees such as red agate and snowball, the configuration ratio of pollination varieties and Weihai gold is 1:15 to 20; under normal weather conditions, 3 to 5 days before the first flower, wall bees are placed in the orchard according to the density of 3000 to 4500 heads/hm2. Bees can also be used to place assisted pollination in orchards at a density of 1 to 3 boxes/hm2. In the event of weather such as late frost damage, artificial assisted pollination should be used.
● Flower and fruit thinning ●
Thinning flowers and fruits can be mechanical, but also can use sulfur preparations, growth regulators and other chemical agents and vegetable oils. Spraying 150 to 200 times of the zhishu you flower thinning preparation during the full flowering period has a good flower thinning effect, which can control the inflorescence fruit set rate at about 75%, and the single fruit rate is controlled at 46.20% to 52.03%, which is more than 75% less labor than artificial flower thinning. Because chemical reagents are susceptible to weather influences, before large-scale use, small-scale tests should be done according to local temperature, light, humidity and other conditions, and the use concentration and spraying time under different meteorological conditions should be explored to formulate the best use plan.
● Bagging-free cultivation technology ●
Apple bagging-free cultivation high-quality and efficient production technology is one of the top ten leading technologies of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in 2020, which is a cultivation system reform and a very complex system project, involving the reform of a number of supporting technologies, including creating a beautiful ecological environment, cultivating and promoting easy-to-color functional apple varieties and selecting varieties suitable for non-bagging, researching and establishing a Chinese-style modern wide-row high-dry intensive and efficient cultivation model, strengthening cultivation management to comprehensively improve the ability of trees to resist diseases and insects, spraying sunshine biological protection film, The key to studying the establishment of efficient pest prevention and control schemes under bagless cultivation and the establishment of post-harvest commercial treatment systems such as cleaning, grading, waxing, etc., is to do a good job in pest control and improve the appearance quality of fruits. For Weihai Golden Apple, the focus is on the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests such as peach small heartworms, pear small heartworms, cotton bollworms, rotith disease, anthrax and other diseases and insects, and the improvement of the gloss of the fruit surface, so that the insect fruit rate is maintained below 0.5%, the disease fruit rate is below 1.0%, and the rust fruit rate is below 1.5%.
Green pest control technology
In accordance with the concept of "green plant protection", the comprehensive use of agricultural control, physical control, biological control and chemical control technology. Timely removal of dead trees, dead stems, dead branches, diseases and insects harmful branches, the protection of the shear saw mouth, etc., do a good job in agricultural control; the use of pest tendencies, the use of insecticidal lamps, sweet and sour liquid and armyworm board and other booby-trapping methods to carry out physical control; the growth period can be installed every 2 to 3hm2 of the density of 1 insecticidal lamp, the booby trap of lepidoptera and other pests; for pear small heartworms, scarab beetles, leaf curling moths and other insects, according to the ratio of sugar: vinegar: wine : water = 3:6:1:20 ratio of sweet and sour liquid, From mid-to-late April to late July, hang sweet and sour solutions to trap and control pests such as aphids, thrips, leafhoppers and other pests, and select sticky worm boards of the corresponding color for control. Biological control mainly uses natural enemies of pests and sexual attractants for control. Protect natural predators such as ladybirds, grasshoppers, predatory mites, spiders, praying mantises, etc., and can artificially release parasitic wasps (red-eyed bees, Zhou's small bees) and predatory bees in the field. For pests such as peach heartworms, pear heartworms, green blind bugs, peach borer borers, apple leaf curl moths, golden moths and cotton bollworms, 3 to 5 sexual attractants and 33 to 50 misty silks are placed per acre. Chemical control should avoid the use of broad-spectrum insecticides, give priority to the use of high-efficiency, low-toxicity, low-residue biological agents, optimize the rotation, alternation, precise use and safe use of integrated pesticides, strictly abide by the interval between the safe use of pesticides, and minimize the negative impact of pesticide use through rational use of pesticides. Weihai golden apple fruit surface is easy to produce rust, young fruit stage should avoid the use of strong irritation to the fruit surface sulfur preparations, inorganic copper and other agents.
This article is excerpted from "Key Technologies for High-quality and Efficient Cultivation of Weihai Golden Apple" (Xu Farong, Wang Zhaoshun, Wang Nan, Yin Chengmiao, Zhang Zongying, Wang Linjun, Wang Ziqing, Mao Zhiquan, Chen Xuesen) of China Fruit Trees, No. 10, 2021 (Xu Farong, Wang Zhaoshun, Wang Nan), Yin Chengmiao, Zhang Zongying, Wang Linjun, Wang Ziqing, Mao Zhiquan, Chen Xuesen).