Manchu massacre
About the Qing Dynasty literal prison
A close friend, Liu Yizheng, said that "the previous generation of literati suffered from the fierce calamity, and there were no qing dynasty people." Therefore, since the Yongqian, the people of the ZhiJie have disappeared. ...... A little carelessness, misfortune and accident. ”。 In the fourth year of Shunzhi (1647), the first literary prison of the Qing Dynasty, the "Letter Case", occurred. A monk with the title of Hanke was arrested for possessing the "Reverse Book" of the Book of Variations, and later exiled to Shenyang. Shunzhi five years Mao Chongkuo and other workshop carving art cases. In addition, in the eighteenth year of Shunzhi (1661), the "Ming History Case" occurred, which was closed two years later. According to the incomplete statistics of Deng Zhicheng's "Two Thousand Years of Chinese History" Volume V "Brief List of Qing Dynasty Character Prisons", Shunzhi was 6 cases, about 10 Kangxi Dynasty text prisons, more than 20 Yongzheng Dynasty cases, more than 130 Qianlong Dynasty cases, 1 Jiaqing Dynasty, and 1 Guangxu Dynasty.
According to statistics, the banned books of the Qing Dynasty are far superior to those of the Ming Dynasty in both number and frequency, and far beyond any previous dynasty in ancient China. Among them, the number of books that violate the Ming Dynasty is about 29.2 times that of the Ming Dynasty, the Keju Shiwen is about 27.2 times that of the Ming Dynasty, the script novels are 10.2 times that of the Ming Dynasty, the Demon Books are about 8 times that of the Ming Dynasty, and the total number of banned books is about 12.6 times that of the Ming Dynasty. The reign of the Ming Dynasty lasted for 278 years, and the Qing Dynasty began to ban books from the Tiancong years, and to the Daoguang years, a total of 224 years, more than 50 years less than the Ming Dynasty, and the number of banned books was more than ten times more than that of the Ming Dynasty. Although this is only an overview, it can intuitively reflect the huge gap in the number of banned books between the Ming and Qing dynasties. The literal prison has completely pushed Chinese culture into the abyss of almost no return.
However, it was indeed the Ming Dynasty that opened the end of the prison of killing people and practiced the totalitarian rule of cruel culture, and we will put this point in the Ming Dynasty article.
A lot of what I want to say is in this "link", pay attention to the blue font to watch the video
Of course, we mention this history in order to remember history, not to forget the national shame, and not to forget the crimes of the Qing Dynasty against the Chinese nation, but these responsibilities are not the Manchus, we remember history is not to remember hatred, all Manchus are our brothers, one of our fifty-six nationalities, is the object of our unity, manchu crimes have nothing to do with the Manchus.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="5" > Taizu Aisin Kyora Nurhaci</h1>
In fact, Nurhaci was not the founder of the Qing Dynasty, in 1616, after the establishment of the Jin Khanate in Nurhaci, the name of the country was never set as Daqing, nor was he ever called an emperor. According to some historical records, Nurhaci was very tyrannical, and after occupying the northeast, the Han people in the northeast were used as slaves, forcibly demanded shaving of their hair, and forcibly relocated, and also plundered by the army, of course, these historical materials still need certain research.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="7" > Taizong Aisin Kyora Huang Taiji</h1>
The name Huang Taiji is the material for the emperor when it sounds. Sure enough, later Emperor Taiji lived up to expectations, and in the fourth month of the lunar calendar of the tenth year of Tiancong (1636), he changed his name to Yuan Chongde, and announced that he was called emperor and changed the name of the country to "Great Qing", so Emperor Taiji was the real founding emperor of the Qing Dynasty. After the establishment of the Qing Empire, the nature of the original regime also changed, and began to absorb some Han culture. However, the Qing Dynasty, which was still an invader at this time, soon showed its vicious face: in 1639, the Qing army bypassed Shanhaiguan and traveled through the forest of Xifengkou to attack Jinan, slaughtering as many as 100,000 people in Jinan.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="9" > Qing Shizu Ai XinJue Luo Fu Lin</h1>
The Shunzhi Emperor can be said to have been a puppet all his life. In his early years, he was a puppet of Dolgun, then a puppet of Empress Xiaozhuangwen, and later a "puppet" of Concubine Dong. During the Dorgon period, not only did he launch the Manchu Massacre, shave his hair and change his clothes, but also pioneered the policy of literal prison, and in the Shunzhi dynasty, 6 cases of literal prison occurred, giving a good start to the literal prison.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="11" > Qing Shengzu Ai Xinjue Luo Xuanye</h1>
In the late reign of Kangxi, the famous Nine Sons Seizure Incident occurred, which also indirectly contributed to the invention of the secret reserve system in the later Yongzheng period. Kangxi's life was considered to be a Ming Emperor, but the Kangxi Emperor was also caught up in the indulgence of corruption in his old age. According to incomplete statistics, there are about 10 recorded literary prisons of the Kangxi Dynasty. During the Kangxi period, there were also a large number of disaster victims, for example, some Westerners went to China to see a large number of disaster victims lying on the road, which can be described as starvation everywhere, and it is no wonder that there was a proverb called "Kangxi Kangxi, eat chaff and drink thin".
