Source: Huashan infection
Original Title: Travel Killer - Deadly Ticks Have to Guard Manual
The eleventh long holiday is coming, because of the new crown epidemic, I believe that everyone chooses to find poetry and far away in the country, so you may wish to understand the main distribution and spread of domestic ticks with Xiaobian, and you must pay attention to avoiding it when traveling!
Xiao Wang went to the Mountains of Zhejiang with his colleagues last weekend to carry out team building activities, the activity last two days, and it was hiking and mountaineering, and orienteering, as well as tent camping, crossing the lofty mountains, for Xiao Wang, who usually stayed in the office, finally had the opportunity to get close to nature, feeling excited, but when he returned to his home in Shanghai, the only feeling was - tired and down, going home and going upstairs both legs are trembling. When I got up early the next morning to take a bath, I suddenly found out how there was an extra black mole in the lower leg popliteal socket, and I couldn't help but be shocked when I looked closely, but it was a bug that was deeply embedded in the meat, and I couldn't pull it out by hand.
Call xiao Zhang, a colleague who claims to be "missing a corner in an encyclopedia", what to do. Xiao Zhang told him that it may be a tick bite, and ticks may spread a lot of deadly diseases, and if not treated in time, it may be life-threatening. Frightened, Xiao Wang rushed to the emergency department of the nearby hospital, but the doctor told him that he could not see it, and no department would see this "disease". After several twists and turns, Xiao Wang finally found out that there was a travel clinic in the Infection Department of Huashan Hospital, which could solve this problem, and immediately rode the wind and waves to rush over.
<h1 class="pgc-h-center-line" > what a tick is</h1>
Ticks, also known as ticks, ticks, ticks, flat lice, and grass crawlers, are a very small arthropod parasite about the size of a matchstick head. Ticks are a large family Oh, if the adult insect has a strong shell shield on the back of the body, it is called hard tick, which belongs to the hard tick family (Ixodidae), mostly invades the host during the day, and the blood sucking time is longer, generally taking several days.
Ixodidae
If there is no shield on the back, it is commonly known as soft tick, which belongs to the family Argasidae. Soft ticks mostly invade the host at night, and the blood sucking time is short, usually a few minutes to 1 hour.
Soft tick family (Argasidae)
According to 2011 data, nearly 900 species have been found worldwide, and about 100 species of the hard tick family and 10 species of the soft tick family have been recorded in China.
Ticks are blood-sucking parasites that are often active in long grasses and take advantage of the opportunity to cling to them as they pass by. Insert the claws and feeding tubes into the skin of the host and start feasting. Ticks are usually selective in the parasitic site of the host, generally in areas with thin skin that are not easily scratched. For example, the full groove hard tick parasitizes the neck, behind the ears, armpits, inner thighs, perineum and groin of animals or people.
Ticks often have little pain in stinging blood sucking, but because when the claws and suborgural plates simultaneously penetrate the host skin, they can cause local congestion, edema, acute inflammatory response, and can also cause secondary infection. The most important thing is that tick bites can transmit a variety of diseases, such as fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, Lyme disease, Q fever, rabbit fever, Colorado tick fever, tick-borne relapse fever and so on
<h1 class= "pgc-h-center-line" > the distribution of ticks in China</h1>
Based on big data analysis, Chinese scientists have predicted the distribution of several major tick species in China through data model derivation. The areas suitable for tick life in China are mainly concentrated in the north, such as the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in the northwest region, which can mainly see persian sharp edge tick, marginal tick tick and Turan fanhead tick, while in the northeast region such as Liaoning Province, Heilongjiang Province and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Persian sharp edge tick, marginal tick tick, grassland tick tick, forest tick tick and phylum blood tick can be seen. Ticks are also found in southern China, including the herd of blood ticks, granular ticks, tiny fanhead ticks, and blood-red fanhead ticks.
Ticks: This type of tick is mainly distributed in northern China: northwest China (Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region), central North China (Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, northern Henan and Ningxia) and northeast China (Liaoning Province, Jilin Province and Heilongjiang Province).
Persian sharp-edge tick
Tick genus: Marginal ticks are mainly distributed in the northwest region (northern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region), central North China (Gansu, Ningxia, Shanxi, northern Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia and parts of Hebei), and northeast China (northern Liaoning, western Jilin, inner Mongolia and parts of northeast provinces). It is distributed along western to northeastern China, including Gannan, Ningxia, northern Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia. In addition, the distribution of grassland ticks can also be seen on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the western Sichuan region, and parts of Qinghai and Xinjiang. It is mainly distributed in central and northeastern China (Gannan, western Shaanxi, Shanxi, Jibei, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Beijing and Tianjin).
