1. Aerial view of Dapeng Ancient City.
2. The ruins of the Xietai Yamen in the ancient city of Dapeng, which is also the former site of the Yamen of the highest military general in Dapeng City, has a statue of Peng Yu, the deputy general of the Dapeng Association of the Qing Dynasty.
3. Ming Dynasty Fort (Restoration).
4. Huang Wende (right), director of dapeng Ancient City Museum, was interviewed by Nandu reporters.
5. Night view of the South Gate Tower of Dapeng Ancient City.
6. 7. Dapeng City Lain Lord "Zhenwei General First".
Live QR code thematic QR code
Dapeng City, located in Dapeng New District, Shenzhen, full name "Dapeng Shou Yu Qianhu City", was founded in the 27th year of Ming Hongwu (1394). According to the Qing Dynasty's "Records of Xin'an County", "Dapeng City, at the foot of Dapeng Ridge, one hundred and twenty miles east of the county... The interior and exterior are made of bricks and stones, and the coastal city is the most. "The plan of the city is square, covering an area of about 110,000 square meters. The city wall is made of green bricks and hemp stone, the base of the wall is 5 meters wide, the wall is 2 meters wide and 6 meters high, the total length of the city wall is about 1200 meters, there are 654 pheasants (battlements) on the city wall, and there are horse roads, there are four gates in the east, west, south and north, each city gate has an enemy tower, and four police shops are set on both sides. The outside of the city is surrounded by a moat 1200 meters long, 3 meters deep and 5 meters wide. There are three main streets in the city: South Gate Street, East Gate Street and Main Street.
The castle was originally built to defend against the Wokou in order to consolidate the border and defend the sea against the Wokou. After the Opium War, the British occupied Hong Kong, and the area under the jurisdiction of Dapeng City became the most outpost of the anti-British resistance. Therefore, Dapeng City has played an important role in strengthening the coastal defense of Guangdong Province and maintaining local social order.
In the fifteenth year of Qing Jiaqing (1810), out of the need for coastal defense, the Qing government added a water division in Guangdong, stationed in Humen, and set up five battalions under it. Dapeng City is the outer seawater division battalion under the jurisdiction of Humen, with 1 garrison, 1 general officer, 2 foreign commissioners, 250 non-commissioned officers, and 590 sub-defense troops. In 1840, in order to prevent foreign enemies from harassing and strengthen the defense of the sea frontier, the Qing government upgraded the Dapeng battalion to the Dapeng Association, commanding the left and right battalions. Maritime patrols were also organized to further strengthen the coastal defense forces in the Shenzhen (including Hong Kong) area.
In the more than sixty years before and after the Opium War, the war readiness status of Dapeng City was gradually improved, from battalion to association, which was the most prosperous era of the city, but it was also a historical witness to hong Kong's occupation by British colonists.
"This 'Great Wall of the Sea', which is lined with 100 cities along China's coast, has played an important role in resisting foreign invasion at sea." Huang Wende, director of the Dapeng Ancient City Museum, once visited Zhanjiang from Xiamen all the way to Zhanjiang and inspected all the coastal cities, he told the Nandu reporter, "According to our visit and research, the most complete preservation of all the cities is the Dapeng City." Indeed, the coastal city, Dapeng is the most. ”
As a typical representative of the coastal defense center in the ancient southeast coastal area of China, Dapeng City is selected according to the shape of the situation, and the Confucian emphasis on ceremonial architecture is skillfully arranged in the construction of the city, which contains rich and profound cultural significance.
600 Years of Vicissitudes: "Change and Invariance" in the Ancient City over the Past Hundred Years
Under the leadership of Director Huang Wende, the reporter visited the South Gate City Tower of Dapeng City, the Zhenwei General Mansion of Lai Enjue, the Ruins of Zuotang Bureau, and the Ruins of Xietai Yamen from south to north.
As we all know, "Pengcheng" is another name for Shenzhen, but what is the reason for the name "Pengcheng"? This has to start from the "Seven Niangs Mountain" in front of Dapeng City.
According to Huang Wende, the name of Dapeng place is derived from the second peak of Shenzhen in front of the city, "Qiniang Mountain", and in the past its big name was called "Dapeng Mountain", which is also the origin of the name of Dapeng. With "Dapeng", shenzhen was later nicknamed "Pengcheng".
Under the South Gate City Tower, the reporter saw two golden signboards in the sun, one was the "National Key Cultural Relics Protection Unit" and the other was the "Famous Historical and Cultural Village of China". Director Huang Wende's pride was inadvertently revealed: at present, there are only three national key cultural relics protection units in Shenzhen, namely Dapeng City, Zhongying Street Boundary Monument, and the former site of the Dongjiang Column Headquarters in Tuyang Village, and Dapeng City is one of the three "national treasures (guarantees)" owned by Shenzhen; and the golden signboard of another "China's Famous Historical and Cultural Village - Pengcheng Village" was jointly announced by the Ministry of Construction and the State Administration of Cultural Heritage, and only 12 villages in the first batch of the country were selected, which can be said to have a very high gold content.
