This work is a contribution to the column of the Museum of History, representing only the personal views of the author; this work is not a rigorous historical academic research, for reference only; unauthorized, prohibited second transmission, violators will be investigated.
Author of this article: Poetry book farming reading Surabaya coast
Five. The stars are superstard
In the ancient Chinese astronomical calendar, the Yellow Emperor had the Yellow Emperor Calendar, Xia had the Xia Xiao Calendar, the Great Dai Li Ji recorded Xia Xiaozheng, the Shang had the Yin Calendar, the Zhou Had the Zhou Calendar, the Lu Calendar, the Qin Dynasty had the Zhao Calendar, the Emperor Wu of Han ordered Deng Ping, Tang Du, Luo Hong, and others to write the Taichu Calendar, and then Liu Xin wrote the "Three Unification Calendars". For the first time, the Taichu Calendar added twenty-four solar terms to the calendar, while the Three Unified Calendars used the "Year Star Super Chen" method for the first time.
The so-called "year star", that is, Jupiter, because Jupiter's relative position in the sky and the star is about twelve times a year, so the ancients divided the stars in the sky into twelve regions, that is, twelve years (twelve times), "the name of the emperor's first dry branch is determined by the age", which gradually produced the "Tai Nian Chronology" and "Tiangandi Branch Chronology".
"Erya Shi Tian": The great age is in Jia Yue Feng, in Yi Yue Xuan Meng, in C Yue Rou Zhao, in Ding Yue Qiang Yuan, in Peng Yue Yong, in Ji Yue Tu Wei, in Geng Yue Shangzhang, in Xin Yue Chongguang, in Nong Yue Xuan Di, in Yan Yue Zhaoyang. Shi Yang, the eldest year in Yin Yue Regent, in 卯曰單阏, in Tatsu Yue Zhi Xu, in 巳曰大荒, in Noon Yue Dun Mu, in Wei Yue Xie Qi, in Shen Yue Shu Tan, in Unitary Yue Zuo, in Shu Yue Castration Mao, in Hai Yue Dayuan Offering, in Zi Yue Sleepy Dun. In the ugly day, chi fenruo.
[1] Twelve schematic diagrams
The superstar orbits from west to east every 11.86 years on a stellar background. Because 11.86 years is very close to 12 years, China in ancient times thought that it was 12 years a week, so the week was divided into 12 points, called 12 times, that Jupiter traveled once a year, 12 years just 12 times, complete a week. Since the 11.86-year period is a little faster than that of 12 years, after a few years, the actual position of the year star is one time ahead of the position calculated according to the 12-year week, which is called the year star super-star.
Liu Xin analyzed the records of the position of the star in the history books such as Zuo Zhuan, and proposed that the number of years star is super-annual once every 144 years, although the value is not accurate, but this is the first very valuable attempt in history to explore the law of the year star with a scientific attitude, laying a solid foundation for the great transformation of astronomy from theology to science in thought.
Since the astronomical calendar requires accurate pi, Liu Xin calculated that the pi result was 3.15471, which also played a key role in the development of ancient mathematics.
[2] Twenty-eight stars
Six. The Study of The Vedanta
The official school of the Han Dynasty was a school of modern literature, and because the modern literary school was mainly taught, most of them studied righteous thought, especially the "Zhou Yi" and "Spring and Autumn". "Zhou Yi" because of its own divination meaning, and "Spring and Autumn" is originally considered to be the work of Confucius, and Confucius in the Spring and Autumn "Spring and Autumn Brushwork" and "Small Words and Great Righteousness", so it is easy to go to the subjective overshadowing objective situation, such as Dong Zhongshu's "Spring and Autumn Prosperity" and "Spring and Autumn Prison" is mainly based on research ideas, as well as the "Biography of the Ram" in the "MockIng of the Two Names" record.
After the development of the Han Dynasty, it gradually formed a "weft book" that matched the "scripture book", and the "Commentary on the Interpretation of The Text" recorded that "weft, weaving horizontal silk also", that is, the horizontal line interspersed on the "warp line" when weaving, with the "warp line" as the mainstay. The characteristics of the Book of Wei are to preach the scriptures with proverbs, that is, to falsely rely on the scriptures, to attach to the auspicious and evil blessings of personnel, and to prophesy that the emperor will rule chaos and ruin. The Book of Sui and the Classics of the Sui Dynasty states that "those who speak the Five Classics are all based on the sayings", and the Weishu is also "the classics of the alchemists, which are the scriptures that have been mythologized by the alchemists". In the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", there are often dream interpretations, nursery rhyme prophecies, and modern use of "Zhou Yi" to calculate gua, which should be the "inheritance" of Weishu.
The broad sense of the Weishu refers to several types of books, the narrow sense is specifically referred to the "Seven Meridians", the Later Han Dynasty Fang Shu Lie biography records that the "Seven Meridians" are "Yi", "Book" Wei, "Poetry" Wei, "Li" Wei, "Le" Wei, "Filial Piety" Wei, "Spring and Autumn" Wei, a total of seven categories and thirty-five kinds. Most of the contents of the Weishu are absurd, and most of them are based on ancient forgery, which the ancients have long refuted, such as Wang Chong's "On Balance".