Edge tick
Blood tick genus: The bloodthirsty tick is widely distributed in the central region (southern Shaanxi, Gannan, Henan, Shandong, Chongqing, eastern Sichuan, western Hubei, western Hunan and southern Jin), as well as in the northeast region (Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang). The longhorn blood tick is mainly distributed in southwest China, including Henan, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei, Chongqing, northern Zhejiang, southern Liaoning, southern Shaanxi and northern Qianbei.
Longhorn blood tick
Hard tick: The granular tick is mainly distributed in the southern region of China, including Yunnan, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Fujian, northern Guizhou, southern Zhejiang, as well as parts of Anhui, Hunan, Guangdong, Chongqing and Taiwan.
Granular hard tick
Fanhead tick: Tiny fanhead ticks may have a wide distribution across southern China (Yunnan, Guizhou, Chongqing, Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangxi, and Taiwan). The distribution of the blood-red fan-headed tick covers the central region of China (southern Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Hubei and eastern Sichuan) and southern China (Guinan, Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang, Hainan and western Taiwan). The distribution of the Turan fan-headed tick is very limited, and it is only possible in parts of Xinjiang.
Blood-red fan-headed tick
Prediction distribution map of major tick species in China
Image credit: Fang LQ et al. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015 Dec; 15(12):1467-1479.
<h1 class="pgc-h-center-line" > the distribution of tick infectious diseases in China</h1>
Geographical distribution of major tick-related diseases in China
Ticks can carry a variety of viruses, bacteria and protozoa and can transmit a variety of diseases. Tick-related diseases reported in China include: fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, borrelia (Lyme disease), Rickettsial disease, babesiasis, azoosomiasis, Mikulsan Escherichia (tentative species) and Erik's disease. From the figure above, we can see that tick-borne infectious diseases vary in different distribution areas.
图片来源:Yang X et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Jul 16;17(14):5145.
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS)
Recently, you may often see a disease with a long name on the Internet, and you can see from the name that this disease is very dangerous and is also related to tick bites. So, what is severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS)?
SFTS is caused by severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV), a newly discovered zoonotic pathogen that can cause acute haemorrhagic diseases, the main vector may be longhorn blood tick, and there were human-to-human case reports at the time of the initial outbreak in Henan Province.
Asian longhorn blood tick
In 2007, the earliest outbreak of SFTSV began in the Dabie Mountain region on the border between Henan and Hubei. Most of the patients are farmers in mountainous and hilly areas, and all have a history of tick bites. Clinical symptoms are usually high fever, accompanied by a sharp decrease in the number of platelets and white blood cells, so it is called "fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome", and severe patients will also have multiple organ damage or even death. Subsequently, anhui, Shandong, Hubei, Liaoning, Jiangsu and other provinces also found cases of the disease, and everyone in the mountainous and rural areas of these provinces talked about the discoloration of "ticks". In 2008, the Ministry of Health began to conduct nationwide surveillance, and since 2009/2010, the number of cases nationwide has begun to increase, and Anhui, Jiangsu, Shandong, Liaoning and other provinces have been found. In 2011, scientists identified the pathogen of "tick disease" as a virus for the first time, a new member of the genus Vitrovirus in the Buniaviridae family. According to the location where the virus was first discovered, the virus was first named "Dabie Mountain Virus", "Huaiyang Mountain Virus", etc. (the junction of the three provinces of Eyu and Anhui), but it was strongly opposed by the relevant prefectures and cities, believing that it might affect the development of tourism. The final designation, and approved by the International Committee on the Nomenclature of Viruses (ICTV), is now relatively featureless and awkward – severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus.
Image credit: Jianbo Zhan rt al. VIROLOGICA SINICA, 2017, 32(1) : 51-62.
Soon, in 2012, the virus was also found in South Korea and Japan, and the patient had no history of travel to China, indicating that SFTSV was actually widely distributed. As of October 2016, 23 provinces in China have reported relevant cases, and the number of cases per year is on the rise, but the case fatality rate has decreased significantly compared with the beginning (from 30-40% to 5.3% now). At present, it is popular in the rural areas of hilly landforms in Anhui, Henan, Hubei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Liaoning and other places. The onset of the disease begins in March, peaks in May to July (more than 95% of the total), and lasts until November, which is related to the activity habits of ticks. The study found SFTSV in goats and sheep-derived longhorn blood ticks, suggesting that these animals may be intermediate hosts for the virus.
