Monday Liang (1913-2001)
| Wang Jingzhou, professor at the School of Literature of Jinan University
The life of Monday Liang can not be tired, but along the way, it is also extra dashing. He refused to sit in the study, once stepped on the edge of politics, and after retreating with his whole body, he dispatched himself as "after all, he is a scholar". Many did not allow him to redeem himself easily without repentance, but they also had to acknowledge his inherent bookish temperament and scholarly nature. I would like to ask what factors besides academic achievements are the boosters on the road to fame that make a scholar famous on Monday?
First, the family lineage: the son of a famous father is not easy to be?
Zhou Liang and Deng Yi had three sons and a daughter, and the eldest son, Zhou Qiqian, graduated from the Nankai History Department in the early 1960s and was immediately admitted to Peking University majoring in Japanese history, becoming his father's graduate student. Although he encountered the "Cultural Revolution", failed to get systematic training, and "assigned work without writing a graduation thesis", the study of Japanese history has since become his lifelong career, and he was later honored as the director of the Institute of Japanese Studies of the Tianjin Academy of Social Sciences. But Monday Liang still lamented that "the son of a famous father is not easy to be." When Zhou Liang designated himself as a "famous father", he did not know whether he also reflected on himself, in fact, he himself was not the "son of a famous father", and whether he "deserved" it was "easy"?
Monday Liang and his wife Deng Yi took a group photo in Plymouth, USA
Whether it is "After all, it is a scholar" or "Diamond Wedding Miscellaneous Memories", it all begins with "family lineage". Zhou Liang did have a prominent family lineage worthy of boasting, his great-grandfather Zhou Fu started from Li Hongzhang's shogunate, and later became the governor of Liangjiang, and then transferred to the viceroy of Liangguang, which can be called a major minister at the end of the Qing Dynasty. Although his grandfather Zhou Xuehai was inconspicuous and died at the age of majority, his epitaph was written by Chen Sanli, an old man from The Scattered Plains. As for his father, Zhou Shutao, he was both an industrialist and a bibliophile. In the northern bibliophile circles of the late Qing Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, Zhou Shuhan's self-solemnity and self-solemnity reflected each other with Fu Zengxiang's Tibetan Garden and Li Shengduo's MuXixuan. When after ten years of private school education, the eighteen-year-old Monday Liang had the ambition to go to Beiping for further study and receive an education in a new school, how helpful was his father Zhou Shutao's extensive friendship!
From the Department of Chinese Literature at Yenching University to the Department of History of Fu Jen University, and then to the History Department of Yenching University, Zhou Liang's path to study was smooth, and he constantly "gave hands" to famous teachers, and received a solemn education and eager promotion, which is not unrelated to his family lineage. According to Monday Liang's recollection, before he left Tianjin, Tang Lan, a private school master, wrote two letters of introduction, one to Rong Geng of the YanDa Literature Department and one to Hou Wei of the Yan University Library. Zhou Shuhan may not write letters directly like Tang Lan, and the identity of "son of a famous father" is enough for Zhou Liang to be successful in the academic circles of Beiping. When he met Chen Yinke at Tsinghua, the young students who were not deeply involved in the world were not very afraid, "Because my father and his eldest brother Mr. Heng Ke and the seventh brother poet Mr. Fang Ke are all close friends", Zhou Liang in front of Chen Yinke, can be the children of the family, more calm.
Zhou Shutao's three wives before and after, with a total of seven sons and three daughters and a total of ten people, he attaches great importance to the education of his children, and he has great expectations for his eldest son, Zhou Liang. When Zhou Liang left Tianjin to study in Beijing, he could not fail to do his best. According to Zhou Liang's recollection, Zhou Shuhan frequently gave rare books to celebrities in the historiography of Beijing through The Hand of Zhou Liang, and these celebrities often changed the fate of young students with their hands raised:
When he heard that my teacher at Yenching University, Mr. Hong Shenglian, had proofread and studied the Stone, he asked me to give mr. Hong the "Shi Tong Xun Supplement" of the Huang clan magazine "Shi Tong Xun Zhi Zhi Zhi ...... My father knew that Mr. Hu Shizhi was immersed in the Zhao Daigong case of the "Notes on the Water Classics", and ordered me to give mr. Hu the manuscript of the "Water Classics" that I had collected, hoping that he would make an appraisal of the manuscript and give it to him.
