The cultivation of sweet cherries in the greenhouse of the facility is very significant, and in recent years, the cultivation area of sweet cherries in the greenhouse of the facility in Lingyuan City has increased year by year. The survey shows that sweet cherries are cultivated in a greenhouse, and the fruit harvesting period of sweet cherries is 1 to 2 months earlier than that in open ground, and the economic benefits are 15 to 20 times higher than that of open ground cultivation. The biological characteristics of sweet cherries are relatively unique, and there is often a farmer's proverb that "cherries are delicious and difficult to plant trees" in production. In order to better realize the economic benefits of sweet cherries, the key technologies for increasing the yield, improving quality and cultivating sweet cherries in the greenhouse of Lingyuan City are summarized as follows, for reference in production.
First, the facility greenhouse sweet cherry varieties and garden selection
(1) Sweet cherry varieties selection. The sweet cherry varieties cultivated in the greenhouse of the facility should choose excellent varieties such as high-quality, bright color, and more storage-resistant red light, large purple, shiba red, Morley, and early ruby. Sweet cherries are generally self-flowering and have a certain degree of selectivity for pollinator varieties, and pollination trees should be configured, and it is advisable to interlace planting of main planting varieties and pollinator varieties (Figure 1).
Fig. 1 Facility greenhouse sweet cherry red light fruit growth
(2) Sweet cherry orchard selection. The selected garden should first be convenient for transportation and conducive to market circulation; the terrain is high, no water, the groundwater level in the rainy season is not higher than 80 to 100 cm, the leeward is sunny, there is no serious shade around the houses and trees, the drainage is convenient; the soil is loose sand loam soil. Soil improvement: Sand or sticky improvement of soil with heavy or sandy content, breaking the impermeable clay plate layer and silt layer underground. The focus of the improvement is to increase the application of organic fertilizers.
Second, the planting density and planting mode of sweet cherries in the greenhouse of the facility
(1) Sweet cherry planting density. The planting density of sweet cherries in the greenhouse of the facility is 2.5 m× (3 to 4) m, and the maximum row spacing should be less than 3 m× (3 to 4) m. Sweet cherry tree growth is not large, the plant row spacing is (1 ~ 1.5) m× (2 ~ 2.5) m is appropriate.
(2) Planting mode. The sweet cherry root system avoids waterlogging, and in the greenhouse cultivation of the facility, the cultivation mode of high furrow and high ridge is the main planting mode. The specific technical measures are: the topsoil and middle soil in the greenhouse of the facility are mixed with fully decomposed organic fertilizer (organic fertilizer accounts for 20% to 30% of the total volume), and then the ridge is stacked, the ridge height is not higher than 30 cm, the ridge width is 60 to 80 cm, and sweet cherries are planted on the ridge.
Third, the management of the tree under the tree after planting
(1) Fertilizer water management technology under trees. The purpose of strengthening fertilizer water management is to increase the nutrient accumulation of sweet cherry trees, promote the rapid formation of cherry trees, and enter flower bud differentiation as early as possible. Fertilizer water management in front of the shed: on the basis of ensuring the application of sufficient organic fertilizer at the time of planting, apply sufficient base fertilizer in September-October of each year, and apply 40 to 50 kg/plant, 1.0 kg/plant of calcium superphosphate, 2.0 kg/plant of urea, 50 g/plant of borax, and irrigate water in time after fertilization. After the shed is buckled, when the cherry tree buds in the greenhouse of the facility germinate, 200 grams of urea are applied in time, and the ditch is opened and watered while topdressing. Sweet cherries before and after entering the full flowering period, each interval of 10 days each spray 0.3% urea (mass fraction, the same after) + 0.3% borax, to improve the sweet cherry tree fruit set rate is very favorable, facility greenhouse sweet cherry tree flowering period and after flowering, appropriate control irrigation, to prevent irrigation caused by irrigation caused by the increase in air humidity in the greenhouse of the facility caused by the growth of new shoots.
(2) Tree shaping and pruning technique. Cherry trees are tree species with strong photophilicity, and the trees in the middle of the greenhouse of the facility are suitable to improve the trunk shape, and the trees on both sides can adopt natural happy shapes. If the shape is modified for the trunk, after determining a central leadership stem, maintain its growth advantages, and 10 to 12 main branches are equipped with the central leadership stem, and the main branches are mainly extended by a single axis. After the seedlings are planted and live, the height of 20 to 30 cm is retained for shearing and truncation, and when the retained shoots germinate into new shoots with a length of about 35 cm, they are re-picked, and the planted seedlings can cultivate 6 to 8 main branches in the same year. The following spring, the main branches are selected according to the tree shape. The front end of the main branch retains a long shoot to be extended, and the other long shoots can be removed in May, and the long shoots located in the middle are plucked and twisted to prevent excessive growth. Plastic shape for natural happy shape, no need to establish a central leadership trunk, the whole tree distribution of 2 to 4 main branches, the angle of the main branch is 30 ° ~ 40 °, each main branch to determine 3 ~ 6 anticline side branches or back side branches. The tree-shaped tree has an open body and a relatively short canopy, which is extremely convenient for field management, and this tree-shape is mostly used for sweet cherry varieties with weak dryness. It is cultivated into a natural happy tree shape by plucking and pulling branches in summer (Figure 2).
