Narrator: Chen Liang, secretary of the Police Movement Committee of the Nanjing Underground Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China, and Ma Wenlin, deputy secretary
After the liberation of Nanjing, the teachers of the Nanjing Municipal Public Security School took a group photo, and many of them turned out to be police officers and underground party members of the Kuomintang Capital Police Department, and they also made their own contributions to the liberation of Nanjing
1. The situation of the police in Nanjing, the capital of the Kuomintang
After the victory of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, Chiang Kai-shek, in order to launch a civil war and ensure the safety of his political and military command centers, did his utmost to expand the military, police, and constitutional organs in the capital and strengthen fascist rule. They sent Lieutenant General Han Wenhuan of the Second Department of the Kuomintang Military Commission, Lieutenant General Huang Zhenwu, deputy commander of the Thirty-first Army and member of the Kuomintang Central Executive Committee, to serve as the chief and deputy directors of the Capital Police Department directly under the ministry of the interior. Tang Zhong, director of the General Police Department of the Ministry of the Interior (one of the ten brothers of Dai Kasa, director of the Military Command Bureau, and head of Chiang Kai-shek's special guard group), has also successively sent more than 200 backbone elements, including the head of the Major General of the Military Command, to the Capital Police Department and hold many important posts.
After the reorganization, the Nanjing Capital Police Department has five rooms (office, foreign affairs police, personnel, accounting, statistics), five departments (special police, inspectors, criminal police, administrative police, general affairs), as well as the security police corps, special police brigade, criminal police force, garrison police corps, fire brigade, police school, etc. There are 13 police stations and 84 police stations in the eastern district, the southern district, the western district, the northern district, the central district, the lower customs, the water, the eastern suburbs, the southern suburbs, the western suburbs, the northern suburbs, Pukou and Tangshan. In terms of police personnel, in addition to retaining a small number of Wang pseudo-policemen, they also recruit middle school students from Qian, Lu, Henan, Gan, Su, Anhui, Ping, Tianjin, and other provinces and cities, and after training at the Central Police Academy or the Capital Police Academy, they must be appointed as police officers, assigned to the tasks of household registration investigation, patrol and watch, temporary inspection, extraordinary security, and traffic management in each office, and implement the "police officer system" that is the only one in the country. There are 9,798 officers and police officers in the whole hall.
Among the districts, the eastern district is the seat of the Kuomintang party, government, and army head organs; in the west, according to the city center, in the east, it strangles Zhongshanmen, Taipingmen, and Guanghuamen, and it is closely connected with the Zhongshan Mausoleum District in the east, extending to the Tangshan "Central Training Regiment" and barracks to the east, controlling the Beijing-Hangzhou National Highway (that is, the present-day Ninghang Highway), and secretly dispatching a number of military command agents as backbone northern districts as diplomatic embassies and bureaucratic apartments in the police organs at all levels, and dispatching a large number of security police and foreign affairs police. There are four major banks in the central district, China, transportation and peasants, which are the center of finance. The commercial areas around Zhonghua Road, Sanshan Street and Confucius Temple in the south district are densely populated and there are many police stations. The Western District is adjacent to the vast western suburbs, close to the Yangtze River and inland rivers, and is mostly urban poor, small traders and vegetable farmers. Xiaguan, Kou and the two banks of the Yangtze River are the starting points of the Jinpu and Beijing-Shanghai railways, with dense stations and docks, which are the lifeblood of land and water transportation, and the residents are mostly railways, ships, power plants and other industrial workers, boat people, and coolies, and the police force is arranged a lot and the rule is relatively strict.