Zhou Liang recalled these two events, thinking that it was his father's "helping others for fun", and associated with Zhou Shu's transformation of private interests after 1949 and the donation of all the rare books he had hidden to the country. It is not difficult for a discerning person to see that his father's gift of books should help his future. Hong Ye and Hu Shi not only gladly accepted Zhou's good intentions, but also understood the intentions outside the gifts. In 1938, Hong Ye recommended that Monday Liang receive a scholarship from the Yenching Society to study in the United States, in exchange for eight years of studying abroad for students who were about to leave and experience the sufferings of the war; after returning to China in 1946, Monday Liang asked Hu Shi, who was the president of Peking University, for benefits, and Hu Shi, who had been the ambassador to the United States, might have the opportunity to visit Japan or serve as an envoy, "agreeing to my request to follow Yang Shoujing's footsteps and follow him on a visit to Japan", although it was not realized for some reason, it showed Hu Shi's intention to promote Zhou Liang.
Famous and noble, literary style, and the hand of the famous Yuan Deng Yi, it can be described as a combination of pearls, which is the impression that Zhou Liang left in the minds of the people of the Time during the Beiping Period. Later, he traveled to North America and traveled more extensively, and his glorious image was still continued. Probably only one year of career in the Nanjing Institute of History and Language is willing to sit on the cold bench, although it is slightly inferior in terms of wind and current, but it is also the best period for the cultivation of learning. After Zhou Liang went to the United States on Monday, Chen Yinke, the director of the Institute of Remote History and Language, is said to have deeply regretted, "Zhou Jun is far away from North America, books and mail are blocked, there is no way to discuss, and the pipe and ink can't help but weep." "Son of a Famous Father" Monday Liang does not look difficult, and it is a horse that has the potential to ride up.
Second, talent: never adult, not specific?
In 1998, the five-volume "Zhou Liang Collection" was published, which were in turn "Collection of Treatises on the History of the Southern and Northern Dynasties of Wei and Jin", "Notes on the History of the Southern and Northern Dynasties of Wei and Jin", "History of Buddhism and Dunhuang Studies", "History of Japan and The History of Cultural Exchanges between China and Foreign Countries", "Miscellaneous Treatises and Miscellaneous Records", from the history of the Southern and Northern Dynasties of Wei and Jin to the history of Buddhism, and then to dunhuang studies and Japanese history and Sino-foreign cultural exchanges, the scope of Zhou Liang's governance can not be described as extensive. It is not difficult to find out from Zhou Liang's academic career that his academic research in different fields does not go hand in hand, but is divided and divergent. His research on the history of Buddhism is mainly the doctoral dissertation during the Harvard period, the study of Dunhuang Studies is the study of Dunhuang Shuyi in cooperation with Zhao Heping in his later years, and the cultural exchange between China and foreign countries is the result of abandoning the previous and post-study in a special period. It can be said that the root of Monday's Liangzhixue is still in the study of the history of the Southern and Northern Dynasties of the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Whether it is the active choice of personal interest or the passive acceptance under the oppression of the times, for his own wandering in the field of historiography, Monday Liang on the one hand expressed regret and inadequacy, but also revealed pride, he quoted Gong Zizhen's "never only adult, the face is not single-minded" to fully show his master's boasting, and at the same time not without ridicule quoting the Western proverb "young guys in various industries, no line is a teacher", and shows his lack of self-confidence. When Gong Zizhen was born in the Qing Dynasty, at that time, doing learning was still the traditional way, and it was more profound than profound, and in the Chinese academic circles after the western learning and the east, the path of learning had undergone significant changes, because the academic vastness was boundless, so it was more profound in the vast. The era of "never being an adult, not being single-minded" has gone back, and one has become "now an adult, with a self-exclusive face".