Fig. 2 Facility greenhouse sweet cherry natural happy shape tree shape
Fourth, the environment and tree management technology in the greenhouse of the facility
(1) Temperature and humidity management technology in the greenhouse of the facility. Temperature control in the greenhouse of the facility is very important. Within 3 to 4 days after the greenhouse of the facility is closed, the doors and ventilation windows used for operations need to be fully opened. After 3 days, gradually close the work door and ventilation window gradually, and after 10 days, gradually cover the quilt and other covers at night. When the temperature rises up to 16 ° C, the ventilation of the greenhouse of the facility is carried out in time at 10:00-17:00 every day, and the ventilation window is closed after 17:00, while covering the quilt and other coverings. After the shed to the sweet cherry tree body before flowering, the air humidity in the greenhouse of the facility should be controlled by mulch film, at this time the appropriate air humidity is 70% to 80%, and the suitable air humidity of the sweet cherry tree flowering period is 50% to 60%, which is difficult to control by humans, and can be maintained by placing moisture absorbent. The suitable air humidity from the young fruit to the coloring period after flowering is 60% to 70%, which mainly relies on ventilation to control the air humidity. From the coloring to the harvest period, the suitable air humidity is 60% to 70%, and the technical measures taken at this time are ventilation to gradual film removal. After the fruit enters the harvest period, the shed film can be completely lifted, and on this basis, fertilization and irrigation can continue.
(2) Lighting and flower and fruit management technology in the greenhouse of the facility. In order to improve the lighting conditions in the greenhouse of the facility, a drop-free anti-aging shed film can be selected, while a reflective curtain can be hung on the rear wall. Sweet cherry trees in greenhouses of the facility must be pollinated. Artificial pollination and bee pollination are the mainstays.
Bees have a strong ability to move in the range of 12 to 30 °C, and the use of bees for pollination is efficient and labor-saving. When the amount of flowers in the sweet cherry tree body is large, the flower thinning technique can be adopted, and the flowering is sparsely flowered before the flowering and the flower blooms at two time points, and the edge flowers are sparsely flowered and 1 to 2 flowers are left in the middle. Fruit thinning is implemented after the end of physiological fruit fall, mainly to remove small fruits, weak fruits, insect fruits, deformed fruits and other undesirable fruits.
(3) Sweet cherry fruit postharvest management technology. After fruit harvest, the over-dense branches, excessively strong branches, juxtaposed branches and overlapping branches are removed in time to facilitate the differentiation of flower buds. After fruit harvesting, basic fertilizer is applied: 1000 kg of rotting chicken manure + 25 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer are applied per plant, and irrigation is used to promote the differentiation of flower buds and ensure the abundant and stable yield of sweet cherry trees. Branch pulling technique: From late August to September, the tree body branches are pulled and opened.
Fifth, facility greenhouse sweet cherry main pest control technology
(1) Main disease prevention and control technologies. The main diseases of sweet cherries in the greenhouse of the facility are perforation disease, leaf spot disease, dry rot disease, glue disease, fruit rot and so on. Prevention and control technology: 5-6 months spray 1 to 2 times 70% (mass fraction, the same after) methyl tolbuzin wettable powder 800 ~ 1200 times liquid, July -August spray 3 to 4 times lime equivalent Bordeaux liquid 200 times liquid, for the prevention and treatment of perforation disease, leaf spot disease, dry rot is more effective. For glue disease, a scraper can be used to extrude the juice from the spots longitudinally several times at the beginning of the disease, and the wound can be timely applied to the original solution of the stone sulfur compound for prevention and treatment. Before the greenhouse of the facility is heated, spray 3 to 5 baumedo stone sulfur compounds for disease prevention. After the greenhouse of the facility is heated, 800 to 1000 times of 70% Bacillus Qing wettable powder is sprayed 1 to 2 times in the young fruit stage of sweet cherries to control leaf spot disease and fruit rot.
(2) Main pest control technologies. The facility greenhouse can be covered with mulch film, effectively reducing the pest infestation of wintering and summer in the soil in the greenhouse of the facility. Before the sweet cherry tree body germinates, put a plastic bag on the stem of the seedling to prevent weevils and scarab beetles from harming the sweet cherry seedlings. Chemical drug control technology: for caterpillars and stinging moths, spray 20% cypermethrin emulsion 1500 to 2000 times liquid in the 1 to 2 year larval stage, which can achieve better prevention and control effect.
Article source Growers' Friends Magazine, for reference only!