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="13" > Qing Shizong Aisin Kyora Yin chan</h1>
The Yongzheng Emperor was indeed one of the best monarchs of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, and it is undeniable that in view of the seizure of the nine sons, he established a secret reserve system to resolve the contradiction between the stability of the imperial succession and the meritocracy of the monarch, and after succeeding to the throne, he fought corruption with a strong hand. However, the Yongzheng Emperor tightened his control over the cultural sphere, especially the policy of literal prison, which contributed to the Chinese later formed a servile culture.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="15" > Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty Aisin Kyora Hongli</h1>
When Qianlong first ascended the throne, he said that "He never sinned against words", abandoned his father's policy of prison by words, and was relatively lenient in the early days of his reign. Beginning in the thirteenth year of Qianlong, the Qianlong Emperor began to daxing the prison of writing. Although the prison of words has not caused deep persecution to the people at the bottom, it has put on a heavy shackle on the intellectual class, which has deeply damaged the national spirit of the Chinese nation. In addition, the Qianlong Emperor also favored Hezhen, indulged corrupt officials and corrupt officials, held the mentality of "the heavenly dynasty will not fall for all generations", and watched the empire decline day by day because of his policy of literal prison, and Gong Zizhen once discussed that the literary prison accompanied the rise of the Qing Dynasty, and with its end, the Qing Dynasty also declined day by day. The Qianlong Emperor ignored the gradual strengthening of the West and laid the foundation for future generations to be invaded by the West, and was actually the greatest contributor to the Western colonization of China.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="17" > QingRenzong Aisin Kyora Yongyan</h1>
Although the Jiaqing Emperor eradicated Hezhen, he did not share the proceeds of raiding the family to the common people like any previous dynasty, nor did he use the socialist modernization construction for the people as it is now, but basically entered the personal pocket of the Jiaqing Emperor. His motive for eradicating Washu was only that Hezhen was a vassal of power, which affected his imperial power. Moreover, when Qianlong was the Emperor Taishang, He Yan repeatedly said bad things about himself three times. The Jiaqing Emperor did nothing in governing the country, and never came up with any effective solution to the problems encountered by the empire, so he simply did not make any reforms to the empire.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="19" > Qing Xuanzong Ai Xin Jue Luo Min Ning</h1>
When the Daoguang Emperor signed the Treaty of Nanking, he chose to be helpless, only knowing that he was sorry for the patriarchs and lost his territory. However, compared to the later emperors, the Daoguang Emperor was much better.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="21" > Qingwenzong Ai XinJue Luo Yixuan</h1>
When it came to the Xianfeng Emperor, there was nothing but to flee, the First Thing the Anglo-French Coalition Army attacked was to escape from the city of Beijing, rather than organize resistance, you can say that resistance can not be fought, but it is very important to resist or not to resist, whether the resistance is from the emperor's order, which can directly characterize the entire dynasty.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="23" > Qing Muzong Ai Xin Jue Luo Zai Chun</h1>
After the Tongzhi Emperor came to power, the imperial power was still in the hands of Empress Dowager Cixi, and the Tongzhi Emperor wanted to move Empress Dowager Cixi to the Yuanmingyuan through such a project that was not conducive to the national economy and people's livelihood to regain the imperial power, but because of the serious burden on the national treasury and the people at that time, it was collectively opposed by the princes and ministers. I have to say that although the Tongzhi Emperor's starting point is not bad, it is difficult to say whether he will be extremely extravagant after he gets his wish, and his actions themselves cannot be supported by any class, how can such an emperor be considered a good emperor?
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="25" > Qing Dezong Ai Xin Jue Luo Zai Xiang</h1>
After the Guangxu Emperor came to power, he still could not get rid of the interference of Empress Dowager Cixi, so he decided to take away the power of Empress Dowager Cixi through the Penghu Reform Law, in fact, the Guangxu Emperor did not engage in the Wushu Reform Law for the sake of national justice, its original purpose was only to regain imperial power and ensure that the Qing Dynasty would not be overthrown, so those who praised the Guangxu Emperor for the sake of national righteousness could rest, but the royalists in the Xinhai Revolution later found an excuse for themselves to re-establish a constitutional monarchy.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="27" > Qingxun Emperor Ai Xinjue Luo Puyi</h1>
Puyi has been an emperor three times in his life, the first time is as the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty - Xuantong Emperor, after that, Puyi has been in accordance with the "Preferential Conditions for the Qing Dynasty" has been pampered in the Forbidden City, in the Forbidden City he is still the emperor, the second time is in 1917 Zhang Xun restored to the throne, this time caused Feng Yuxiang to be alarmed, and later Feng Yuxiang launched a Coup in Beijing, driving Puyi out of the Forbidden City. The third time is what everyone knows, under the support of Japanese imperialism, he became the "Kant Emperor" of the puppet Manchukuo, such a traitor, how can such an emperor not be considered reactionary?
As mentioned at the beginning, we remember that the serious crimes committed by the Qing Dynasty have nothing to do with the Manchus, and although the rulers of the Qing Dynasty are Manchus, they also have a large number of Han officials, who together created the absurdity of an era, not the Manchus and a nation.