Fund Project: Northern Passion Fruit Facility Cultivation High-quality and Efficient Management Technology

Fund Project: Northern Passion Fruit Facility Cultivation High-quality and Efficient Management Technology

Fund Project: Yantai City co-ordinated agriculture-related project "'South Fruit North Seed' Planting Model Annual Production Key Technology Integration Demonstration".

Wang Jianling and others

Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims), also known as passionflower, egg fruit, native to tropical South America, is a perennial evergreen climbing woody vine of the passionflower family, which is planted in Taiwan, Guangdong, Fujian, Guangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Sichuan and other provinces in China. Its roots, stems, leaves, flowers can be used in medicine, the fruit is rich in nutrients, rich aroma, sweet and sour, fruit juice is a high-grade beverage, known as the "king of natural juice", while very ornamental, has a high value of development and utilization.

Passion fruit cultivation management is extensive, wide adaptability, strong stress resistance, few diseases and insect pests, short growth period, under the conditions of facility cultivation, can be annual flowers and fruits coexist. Spring planting, the same year can bear fruit, the second year into the harvest period, with less investment, fast effect, high efficiency, is a new help point for rural revitalization. Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Province, in 2004 built a set of scientific research, science, sightseeing and picking in one of the large tropical fruit (plant) greenhouse, the introduction of passion fruit and other tropical, subtropical fruits more than 30 species, after years of cultivation, fully tap the potential of facilities, innovative planting technology and management mode, the formation of a set of environmental control, tree control, soil and water fertilizer management, pest control and other annual production of high-quality and efficient cultivation technology, is summarized as follows.

1 Establishment of the park

Choose a place with convenient transportation, fertile soil, good drainage conditions and sufficient light to build a garden, with high soil organic matter content, sandy loam soil is the best, pH 5.5~6.5. Passion fruit grows at a temperature of 8~35 °C, the optimal temperature is 18~25 °C, and the plant produces frost damage or even death when it is below 0 °C. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure that the greenhouse facilities are ventilated and cooled in summer and warmed well in winter.

2 Racking

Passion fruit vines, relying on trellis to support climbing growth, before colonization to set up a good scaffolding, scaffolding mainly has a flat roof type, fence type, hanging curtain type, height of 1.8 ~ 2.2 m, using cement columns, galvanized pipes, 10 ~ 12 iron wire, aluminum-clad steel wire mesh, bamboo poles, wooden strips and other materials, but also with the help of greenhouse columns, beams and other materials. At present, the most used is the improved horizontal three-wire trellis, which pulls an iron line on the outside of the inter-row main line of 0.4 to 0.5 cm. The horizontal three-line trellis costs less, which can overcome the shortcomings of difficult fruit harvesting and dense foliage and difficult pruning.

3 varieties

Passion fruit varieties mainly include purple peel species, yellow peel species and hybrid species. Purple passion fruit imported from the United States has a high natural pollination set rate, high sugar content, rich Vc content and strong aroma. The No. 1 variety of Tainong selected and bred in Taiwan Province of China has good cold resistance, disease resistance and yield.

4 Planting

4.1 Nursery

Passion fruit seedlings include solid seedlings, tissue culture seedlings, cuttings and grafted seedlings. Solid seedlings have developed root systems, vigorous growth, which is not conducive to plastic pruning, and no results in that year; cuttings and seedlings have weak root systems, slow growth, and few results in that year; select detoxified seedlings with developed roots, disease resistance, high yield and high quality (seedling height 15 cm, thickness 0.5 to 0.8 cm) and robust grafted seedlings with early fruit and abundant yield (seedling height 30 cm, thickness of 0.4 cm or more) planting, and it is best to replant every year.

4.2 Land preparation

Dig the planting holes with a size of 0.5 m×0.5 m× 0.5 m, and apply 10 kg of decomposed farmhouse fertilizer and 0.5 kg of phosphate fertilizer to each hole, of which 2/3 of the fertilizer is filled with the bottom of the hole, and 1/3 is mixed with the cave soil to form a furrow, and the furrow soil is 0.2 m higher than the ground. Plant rows are 3 m ×2 m or 3 m ×3 m, and 75 to 110 plants are planted at 667 m2. Drainage ditches were dug between the furrows and around the garden.

4.3 Colonization

Passion fruit can be planted all year round, preferably in spring and autumn. The planting depth should be slightly deeper than the original seedlings, the rhizome is more than 8 cm above the ground, and the root water is watered in time after planting, and the drought is poured every other day to ensure that the survival rate is more than 95%.