In July 1946, after the Kuomintang government launched an all-out offensive against our liberated areas, due to the strong counterattack of our army, they not only suffered disastrous military defeats, but also suffered a serious crisis politically and economically. As a result, they intensified their rule as secret agents, and the National Police Department implemented "police service areas" in their posts, with one police officer per district, and combined several service areas into a "joint service area". At the same time, "strengthening the security force and cultivating the eyes and ears of the police" has generally organized and trained the people's self-defense forces, the protection regiment, and the volunteer police force throughout the city, and the department and the director of the bureau concurrently serve as the regiment and the captain of the regiment, and implement the "joint guarantee and joint sitting law" to strengthen the control of the social aspect in order to discover and monitor the activities of "different parties" and "common suspicions," persecute progressives, and sabotage the revolutionary movement. Later, it was changed to the Intelligence Group), "Intelligence Collection Center", "Anti-Rape Secrecy Group". Inside the unit and in public places, secret spies and eyes and ears are set up to collect all kinds of intelligence, sort out the blacklist of progressive employees, and secretly report to the Kuomintang Central Party Department, the Ministry of the Interior, the Capital Garrison Headquarters, the Party-Government-Army Liaison Secretariat, and other reactionary leading organs.
(You may not be familiar with the Kuomintang military and police constitutional special institutions, the police station as the kuomintang reactionary rule thugs, they have a strict layout and after the liberation war began, because the military command was forced to lay off employees due to the pressure of national public opinion at that time, many Kuomintang military command agents were dismissed and then installed by Dai Kasa in the police system, and even set up a lot of fully armed traffic police brigades to cooperate with the Kuomintang regular army to attack the People's Liberation Army. ）
Second, adopt a variety of methods to open up police work
The Nanjing Party organization began to work on the old police apparatus in the summer of 1946.
Comrade Wang Yinmin ,a member of the "Counter-Offensive Alliance Association" of the Huaibei Office of our New Fourth Army (a native of Fengyang County, Anhui Province), took advantage of the fact that the Capital Police Academy was enrolling students in Bengbu and applied for the examination to Nanjing. During his contact with Ji Hao, a party member of the Municipal Party Committee Working Committee, he brokered Hao's education and training, approved by Comrade Chen Shenyan, in March 1947. Later, the Nanjing Underground Municipal Committee transferred Wang Yinmin's relationship to me, who was in charge of police work at that time, and from then on, the party organization was able to understand the situation inside the capital police academy. In light of the situation that the Kuomintang was looting the people's fat and people's anointing, fighting a civil war, paying a lot of harsh taxes and miscellaneous taxes, prices rising three times a day, and the deteriorating lives of the working people and public education personnel, I asked Wang Yinmin to "expand political influence, win over the progressive masses, and cautiously build the party and develop organizations in the course of the struggle" in the police academy. "Wang took advantage of the dissatisfaction caused by the small living allowance fee of the student police, seized the handle of the squadron leader Yu Chuanxin's use of the student police allowance fee to speculate, and we mobilized the whole team of student police to get up to settle the account with Yu and forced the principal to transfer Yu away." After the victory of this struggle, the student police of other squadrons also rose up one after another to fight with the squadron leader who deducted living expenses, forcing the behavior of those "superiors" who had always ridden on the heads of the student police to restrain themselves.
At the beginning of 1947, the Chinese People's Liberation Army smashed the all-out offensive of the Kuomintang reactionaries, and after the Kuomintang held a pseudo-National Convention at the end of 1946 and threw out the pseudo-Constitution, it forced our Party's negotiators and staff in Nanjing, Shanghai, Chongqing and other places to withdraw at the end of February 1947 and launched an attack on Yan'an. This further exposed the fascist features of the Kuomintang government, completely isolated it politically, plunged the economy even more into crisis, and aroused deep dissatisfaction among people from all walks of life. The broad masses of the people are increasingly pinning their hopes for peace and democracy on our Party and are to varying degrees engaged in the struggle against civil war and persecution. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out in his instructions "Greeting the New Upsurge of the Chinese Revolution": Due to the traitorous, dictatorial, civil war and predatory policies of the Kuomintang government, which forced the people of all strata of China to be in a position of unity and self-education, strikes, school strikes, and popular uprisings continued to occur, the people's movement in Chiang Kai-shek's areas will develop day by day. The two documents on the Work Principles and Tactics of Struggle in chiang kai-shek, drafted by Zhou Enlai for the Party Central Committee, also instructed: "At the same time, in the course of struggle, it must be linked, and sometimes transferred to the economic struggle, in order to mobilize the broader masses to participate and to easily obtain legal forms." With a broad foundation in the economic struggle, it is also easy to link it to the struggle against the secret service and the civil war."
