Thrips of the pipetail suborder: pinnate (burr-winged) that use air currents as clap and fling movements to create lifting force
The leaves are infested by thrips
Thrips are a very small insect with a long cylindrical body, a narrow cephalothorax, a wide central abdomen, a slightly constricted part between the thorax and abdomen, and a tapering tail end of the abdomen. Predatory thrips are slightly larger in size, with a body length of 0.5 to 14 mm, and most species have a body length of about 1 mm. Their metamorphosis belongs to a more special semi-metamorphic type. If it is winged , the two pairs of thrips have feathered wing margins , so the order is called Tastra , a band of wings that rest on the back of the body. The thrips usually have 2 tarsal segments, and the anterior tarsal segment has vesicle-like midpares, so it is also called physopods (bubblepods) in English. The change in the pressure of hemolymph pumping in and out can make the vesicle-like cushion flip inside and out, generating a certain suction force, which helps the thrips to crawl and stop on the vertical surface. Above the top of the head of the thrips there is a pair of compound eyes and three single eyes, and the compound eyes are composed of a small number of small eyes.
The asymmetrical mouthparts of the genus Heliothrips
Thrips distinguish them from other insect classes, especially other stinging insects (such as hemiptera), and the most distinctive feature, apart from the pinnate wings, is that the thrips have structurally asymmetrical mouthparts. In their mouthparts, the right upper jaw is extremely degenerate, and traces of degradation can be seen either, or there is no right upper jaw at all in some types of mouth organs. The upper left jaw, on the other hand, is specialized as a sharp structure that can cut into the host plant, and a pair of lower jaws is specialized as two slotted needles that together form a pipe. When the thrips feed, plant cells are cut or punctured with the left upper jaw, saliva is injected into it, the food is digested by the body, and then a needle is inserted to aspirate the semi-digested liquid food from the ruptured cells. The leaves or stems of plants are damaged by thrips because the cells they puncture gradually die and change significantly in color, usually to silver or copper. Through these symptoms, people can understand the harm of thrips.
There are two suborders, namely the suborder Trichocercer and the suborder Pipetail. The distinction between these two orders is mainly based on morphology, behavior and developmental characteristics. The thrips of the suborder Tubal Tail, tubular at the end of the abdomen, lay mainly eggs on the leaf surface, and in its growth stage, there are 3 "pupal" stages. There is only one family in the suborder Pipetail, called the Pipe Thrips family. Males in this family are generally larger than females, and individuals in all populations of this family are larger, and the longest thrips are found in the thrips of this family (14 mm). Thrips of the trichocephalus suborder, the female is larger than the male. Because the ovipositor in front of the abdomen is saw-shaped, it is called "Terebrantia". "terebra" means "egg layer, stinging needle or prick." Thrips of the suborder Conetail lay their eggs in plant tissues and have 2 "pupal" phases during their growth stages. There is a family in the suborder Conetail called Uzelothripidae, and there is only one species in this family, Uselothrips scabrosus, whose antennae have ends that are flagellate.
Adult Franklinothrips vespiformis of the thrips family, a species widely distributed in the tropics
Classification of Tamarinds (2013)
I. The suborder Terebrantia
1. Broad-cone thripsidae Adiheterothripidae (11 genera)
2. Aeolothripidae (29 genera)
3. Fauriellidae (4 genera)
4. ★ Hemithripidae of the hemithrips family (1 fossil genus, and 15 species in hemithrips spp.)
5. Heterothripsidae Heterothripidae (7 genera)
6. ★Jezzinothripidae (extinct, some people classify them in Merothripidae)
7. ★Karataothripidae (extinct)
8. Melanthripidae of the black thrips family (6 genera, the family of thrips mainly feeds on flowers)
9. Merothripidae of the Pearl Horn Thripsidae (5 genera, mostly distributed in the neotropics, feeding on dried wood fungi)
10. ★Scudderothripidae (extinct, some people classify them as Stenurothripidae)
11. Tripidae of the thrips family (divided into 4 subfamily, 292 genera - flower thrips, common thrips)
12. ★ Triassothripidae triass thripsidae (with 2 fossil genera)
13. Uzelothripidae (only 1 species, called Uzelothrips scabrosus)
Ii. Tubulo suborder Tubula
1. Phlaeothripidae (divided into 2 subfamily, 447 genera, - this family of thrips mainly feed on fungal mycelium and spores)
Some traditional thrips identification methods have many problems, such as the production and preservation of slide specimens are affected by human factors and various other variable factors, which often lead to incorrect identification or identification. These common errors are: (1) identification of different species as the same species; (2) identification of the same species as different species; (3) identification of individuals of the same species and different sexes as 2 species; (4) identification of different species of different ages of the same species. The development of modern molecular entomology, the method of molecular sequencing, will play an important role in the classification of insects in the order Taemona and other taxa.
Some of the terms in this article are compared in Chinese and English:
Tubulifera
Terebrantia
[Foothopper] physopods
Pretarsus
Ommatidium (pl.ommatidia)
【One eye】ocellus(pl. ocelli）
Hemiptera
[Mouth needle] stylet
Phlaeothripidae