Original text/ Dong Yuanben (Suqian, Jiangsu)
【Press】 "Dong Yuanben's History" is written in historical chronological order, and each article is about 2,000 words. This is the seventh part of the "Tang Zhongzong to Xuanzong Period (705-756)", and the original rights and interests are protected by the headline rights protection mechanism and the national rights protection supervision system.
(Illustration 1: The first territory of the Qin State to the west today's water scenery)
Tang Xuanzong wrote a five-character poem "Dengpu Prefecture XiaoyaoLou", which included two poems: "Bu Zheng patrols Jiuluo, shows Yu Yu out of the Three Qins". From "Three Qins", I am reminded of two more famous poems, that is, the famous Five Laws of the Early Tang Dynasty poet Wang Bo, "Send Du Shaofu to Ren Shu Prefecture" in the "City Que Auxiliary Three Qin, Wind and Smoke Looking at The Five Jin".
Of course, "Three Qins" refers to the Gyeonggi region of the Tang Dynasty, that is, Guanzhong, but how did the geographical concept of "Three Qins" come about? From ancient times to the present, it is said that after Xiang Yu destroyed the Qin Dynasty, he divided Guanzhong, the core ruling area of the Qin State before the unification of the Qin Dynasty, into three princely states, namely the Yong Kingdom, the Sai State, and the Zhai Kingdom, with Zhang Handan, Sima Xin, and Dong Feng as the Yong King, the Sai King, and the Zhai King, which is the Three Qins. Shortly after Xiang Yu established the Three Kingdoms in Qin, Liu Bang rebelled against Xiang, and the "Records of History" recorded: "Han also fixed the Three Qins. Since then, "Three Qins" has become synonymous with Guanzhong.
(Illustration 2: Scenery of the second territory of the Qin State in the middle reaches of the present-day Wei River)
In fact, the source of the "Three Qins" is much earlier than the xiang yu incident, and it is related to the founding and rise of the Qin state.
The founding of the State of Qin began in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Qin Zhong, the grandfather of the founding monarch of the Qin state, Qin Xianggong Kai, was a physician during the reign of King Xuan of Zhou, and Qin Zhong was ordered by King Xuan to lead an army to conquer Xi rong, and fought against the Xi Rong people in the area of Xi Chui (present-day Tianshui South, Gansu) for more than 20 years, and gradually gained a foothold. After Qin Zhongzhan's death, King Xuan ordered Qin Zhong's eldest son, Yin Qi, to continue to run the Area of Xiqu with four brothers, and he was given the title of Grand Master of Xiqu by King Xuan. The area around The Western Slope, the middle reaches of the Wei River, became the first fiefdom before the Qin State.
After his death, his son Yin Kai succeeded to the throne. In the later period of King You of Zhou, the Xirong people repeatedly invaded the Gyeonggi region of Western Zhou, successively occupying large areas of land west of Qishan, south of Qishan and west of Fengshui, and even once captured Hojing (on the east bank of Fengshui, southwest of present-day Xi'an, Shaanxi), while the territory of Xiqu Dafu was still west of the Xirong occupation area. In 769 BC, in order to escape the harassment of the Xirong people, King Ping of Zhou took the capital from Guanzhong, where Hojing was located, to Luoyi (present-day Luoyang, Henan) in the Central Plains. In order to drag the Xirong people out of the Guandong, king Ping of Zhou merged the area west of Qishan-Fengshui, including the area of Xichu that Yingkai had already occupied, and sealed it to Yingkai, forming a new princely state of Qin, with Yingkai being the Duke of Qin. Duke Xiang of Qin and his son Duke Wen of Qin took Xi chui as their rear base and continued to attack the Xi Rong people in the east, and finally occupied the Xi Rong occupied area that King Zhou Ping had given to the Qin state, that is, the area east of Xi Chui and west of Qishan-Fengshui, that is, the upper and lower reaches of the Weishui River, which was the second territory owned by the Qin State.
Several monarchs after Duke Wen of Qin continued to expel the Xirong people north while clinging to the two existing territories, and after about forty years of exploration, by the last year of the Duke of Qin Wu, the Qin state occupied the upper and lower reaches of the Jing River, but the Xirong people still often came to harass, so in 677 BC, Qin Degong moved the capital to Yong (present-day Fengxiang, Shaanxi) in order to strengthen its control over the newly occupied areas. During the reign of Duke Mu of Qin (659-621 BC), when he lost the battle for hegemony with the eastern power of Jin, Xigui continued to run the Guanzhong region, continued to attack the Xirong people, and eventually expanded the territory north to the Luoshui River Basin (this Luoshui was the Luohe River in present-day Shaanxi, not the Luohe River in present-day Henan), and the Jingluo River basin became the third territory of the Qin state.