Monday Liang when studying at Harvard (first from right)
In addition to the original Japanese and English, he also learned Sanskrit, Latin, Greek, French and German, and he was extremely talented in language learning, and it can even be said that he was very intelligent, and he originally knew Sanskrit "so that he was so changeable in sex, number, grid and time", and after a year, he could calmly study and "not worry about scores". However, Zhou Liang's study of language is not used for academic research, but as a "useless thing" of "sending a life with an end", and it is no wonder that after returning to China, most of these language abilities were returned to the teacher.
Although Zhou Liang is enough to be a talented man, he is actually not versatile, such as calligraphy, although he has undergone formal training, he has not succeeded, and for the Peking Opera that he liked since childhood, he cannot be taught without a teacher. He once recalled with regret: "Unfortunately, I was too talented in calligraphy, and I failed to live up to this unconventional scripting procedure, and although I worked a lot, I did not learn any kind of body well." ...... In addition to the regrets of ordinary life, there is another thing, since childhood, I like Peking Opera, but due to the talent of 'five tones are incomplete', opening my mouth is 'absurd cavity walking board', which has become a lifelong regret. ”
Outside of historiography and linguistics, Monday's interest in literature grew. As early as the period of study in Yujujinmen, he was influenced by literature, "the second brother Xuliang and the two sisters both like literature, their arrival gave me a new culture of Mongolia, I began to read Lu Xun and Shen Congwen's novels"; but also cultivated the writing ability of Wen Yanwen, his master Zhang Luxue Sect tongcheng school, often to Monday Liang to teach The Tongcheng yifa, "Now in retrospect, I am afraid that it is still thanks to the word 'Yajie' advocated by the Tongcheng school, that is, to require the text to be clean and clean, not to say nonsense, and to delete the extra words and sentences as much as possible." Later, i strictly adhered to this norm, whether I wrote in the vernacular or in the vernacular."
Monday's Good Complete Collection
The academic language he and his lover Deng Yi shared in academia did not come from history, but from literature. On the one hand, he lamented that Deng Yi was "not at all interested in my history major, and thought that history was boring"; on the other hand, he said proudly, "I am very interested in the Chinese literature major that Deng Yi studied, and her graduation thesis is about Naran's sexual virtues, and I also like Naran's words." It can be seen that Zhou Liang's interest in literature before going to the United States was very deep, and his accumulation was relatively rich, and when he met Harvard's mentor Ye Lisui talking about the study plan, he "said that his literary foundation was too poor, and Yanjing designated me to study comparative literature is not quite right", which is likely to be just a temporary pretext. As a historian, Zhou Liang's literary ability and talent made him effortless in writing, and the writing was smooth and intriguing, which is probably the reason why both academic and miscellaneous texts were passed on to the public.
Third, longevity: can people not have no years?
For the well-educated people around him, Zhou Liang often shed a handful of tears of sympathy, Ding Shengshu "requires himself to be very strict, as a first-class researcher, but refuses to be better treated with houses and so on." In the end, he became ill and became a vegetative person, and for nearly ten years, not only did he fail to complete the dialect survey of his expertise, but his solid achievements in ancient Chinese were not left at all", "Professor Meng Siming, a Harvard classmate, taught at Sichuan University after returning to China, and was forced to die tragically during the Cultural Revolution." Seeing scholars who are accustomed to the sloppiness of the untapped and sloppy, Monday Liang's "worry is filling the gap" has transformed into a beautiful expectation for the birthday examination.