5 Water and fertilizer management

5.1 Watering

Passion fruit should not be flooded and afraid of drought, the soil is too dry and easy to fall fruit, and the flowering and fruit setting period needs to be drained. Maintaining the soil moisture content of about 70%, air relative humidity of 60% to 80% of the best growth trend, through intelligent regulation to achieve water and fertilizer integration, water and fertilizer saving, quality and efficiency.

5.2 Fertilization

During the vegetative growth period, nitrogen fertilizer was mainly applied, and once water fertilizer was applied after 2 weeks of colonization, and then 0.15 kg of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer was applied once a month per plant, and germination fertilizer and fruit expansion fertilizer (0.3~0.4 kg compound fertilizer +0.2~0.3 kg potassium sulfate) were applied at 0.5 m from the base of the stem during flowering and fruiting period to promote flower bud differentiation and fruit expansion. After the fruit is harvested, 1 kg of organic fertilizer and 0.3 kg of compound fertilizer are applied to each plant as post-fruit fertilizer to supplement the nutrients of the tree.

6 Trimming

Passion fruit plants grow fast, the stems can reach more than 8 m, and the poor ventilation and light transmission can easily cause growth and affect flowering pollination. All lateral buds are erased at the seedling stage to promote robust growth of the main vine and morning shelf. When the main vine grows to 0.4 to 0.5 m tall, it is led to the shelf with a rope or pole. After the shelf, the heart is plucked to promote the development of lateral buds, retain 4 sub-vines, climb to the four sides of the support to grow in a balanced way, and after the full shelf is removed, the fruit branch is stimulated to pull out the fruit branch, and the resulting branch can naturally sag and swing freely, which is conducive to pollination.

7 Flowering and fruiting period management

April-June and September-November are the peak flowering and fruiting seasons of passion fruit, and pollinating bees are used to assist in artificial pollination to improve fruit set rate. Artificial pollination is done daily at around 11 a.m., half an hour after flowering, and evenly spreads the pollen to the pistil stigma with a brush and is completed by 4 p.m. In summer and autumn, remove over-dense growth of fruitless branches, diseased insect branches, weak branches, remove yellow leaves, old leaves, overly dense leaves, and cut out weeping branches at 0.5 m from the ground to maintain good ventilation and light transmission. After the harvest of the last batch of summer fruits in August, each side vine leaves 2 to 4 knots short, prompting the development of lateral branches. Generally, the branches near the main trunk are full of fruit first, and should be pruned immediately after harvesting. Passion fruit pruning should not be re-pruned, otherwise it will affect the growth of the plant, cause sunburn, etc., affect the next result, and cause the death of the whole plant when it is serious.

8 Pest control

The main diseases are mosaic virus disease, stem base rot and so on. The transmission route of mosaic disease is aphid bite, pruning, leaf mechanical friction, etc., planting detoxified seedlings, controlling the number of aphids, timely removal of diseased fruit and diseased leaves, and spraying 75% bacillus clear 800 times liquid. Stem base rot mainly harms the base of the stem 5 to 10 cm from the ground, and the mycelium survives and overwinters in the diseased plant, disease residue or soil, spreads by wind and rain and watering, and the soil permeability is poor, high temperature and high humidity, poor drainage, and excessive shade of the environment. By planting grafted seedlings, doing a good job of drainage and irrigation, using hedgerows, timely pruning and controlling vines, increasing potassium fertilizer and other prevention and control, or during the peak period of onset from June to August, apply or water 70% methyl tolbucin wettable powder 500 times liquid control in the root neck for 2 to 3 consecutive times. The main insect pests are aphids, fruit flies, mites, mesozoans, etc., which are controlled by chemical methods such as spraying avermectin, high-efficiency cypermethrin, lesben, pyridoxine, or physical methods such as hanging yellow plate attractants.

9 Harvesting

Passion fruit can be picked 60 to 80 days after flowering, and the peel can be picked when it turns from green to purple or dark yellow. The fruit that falls off at the touch of a touch is fully ripe, fragrant and flavorful, and is the best time to harvest. Passion fruit bears 2 batches of fruit per year, with a yield of 15 to 20 kg per plant, which can be harvested continuously for many years.

10 Qingyuan

After the last batch of fruits is harvested in winter, all the fruiting branches are cut off, and the weeds, diseased branches, diseased leaves and diseased fruits are removed from the garden and burned centrally. The passion fruit orchards planted each year are sprinkled with 50 kg of lime per 667m2 and thoroughly disinfected.