In accordance with these important instructions of the central authorities and guided by the situation, the underground party organizations in Nanjing launched the struggle against "civil war, hunger, and persecution, launched the "May 2O" movement, won the solidarity of students in more than a dozen major cities such as Shanghai, Hangzhou, Suzhou, Beiping, and Tianjin, and launched joint actions, creating a huge momentum throughout the country, forming a second front against Chiang Kai-shek, and shaking the reactionary rule of the Kuomintang.
In order to cooperate with the struggle of the student movement and the workers' movement, our underground Party members collected intelligence on the enemy's suppression of the revolutionary movement and controlled the local armed forces. At that time, the Nanjing Underground Municipal Party Committee decided to allocate special forces to carry out in-depth police work. At that time, our party made an analysis of the political situation of the Capital Police Department, and held that most of the police officers above the inspector level were the backbone cadres sent by the Central Military Commission, the Ministry of the Interior, and the Central Police Officers School, but among the majority of the police officers, except for the Wang pseudo-policemen who were retained, some of their grass-roots contingents were police officers who had completed one year of training in the chongqing Central Police Officers School's junior cadre training class on the eve of the victory of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression. They were tempted by the words written in the police academy's enrollment brochure that they "cultivate talents for the anti-Japanese resistance and appoint junior police officers after graduation", but after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, they left their hometowns and came to Nanjing, wearing coarse police uniforms, wearing turtle shells (referring to white steel helmets), and standing on the big post, and they deeply felt deceived. Under the influence of the revolutionary wave launched by our Party in the student movement and the labor movement, they held strikes, marches and demonstrations in May 1947, and won the vacant title of "appointed police officer", but not all of them were determined to "pledge allegiance" to the Kuomintang. The other part is the student police assigned from the Capital Police Academy, most of whom are middle school students who have lost their schools and lost their jobs due to the withering of hundreds of industries after the Kuomintang launched the civil war, and because they are desperate, they have no way to become policemen. These people are poorly paid, their families are burdened, they eat food, and they feel that their future is uncertain. Some of them are ideologically active, witnessing all kinds of ugly phenomena such as the Kuomintang's traitorous dictatorship, corruption, and corruption, and under the influence of china's victories in the Liberation War and the people's movement in Chiang Kai-shek's areas, they are increasingly dissatisfied with the Kuomintang government and eager to get rid of their predicament at an early date. Therefore, the Nanjing Underground Municipal CPC Committee decided to transfer Comrade Ma Wenlin, who had been engaged in police work in Shanghai in the past, from the work committee system to specialize in police movement work, and successively dispatched underground party members Jin Guangchen, Wang Jigui, Hao Peichen, Tang Chuying, Liu Qingsheng, Jin Tongfu, and other comrades to assist in the work.
In the summer of 1947, when the second batch of students and police officers of the Capital Police Academy was about to graduate, I asked Wang Yinmin to take advantage of the connections of his fellow villagers in Anhui to organize the "Anhui Police Friendship Association" in order to further carry out liaison activities after these students and police officers were assigned to work. In order to strive for legal status, Fu Weixin (An Churen), head of the education group of the police academy, was hired as the chairman of the association, Wang Yinmin was elected as the executive director and head of the liaison group, and activists, Li Yumei and Yi Qian, both of whom were later recruited into the party, were installed as the backbone of the association, and initially established a core of unity and progress in the struggle of the masses at the police academy.