However, because the Book of Wei had the problem of "predicting the chaos and ruin of the imperial industry", it was inevitably disgusted by the rulers, and the Book of Sui, The Book of Classics, and the Preface to the Wei Wei "to the Song Dynasty, the first prohibition of the map, liang Tianjian has been, and then it is heavy." and The High Ancestor was zen and forbidden to cut it. When Emperor Jue ascended the throne, he sent envoys out of the world, searching for books and those involved in the world, and burning them, and those who were corrected by the officials died. Since there is no return to learning, there are many scattered in the secret house. Most of the Weishu that are circulating now are compiled by later generations, mainly including the Ming Dynasty Sun Yao (most of which is mistaken for "榖"),the Ancient Weishu(Guwei Shu), the Qing Dynasty Huang Yi's Tongwei(通維), Zhao Zaihan's "Seven Wei" and Ma Guohan's "Yuhan Shanfang Jiyi Shu".
[3] "Warp" and "weft"
Liu Xin's death is related to the saying of Wei Wei.
"Book of Han and Biography of Wang Mang": First, the Wei general Wang Shi was a Taoist priest Ximen Junhui. Junhui Good Astronomical Book, for the sake of the words: "Xingbao sweeps the palace room, Liu Shi dang revival, the name of the Guoshi Gong is also." "Involved in his words, the Great Sima Dong Zhong, the Great Sima Dong Zhong, has reached the Lu Dao Language Stars in the Guoshi Hall, and the Guoshi should not be." After the special trip, he wept to Xin Soo: "Sincerely want to be with the public security clan, why don't you believe in it!" "Because of the words of astronomical personnel, the East will succeed." "The new capital mourns that Hou Xiao was sick, and the meritorious junsu was drunk, and the suspected emperor was not my son." Princess Dong's elite soldiers, the palace guards involved, the marquis of Yixiu in the main hall, as if conspiring with the heart, jointly hijacked the emperor, descended to the east to the Nanyang Tianzi, can be the whole clan; no, all destroyed! "The Marquis of Yixiu, the eldest son of Xin, is a general in the five senses of the service, and Mang Su loves it." Resentful of the murder of his three sons, and fearing great calamity, he conspired with him and was loyal to him, and wanted to send it out. Xin Yue: "When the white star is out, it is okay." "Zhongyi Sizhong raised the Marquis of Wu's grandson as the main soldier and resumed the plot with him. When you return home, the color changes and you can't eat. The wife asked and spoke. The wife told his brother Yunyang Chen Handan, and Handan wanted to tell him. In July, Ling and Handan told each other, and Mang sent emissaries to summon Zhong, etc. When Zhongfang entered the army, Wang Xian, the protector of the army, said that zhongmou had not been sent for a long time, and he was afraid of leaking, so it was better to behead the emissaries and strangle the troops in. Loyal did not listen, so he and Xin, involved in the province of households. ...... Liu Xin and Wang Shi both committed suicide. Mang used the flesh and blood of the two men as old subjects, and evil to them, so they concealed their curses. Yi Xiu Hou Tian was also gentle and did not tell the truth, but he was exempted from serving zhonglang general, and even more so zhongsan doctor.
Regarding Liu Xin's change of name to Liu Xiu, some people believe that it is in response to Wei Weizhi's theory, which should start from Ying Shao's annotation to the Book of Han: "Hetu Chifu Fuyun 'Liu Xiufa's troops cannot catch the way, the four Yi gather in the dragon and the wilderness, and the fire is the main one on the fourth and seventh days', so the name was changed, and it was almost interesting. However, the "Book of Han" record has been very clear, it is Liu Xin who changed his name first, and Junhui Chenwei was in the back, so this statement is not in line with the facts. As for Junhui's edicts, according to the Later Han Shu Li Wang Deng Lai Lie Biography, "Wang Mang's last, Guangwu tasted and his brother Bo sheng and Chenju Zhiwan, and the Yongren Cai Shaogong and other proverbs." Shao Gong was quite a scholar, and Liu Xiu was the Son of Heaven. Or: 'Is it Liu Xiuhu, the Duke of Guoshi?' The light martial arts drama said: "What is the use of knowing that it is not a servant?" The record that "everyone who sat laughed and rejoiced in the morning" did some people think that this matter was related to Liu Xin at that time, and the later "testifier" Liu Xiu, the Emperor of Han Guangwu, knew about this matter before it was unified. Why the calculation is so accurate can only be said to be a coincidence.
Seven. Togu reformed
Liu Xin was closely related to Wang Mang, "and Wang Mang usurped the throne, Xin became a national teacher", "Wang Mang's biography" "Shao'a, Xihe, Jing Zhaoyin, Hongxiu Marquis Liu Xin as a state teacher, Jiaxin Gong", it can be said that Many of Wang Mang's suggestions and methods for reforming the ancient system are related to Liu Xin.
Wang Mang's important reliance on the official reform in the ancient reform system relied on the author of the Zhou Li, and the old theories are divergent, the Later Han Shu Ma Rong Biography believes that it is a book reflecting the "Zhou Gongzhi Taiping", and Zheng Xuan notes the Zhou Li and believes that it was written by the Zhou Gong. Jia Gongyan doubted the above views when he was sloppy: "The Zhou Li originated from Emperor Cheng's Liu Xin and became Zheng Xuan, and most of the people who were attached were separated." The Song Dynasty Hongmai further argued in his RongZhai Essay that the Zhou Li was forged by Liu Xin, and Liao Ping and Kang Youwei of the Qing Dynasty have since said it. However, according to Hong Mai and others, I am afraid that it is a dispute over the portal. Mr. Zhang Xinyi's view of "Pseudo-book Examination" that "the system of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period was taken into account and made up of one's own will" is very pertinent.
[4] Wang Mang's "cargo cloth"
In addition, since the Qing Dynasty, modern writers have begun to question ancient texts, including the Zuo Zhuan, and many people suspect that the Zuo Chuan was forged by Liu Xin: this theory is also unreliable.
The next article, "Character History", mainly talks about Zheng Xuan's learning and ancient and modern achievements.
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