Close contact with blood and secretions can lead to human-to-human transmission of SFTSV (skipping ticks), and there have been cases of intra-hospital transmission.
< h1 class="pgc-h-center-line" > how to control tick bites</h1>
1. How to prevent tick bites
Too long not to look at the version
Spray insect repellents containing deeterant (DEET), permethrin or patricaridin, or treat clothing with insect repellent chemicals
Reduce skin exposure and wear light-colored clothing
Tuck your pant legs into your socks
Avoid wading into areas where ticks are abundant
Examine the whole body carefully and help children and pets to perform the examination
If you are bitten, remove it as soon as possible and pay attention to the relevant symptoms
The most important thing to prevent tick-borne diseases is to prevent tick bites, and the most important thing to prevent tick bites is to reduce skin exposure. Here are the tick dress codes:
DRESS CODE: Prevents tick-borne disease history Prevents tick bites and most importantly reduces skin exposure.
1, long sleeves with long pants, pants legs tucked into socks, shoes do not show toes. That's right, it's like wearing autumn pants. If necessary, tape can be wrapped around each opening of the garment.
2. Try to wear light-colored clothing so that you can find ticks on your body.
3. Spraying insect repellent containing DEET (DEET), permethrin or paicaride and other insect repellent chemicals on the exposed skin area, or using benzyl permethrin (extinguishing shilin) to treat clothing, shoes and socks can help you make the most beautiful boy in the forest while taking into account safety.
4, ticks like to stay in the grass and trees, so when traveling, walk in the middle of the road, don't always think about drilling into the grass and trees.
5. Rinse as soon as possible after returning home, and check whether there are ticks all over the body. Don't let go of hidden corners! Includes the inside of the hair, ears, armpits, navel, waist, between the legs, and behind the popliteal socket. Where you can't see yourself, you can ask your family to debug together. If you travel with a pet, remember to give your master a serious full body examination, and find ticks as soon as possible to seek help from a veterinarian.
6, ticks can be attached to clothing and backpacks with you to go home, so the items used when traveling should also be carefully checked. High temperatures kill ticks, and having hot water wash or dryer handle laundry can help remove ticks.
Key areas to check dogs and other pets for tick bites include ears, eyelids, collars, the back of the front legs, between the hind legs, between the toes, and the area around the tail
2. What should I do after a tick bite?
If you find yourself being bitten by a tick, then all you need to do is stay calm and remove the tick as soon as possible.
Don't use cigarette butts to burn, nail polish and other "folk methods", what you need to do is not wait for the tick to fall off on its own, but remove it as soon as possible without hurting yourself. Therefore, prepare a clean pointed forceps.
Step 1: Clamp the tick with forceps as close to the surface of the skin as possible.
Step 2: Pull out vertically upward with forceps, pay attention to the continuous and stable output of power, do not gently twist and wipe the double pick or try to perform miracles, which will make the tick's mouth organ break in the skin. If the mouthpiece is broken in the skin, try pulling the outlet with the tip of the forceps. If it still fails and you can't smoothly pull out the outlet with clean forceps, then... Just let it go and let the skin heal on its own.
Step 3: After removing the tick, thoroughly wash the bitten area and hands with topical alcohol or soapy water.
Step 4: Dispose of ticks: Throw ticks into alcohol, put them in sealed bags or other sealed containers, and wrap them tightly around with tape; alternatively, throw ticks into the toilet and flush them away. Be sure not to squeeze ticks with your hands!
Reference diagram for pulling out ticks
3. When do I need to see a doctor?
After doing this, remember to observe yourself for a while. If you experience the following symptoms within 30 days of removing ticks:
rash
headache
fever
Marked fatigue
Muscle soreness
Swelling and pain in the joints
Please go to the hospital in time. Be sure to tell your doctor about your recent tick bite, where and where you were bitten, as this will help your doctor make the right judgment.
4. Do you keep ticks for testing?
Some friends may wonder if ticks should be kept for testing, but the CDC does not recommend this. Because there are no official standards to control the quality of tests in the labs that do the tests, the average person is easily misled by the wrong results; and even if the tick does have a virus on it, it does not mean that the person who is bitten is necessarily infected.
< h1 class="pgc-h-center-line" > summary</h1>
As people become closer to nature, the chance of being bitten and sick by ticks is increasing day by day, but due to the lack of understanding of ticks, it is often considered to have a "strange disease", causing panic. When we understand the distribution and characteristics of ticks and the diseases that ticks may cause, we can better prevent and treat them, thereby reducing treatment delays. May you embrace nature in the golden autumn and stay away from ticks.
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