At that time, there was a shortage of materials in Chiang Kai-shek's area, prices soared, and the Kuomintang government implemented a food rationing system. Monthly coupons are issued, dividends, green two, "red tickets" than "green tickets" to increase the public price of rice, noodles, cloth and other daily necessities, oil, salt, sugar rations are also doubled. In the autumn of 1947, the second batch of cadet police officers of the Capital Police Academy graduated, and there was a three-month internship period before the assignment, and the school's Yibu could only receive a "green ticket" during the internship period, and only after the completion of the internship period was the "red ticket" was issued. However, after the completion of the internship period, he reneged on his word and did not issue "red tickets", and the student police often complained. Underground party member Wang Yinmin and others, with the activists of the "Anhui Police Association" as the backbone, mobilized hundreds of student police officers to rally and petition at the police academy to protest, setting off a struggle for "red votes." The head of the police academy tried all kinds of prevarication and cajoling to no avail, and was later forced to negotiate with the representatives of the student police to the Ministry of the Interior, and the deputy minister of the Ministry of the Interior, Hu Ciwei, had to agree to make up the issue. In the struggle for the "red vote", a number of activists were trained and tempered, and Later Wang Yinmin developed Sun Su (then named Zhu Shuxun) into the party.
At the beginning of November 1947, the Central Committee of the Shanghai Democratic League introduced Comrade Yang Hui, a backbone exposed in the student movement, to Nanjing, and the Nanjing Underground Municipal Committee handed him over to me for leadership. In December of the same year, Comrade Yang Hui was introduced to the party by me. Yang settled in the home of Wang Song, a fellow villager who was stationed as a police officer at the Xinhekou police station in the western suburbs police station, and tried to contact his fellow villagers working in the western suburbs police station where the enemy's control was relatively weak. After more than three months of education and inspiration, Wang Song was developed into the Party in February 1948. Through Wang Song, Yang Hui also actively colluded among the police officers and looked for targets for party building, and after a period of ideological and political education and assessment in practical work, by October 1948, with the approval of the organization, Wu Jiafu, Zhao Shengfan, Feng Fucheng, and other people were successively recruited into the party in the police stations and institutes in the western suburbs, southern suburbs, and Xiaguan. Later, Wu Jiafu introduced Song Xiguang, Zhao Guangming, and others, Zhao Shengfan introduced Zhao Fangwu, Zhou Qunzhong, Li Yanluo, and others, and Li Yanjun introduced Feng Ying and more than 20 others to join the party, thus opening up a new position and laying the foundation for further contact with the progressive forces in the Xiaguan and water police organs and for carrying out various struggles.
Third, establish a police movement committee and unite in struggle
On September 21, 1948, the Shanghai Bureau of the Communist Party of China pointed out in a letter of instruction to the Nanjing Underground Municipal Committee: "In order to carry out the party's general tasks, we should conscientiously strengthen and expand our own strength, strive for the superiority of the masses, build a strategic fortress, and penetrate deep into the heart of the enemy under the principle of full preparation, seizing the opportunity and leaping forward." The Nanjing Underground Municipal Committee believes that most of the lower-level personnel of the Kuomintang police can be divided and disintegrated, and they can be revolted, so that they can play a role in internal and external cooperation when the People's Liberation Army liberates Nanjing; when the enemy abandons the city and flees, it can organize them to maintain social order, which is an important force that can be used for capital; although in the past two years we have developed a number of party members in the police and formed some secret strongholds, our strength is still weak, and it is far from being able to control the overall situation. Therefore, the Nanjing Underground Municipal Committee made a decision to further strengthen the inspection work, and in October 1948, the Police Movement Committee of the Nanjing Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China was established, and under the successive leadership of Liu Feng, deputy secretary of the Municipal Party Committee, and Chen Shenyan, member of the Municipal Party Committee and secretary of the Working Committee, comrades Chen Liang and Ma Wenlin were appointed as the chief and deputy secretaries respectively. In order to enrich the backbone, accumulate strength, and strengthen leadership, the municipal party committee successively transferred Comrades Huang He and Ding Xiong from the work committee system, Deng Deming, Chen Zheng, Zhou Jingfang (female), Hu Huanan, and other comrades from the clerk system, Li Zhaoding, Chen Zhixuan, Xie Jinsheng, and Weng Shiyi from the military transportation system, as well as comrades Liu Yupu, Zhu Jiangsheng, Ji Daoyuan (female), and You Ji'an, who were underground party members of Anhui University in Anqing City, who were contacted by Li; after February 1949, Comrades Xu Nan, Wang Liming, and Su Xin were transferred from the Xuzhou military sports system. Comrades Cao Wen, Jiao Weihe and Cao Wen were transferred from the Nanjing student movement system and sent to various districts to secretly contact the comrades who were ambushed inside the police organization and fight side by side to speed up the police work.