(Illustration 3: Mountain scenery between Jingluo, the third territory of the Qin State)
Since then, in the Spring and Autumn Wars for Hegemony and the Warring States Princes' Annexation Wars, the above three territories have either been encroached upon or continued to expand outwards, but the three original territories with the structure of the western, eastern and northern characters have always been the basis for the Qin state and expansion. In 360 BC, during the Shang Martingale Rebellion, Duke Xiao of Qin moved his capital to Xianyang (present-day western Xianyang, Shaanxi) and began to implement a reform of the county system in his jurisdiction, which was not finalized until Qin Shi Huang unified the world. Qin Shi Huang divided the world into thirty-six counties (increased to forty-eight counties at the end of the Qin Dynasty), of which the above three territories that served as the basis for the historical Qin state and expansion were Longxi County, Neishi County, Beidi County, and Shangjun Prefecture. Longxi Commandery (陇西郡治迪道, in present-day Lintao, Gansu) had jurisdiction over the middle reaches of the Wei River; Neishi Prefecture was the Gyeonggi region where Jingshi Xianyang was located, that is, the upper and lower reaches of the Wei River; The Zhiyi Canal of Beidi County (present-day northwest of Ning County, Gansu), Shangjun Zhifushi (present-day Yulin, Shaanxi), and Beidi County and Shangjun had jurisdiction over the Jingluo River Basin.
The above three original territories of the Qin State, which originated in the Western Zhou Dynasty, should be the earliest version of the so-called "Three Qins". Xiang Yu divided the territory of the mother state of the Qin Dynasty, the State of Qin, into three parts, and the scope of the Three Kingdoms was roughly equivalent to the above-mentioned three original territories of the State of Qin. The middle reaches of the Wei River west of Xianyang were the fiefdoms of The Yong King Zhang Handan; the lower reaches of the WeiShui River east of Xianyang, including Xianyang, were the fiefdoms of Sima Xin, the King of Sai; and the Jingluo River Basin was the fiefdom of Dong Feng, the King of Zhai.
(Illustration 4: Chengque Auxiliary Three Qins)
Back to the poem "Chengque Fu Sanqin" by Wang Bo. If the "Three Qins" refers to the three kingdoms of Yong, Sai, and Zhai, which Xiang Yu has divided into seals, the three kingdoms cannot have a tacit understanding to guard the core cities of Guanzhong, Xianyang or Chang'an, and the purpose of Xiang Yu's division of the Three Kingdoms is to prevent liu bang, the king of Han, from invading the guandong in the process of mutual containment. One of the "auxiliary" characters in Wang Bo's poem corresponds to the adjustment of the zoning of Guanzhong by the imperial court in the Western Han Dynasty, which is the origin of another historical term , "three auxiliaries" .
The Western Han Dynasty, like the Qin Dynasty, fixed its capital at Guanzhong, and the capital Chang'an was close to Xianyang, the old capital of Qin. Chang'an was located in the combined part of the former Yongguo, Saiguo, and Zhai prefectures under xiangyu' divided territories. In order to protect Chang'an, the Western Han court set up three military and administrative comprehensive management areas around Chang'an, and the names of the three administrative districts changed several times, until the fourth year of the Han Wu Emperor Yuan Ding (113 BC) was finally determined. The eastern part of the former Yongguo (i.e., the western suburb of Chang'an) was under the jurisdiction of the Right Auxiliary Duwei, the western part of the former Zhai Kingdom (present-day the eastern suburbs of Chang'an) was the jurisdiction of the Jingfu Duwei, and the southern part of the former Saiguo (i.e., the northern suburbs of Chang'an) was the jurisdiction of the Left Auxiliary Duwei. Leaving aside the parting atmosphere of the whole poem "Send Du Shaofu to Ren Shuzhou", Wang Bo's poem "ChengqueFu Sanqin" not only has the meaning of the so-called "Three Qins" in the original territory of the Qin State, but also has the meaning of "Three Auxiliaries" in the Western Han Dynasty.
【Extended reading headline original article Dong Yuanben History】Tang Zhongzong to Xuanzong period of the third to sixth articles:
Dong Yuanben's History (179) Sheng Tang Dynasty Courtization
Dong Yuanben's theory of history (180) made the system a troublemaker
Dong Yuanben 's theory of history (181) was good at advising Li Chengqi
Dong Yuanben 's theory of history (182) is long and strong
(Editor: Dong Yao)