In 1989, at the end of "After all, it is a scholar", Zhou Liang, at the end of "After all, is a scholar", quoted Wang Xun lamenting the early death of his father in the "World Speaks New Language, Pinzao" sentence "People can not be without years", and also quoted "Mo sighed in the mirror, and when the sideburns were spotted, they were also difficult to themselves." How many young and young people are blown up by the wind to the North Mountain" verse, which says, "We are born in this world of great change, change, and fickleness, and we should strive for 'there is a year' and strive for 'sideburns to the spot'." Doesn't the French folk proverb say 'who laughs last, who laughs the best'? ”
In 2000, at the end of "Diamond Wedding Miscellaneous Memories", Monday Liang, who had already enjoyed his birthday, still gave expectations for "having a year" and a longer "year". He said: "When I joked with tan qijun, Tang Changru and other friends, and today's philosophers on both sides of the strait, such as Liang Shuming, Feng Youlan, Qian Mu, etc., have lived to be 95 years old, and Tan Gong immediately laughed and said: 'Let's all strive for the dignity of the Ninth Five-Year Plan.' Unfortunately, neither of them succeeded. I now want to 'pray to Chen San' again:(1) May I live to ninety-five; (ii) may I be hospitalized for no more than ten days and a week; (iii) may the gods not fade until their breathing stops. Unfortunately, a year and a half after he wrote this, he died in his sleep. Although he did not live to the "Nine-Five-Year Dignity" he expected, he was not critically ill and hospitalized, let alone more than ten days, and when he stopped breathing, although he was in sleep, he was certainly a god.
Continuation of the Collection of Treatises on the History of the Southern and Northern Dynasties of the Wei and Jin Dynasties, by Zhou Liang
There is no doubt that Monday Liang is lucky, and he has finally ushered in the dawn after years of ups and downs and humiliations. If he had suffered an accident in the 1960s and 1970s, not only would he not have been rehabilitated, but he would probably not be able to turn over because of his "Liang Effect" experience, just as the so-called "Zhou Gong feared the rumor day, and Wang Mang was humble and did not usurp." Xiang Xiang died in the first place, and who knows the truth or falsity of his life? Zhou Liang, who stepped into the new period, continued his research on the history of the Southern and Northern Dynasties of Wei and Jin, and after the "Collection of Historical Treatises on the Southern and Northern Dynasties of Wei and Jin", there was also the "Notes on the History of the Southern and Northern Dynasties of Wei and Jin", which laid the foundation for his position in the study of medieval history; as the deputy director and director of the History Department of Peking University, he first assisted Deng Guangming, flaunted the idea of "hard Lizi", and played a "powerful supporting role", and then as the head of the department, he was happy to "rule by doing nothing" and promoted the independent formation of the archaeology department; at the same time, as a graduate tutor, he trained a group of disciples with strong academic strength and passed on the salary. Continue to engage in the unfinished business of historical research.
Because of the prominent reputation and status in the academic circles, there are many opportunities to go abroad on Mondays, except for private visits or visits in his later years, most of them are official acts, representing a political treatment, which he also relishes and feels inexplicably. He once counted his number of trips abroad in "Diamond Wedding Memories", "Leiden twice, Paris four times, Pakistan, Morocco, Ghana, Tanzania, Ethiopia once each, Japan seven times, the United States four times." The two times that most excited Zhou Liang, one in the United States and one in Japan, were in his later years in the 1980s and 1990s. In 1989, the United States organized the compilation of the "International Bibliography of Chinese Good Books", and he and Gu Tinglong jointly went to the United States to let him and Yourong Yan.
In 1997, Zhou Liang's last trip to Japan, and the last of his glorious experience abroad, was to osaka, Japan, to receive the "Yamakata Peach Award", "this award is designed to reward foreign scholars for their contributions to the study of Japanese culture, and is awarded once a year, so far 14 times." Among them, there are mainly scholars from European and American countries, the largest number of Americans, followed by the United Kingdom, France, Germany, the Netherlands and other countries, only one Korean scholar in Asia has won this award, and I am the first person in China." The literary and historical circles have always valued the old, and without the longevity of pride, it is impossible to have the calm time to write memoirs, there can be so many opportunities to go abroad, and it is impossible to reach this status and height of the attention of all.
For Monday Liang, "there is a year" and fame are inseparable. On the other hand, "people cannot be without years", which can be described as the deep motivation of the lonely posthumous events of the scholars who died early.
June 30, 2018 in Guangzhou
(This article is selected from "Looking North to Qingshan: The Generation of Scholars in the Annals", Guangxi Normal University Press, Wang Jingzhou)
Scholar Scholar
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