After the establishment of the Police Games, it actively implemented the instructions of the Shanghai Bureau of the CPC to "continue to struggle for the consolidation and expansion of the Party organization" and "resolutely expand our strength toward the (Kuomintang) Central and Local Party, Government, and Military Organs, especially the troops in the front and rear, the secret service system, and so on, and the arrangements of the Municipal Party Committee. On the one hand, we have strengthened the work of educating and consolidating new Party members, and have generally carried out education in current affairs, policies, politics, and ideology, in secret work techniques, struggle tactics, and integrity in order to gain a firm foothold and consolidate our positions; on the other hand, we have continued to develop Party members at the grass-roots level of the police organs, and through various social relations, we have actively carried out the work of differentiation, striving for, and plotting rebellion among them and among the upper echelons. In October 1948, Comrade Liu Shengjian, a party member of the civil service system of the Nanjing Municipal Party Committee, met Zhang Shu, who was the former commissioner of the Police Department of the Ministry of the Interior, as a working relationship through his friend Zuo Jiandong. Through his investigation in his work, Liu believed that Zhang Shuyuan had a relationship with our party, and although he later served in the Kuomintang political circles for many years, he had several ups and downs, was in harmony with Chiang Kai-shek's appearance, and had the possibility of re-revolution under the influence of the victory of the Liberation War. Therefore, Liu Shengjian asked Zhang to write an autobiography, and after organizational review, he developed Zhang Shu into the party and handed over Zhang Shu's relationship to Comrade Chen Liang's direct leadership. After joining the party, Zhang successively recruited Yuan Youqiu, editor and foreign affairs instructor of the General Police Department of the Ministry of the Interior, Zhou Zhongheng, a clerk in the Personnel Office, and Pang Lingkui, a section member of the Population Bureau of the Ministry of the Interior, to join the party. Xiao Shaoji, inspector of the Baguazhou Office of the Northern Suburbs Police Station, and Li Jizeng, the former police chief of Licheng County, Shandong Province, who had been dismissed at the time, joined the party. In addition, Zhao Shourong, who was originally an inspector at the Beiping City Police Station, was idle after coming to Nanjing as a working relationship. （？ It is not appropriate to develop other party members through the development of underground kuomintang police members, right? It is difficult to ensure that these people are not apostates in the face of the rapid development of underground party members, and thinking that after the liberation of Nanjing, the underground party organizations have suffered all kinds of censorship and distrust, and the tragic fate of the future may be buried from now on. Zhang Shu, the former director of the General Affairs Department of the Kuomintang Central Committee, was developed into an underground party member and accepted the leadership of the Nanjing Underground Municipal Party Committee to carry out a police campaign and contribute to the liberation of Nanjing. However, after the liberation, Zhang Shu was initially appointed as the director of the Nanjing Public Security School, and as a result, the later director of the Nanjing Public Security Bureau believed that he was originally a Kuomintang secret agent and a "traitor in the front", and insisted on removing him and finally I do not know the fate of Zhang Shu's life. There are many such examples, how to say it, the tragedy of history... ）
After more than two years of arduous efforts, our party's work among the enemy police has been greatly carried out, and by the eve of the liberation of Nanjing, there were 124 underground party members in the police games system. Among them, 25 backbone party members belong to the organizational assignment and drawn from the working committee, the school committee, the shop staff and the military sports system, 8 belong to the General Police Department of the Ministry of the Interior, the Population Bureau and the Police Academy and other departments, and 91 belong to the Capital Police Department. The distribution of underground party members in the Capital Police Department is: 9 in the eastern district, 8 in the western district, 3 in the southern district, 2 in the northern district, 7 in the central district, 6 in the lower seki, 2 in the eastern suburbs, 29 in the western suburbs, 5 in the southern suburbs, 2 in the northern suburbs, 15 in the water, and 3 in the headquarters of the department. In addition, there are 95 people in the working relationship of the Police Games, distributed in the headquarters of the Department, the Pukou Police Station and various districts.