Potato, alias yam, Huaishan, Huai yam, sweet potato, etc., the trade name yam. Dried rhizomes into the medicine. It has the effect of nourishing the spleen and stomach, generating lean lungs, and supplementing kidney astringent. It is both a commonly used Traditional Chinese medicine and a tonic. One of the "Four Great Medicines", well-known at home and abroad.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > nursery</h1>
1. Nursery land: It is advisable to choose sandy loam land with deep soil layer, sunny leeward, loose and fertile, convenient drainage and irrigation, and moderate pH. In winter, the land is turned deeply, and the next year, the foot-based fertilizer is planted, and 4000 to 5000 kg of organic fertilizer is applied per mu, and the rake is evenly spread to make a 1.3-meter wide and high furrow.
2. Seedling method: there are rhizomes and buds to propagate.
(1) Rhizome (reed head, commonly known as dragon head) propagation: When harvesting, select the reed head with short neck, full bud head, thick and disease-free, break the reed head from the upper part by 15 to 20 cm, let it dry for 5 days, and after the broken section is healed, store it with moist river sand for wintering. In the storage room, first lay - layer of river sand, 15 cm thick, and then lay flat - layer of reeds, 15 cm thick, covered with a layer of 10 cm thick wet sand, so that layer by layer stack, to nearly 100 cm high, cover the sand with straw overwintering, control room temperature at about 5 ° C is appropriate.
(2) Pearl buds (zero remaining seeds, commonly known as yam eggs) propagation: When the local upper stems and leaves will wilt before harvesting, pluck or pick up the large, round, harmless and pest-free remnants scattered in the field from between the leaf axils, and dry them for 2 to 3 days and store them with dry sand.
(3) Sowing period: Spring in March.
(4) Sowing method: ditch on the prepared seedling ground, ditch spacing 25 ~ 30 cm, depth 5 -~ 8 cm, sowing according to the plant spacing of 3 ~ 5 cm, after sowing, apply rare human and animal manure water and grass and wood ash, cover the soil flattening. One-general 15 to 20 days can emerge seedlings. When the seedlings wither in late October, collect the reeds that are propagated by the remnants of the seeds, which can be left in the soil and dug up for planting in the coming year.
3. Nursery land management
(1) Watering: When the seedbed is dry, it should be watered in time to keep the bed surface moist. When the seedbed is too wet during the rainy season, pay attention to drainage.
(2) Weeding: weeding diligently, pulling out grass when seen, and cultivating shallowly.
(3) Fertilization: Fertilize 2 to 3 times after emergence, usually 1500 to 2000 kg of human and animal manure and urine per mu or 100 kg of fully decomposed cake fertilizer.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > second, planting</h1>
1. Planting land: it is advisable to choose sandy loam land with deep soil layer, sunny leeward, loose and fertile, convenient drainage and irrigation, and moderate pH. In winter, dig deep to turn the soil, so that the land matures, and can freeze to death underground pests, before planting, under the foot base fertilizer, apply 3000 to 4000 kg of organic fertilizer per mu, evenly sprinkle on the ground, and then turn the soil.
2. Planting time: Spring at the end of March and the beginning of April.
3. Planting density: plant row spacing 15X25 or 20X50 cm single or double row planting.
4. Planting method: on the prepared land according to the row spacing ditch planting, ditch depth of 7 ~ 10 cm, the head of the reed according to the plant spacing flat in the ditch, or put into a "human" shape, after planting, apply decomposed manure, cover the soil compaction, watering.
5. Plantation land management
(1) Cultivation and weeding: After the emergence of seedlings, the weather is getting warmer, weeds grow fast, and weeds should be removed frequently. When the seedlings grow to 15 cm tall, they should be watered or cultivated after rain, shallow hoe between rows, do not hurt the stems, and should not be cultivated after sealing.
(2) Topdressing: When the seedlings are 15 cm high, apply human and animal manure and urine, 75 kg per mu, and mix the appropriate amount of peanut bran and phosphorus powder. The topdressing time is carried out in three times in early May, late June and early August.
(3) Set up pillars: After the first time of middle tillage and fertilizer, when the seedlings are 25 to 30 cm tall, a bamboo pole or small branch of more than 1.5 meters long should be inserted next to each seedling. Tie the 4 pillars connecting the two rows together, and place 1 horizontal on the top to make it connect to prevent the wind from blowing down and pulling the stems on the pillar.
(4) Drainage and irrigation: keep the soil moist frequently, and water often when there is drought. During the rainy season, attention should be paid to drainage to prevent the growth of forked roots, affecting their yield and quality.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > third, pest control</h1>
First, the main diseases are anthrax and brown spot disease
1. Anthrax: 6 to 8 months more occurs, the disease is harmful to the leaves, at first on the leaf surface of the brown spots, then expanded into black brown, and on the spots to produce small black spots, the stem appears water stain spots, severe caused by leaf fall, dry stems. Prevention and control methods: (1) with 1:1:150.
Bordeaux liquid soaking seeds; (2) found diseased strains, immediately uprooted and burned to prevent spread; (3) at the beginning of the disease, spray with 1:1:150 Bordeaux liquid spray, spray once a week, spray 2 to 3 times; (4) spray with 70% methyl tolbuzin 1000 times liquid spray.
2. Brown spot disease: the disease is harmful to the leaves, the leaves are yellow or yellowish white spots at the beginning of the disease, and then become light brown in the later stage, and the leaves die when severe. Prevention and control methods: (1) discover the diseased strain, immediately remove and burn to prevent spread; (2) initially use 1:1:120 Bordeaux liquid spray, 5 to 7 days once, spray 3 times; (3) use 50% carbendazim wettable powder 1000 times liquid spray.
3. Nodule disease: After being injured, the yam root has many small tumors of different sizes, which cannot develop normally and affect the yield. Prevention and control methods: (1) Where there is a reed head and zero residue infected with rhizoum disease, it is not suitable for seed use; (2) where there is a rhizome disease in the soil should not be planted with yam.
Second, the main insect pests are indigo leaf bees, grubs, red spiders and ground tigers
1. Indigo leaf bee: the larvae are harmful to the leaves, and the activity is rampant from May to September, and when it is severe, it eats up the leaves, affecting the yield of potatoes. Control method; spray with 90% solid dimethodate 1000 times liquid at the juvenile stage.
2. Grub: The insect is a scarab beetle larva, which is harmful to the underground part, and the main activity season is in summer and autumn. The root of the potato stick is bitten into mutilated holes or broken, which affects the quality and yield of medicinal materials. Prevention and control methods: (1) deep soil in winter, dry soil, frozen soil, eliminate insect mouth; (2) try to clean up thoroughly when preparing the land, and use black light to trap it during the growth period; (3) the organic fertilizer applied should be fully decomposed to reduce the chance of survival of insect eggs; (4) spray or artificially kill with 90% solid enemy insects 1000 to 1500 times liquid.
3. Red spider: The insect is a pest leaf, and the victim site first appears yellow-white spots, and then turns purple, yellow and brown and falls off. Control methods: (1) remove weeds, dead branches and leaves, reduce the chance of red spider habitat; (2) spray with 73% g mite emulsion 2000 to 3000 times liquid from July to August, spray once every 7 days, spray 2 to 3 times.
4. Ground Tiger: To harm the underground part. Prevention method: Bait is used to trap or artificially capture.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" >4. Harvesting and processing</h1>
Harvesting can be done when the upper part of the stem and leaf wilts in the harvest area. - Generally, the head of the reed can be harvested in the year of propagation, and the harvest of zero remaining seeds (pearl buds) is harvested in the second year. First cut off the stems, pluck and pick up the remaining seeds that have fallen off the ground; use a shovel to dig a deep ditch from the first row of the furrow end, and then dig out the tubers of the potato intact, row by line, strictly prevent digging or digging, remove the soil, break off the reed head (dragon head), and transport it back for processing. Usually, 200 to 500 kilograms of fresh potatoes are harvested per mu, and 1000 to 2000 kilograms of fresh potatoes are harvested.
After the tubers are processed and transported back, they are washed and soaked in water to make them white, with small black dots and root spots, which can be scraped off with a knife, scraped off the skin with a blade, dried and put into a smoking box, fumigated with sulfur. Sulfur per 100 kg of fresh products is 0.5 to 1.0 kg. After smoking for 8 to 10 hours, when the tubers become soft from sweat, take out and dry them in the sun or at 40 to 50 ° C to prevent burnt or internal redness and hollowness. The product processed by this method is called "hair yam"; another coarse, uniform, straight, peeled potato is selected, soaked in water until it is thorough, smouldered and smoked with sulfur, and then rolled into a cylindrical shape with a washboard one by one, cutting both ends, and then according to the length and thickness of the different thickness, cut into 13 ~ 15 or 18 ~ 21 cm segments, the second rubbing, sun-dried, hammered smooth, the product processed by this method is called "light yam". Usually the yield of dry products per mu is about 250 kg, and the high yield can reach 400 to 500 kg.