Under the city walls, Huang Wende also revealed an interesting little detail, "At this moment, the land we are stepping on was all seawater 200 years ago. According to archaeological findings, there is a Ming Dynasty dock outside the southern wall of the ancient city, indicating that ships can drive in. At the foot of this place was once a lagoon. "As the years passed, the vicissitudes of the sea became mulberry fields, and the ancient city remained the same, which made people feel a thousand emotions."
A green brick and a section of the city wall show the architectural wisdom of the ancients
As a guard city, Dapeng City must be consistent with the ancient Chinese idea of city pool construction, and reflects the idealized city construction concept of four square city, central axis symmetry and yamen center in the planning layout. The plan of the city is inverted trapezoidal, the cross street runs through the city, and four gates of east, west, south and north are built, the streets are regular, the axis is clear, and the office is located in the north of the city.
The military city defense is the core of the construction of Dapeng City. Director Huang Wende said that most of the ancient Chinese architecture is mainly wooden structures. As a military fortress, the first consideration of the building must be to first defend the city, and defense is the first element.
"Therefore, in terms of structure, Dapeng City chose the arch-coupon structure, because the arch-type structure is the most stable and pressure-resistant, even in the face of the enemy's gun fire attack."
Dapeng City is surrounded by dangers, and five smoke piers are set up on the seafront. According to Kangxi's "Chronicle of Xin'an County and The Chronicle of Soldier Punishment", in the Ming Dynasty, "Bison Pier, Dawan Pier, Old Dapeng Pier, Shuitou Pier, Diefu Pier, each of the above five piers stationed five flag troops, Dapeng pulled up." These smoke piers are the eyes and ears of Dapeng City, and if enemy information is discovered, they will be summoned by smoke clouds during the day and alarmed by fire at night.
In addition, more stringent precautions were also taken at the key points to strengthen the city walls. For example, the brick wall of the city gate adopts the masonry method of "one shun and one ding", and the other walls in the city adopt the masonry method of "three shun and one ding", because the city gate is the most vulnerable part, requiring the most solid, using a shun and a ding, canine teeth staggered arrangement, and then with glutinous rice and shell ash to achieve the most stable city wall structure.
The drainage system of the city was also very scientific. According to historical records, the city has not had a flood in the past 600 years, it uses the concept of harmony between man and nature - because of the shape of the situation, the house is built according to the original landform height, the middle is high, the four sides are low, the north is high, the south is low, and the terrain of the entire ancient city is like the back of a turtle, so that the rainwater can be scattered around, the water enters the Pengcheng River, enters the sea, and the city does not accumulate water all year round.
The reporter also found from the aerial chart that the entire ancient city wall has more than 20 convex angles, not a straight square structure. Why use an irregular convex design? Huang Wende answered the reporter's doubts: "Because if the city wall is straight, people can't see the roots of the city wall inside, which is very dangerous, and it is easy to be found when looking out at the enemy." This design can achieve 'no dead angle in the lookout, no dead angle in shooting'. ”
"Dapeng Shou Yu Sendo Castle"
A historical specimen of China's tun military system
The full name of Dapeng City is "Dapeng Shou Yu Qianhu City", a thousand households is a thousand households, the ancient city still retains many ancient houses, completely presenting the scale and original appearance of the Ming Dynasty when it was built.
"This is very rare, it is not only the body of the city that has been completely preserved, but more than 3,000 people planted fields and guarded the frontier here, and the fields they planted are still there, just around the city, and there are more than 2,000 acres of land." Huang Wende introduced.
"The army is subordinate to the guard, and the army is raised by tun". The Weishou system founded by the Ming Dynasty is not a simple military organization, but the product of the combination of the military system and the local administrative organization, and is a kind of army building system that combines "educating soldiers in agriculture" and guarding and guarding. It not only plays an important role in the military, but also promotes the stable development of society, especially to the development of border areas and the integration of nationalities. At the same time, Tuntian also enabled the long-term war and barren land and the undeveloped "wild land" on the frontier to be developed.
Zhu Yuanzhang once said a sentence proudly: I don't have to spend a penny to raise millions of soldiers and horses in the world. After recruiting a group of soldiers, there is no need to recruit soldiers, because the soldiers are hereditary, the father and son who are soldiers must also become soldiers, a thousand households, and the population of the entire city reaches more than three thousand. Huang Wende introduced. Therefore, the city is not only a military fortress, it is also a settlement with a large population, and the architecture must take into account the comfort of life. So far, the city still retains the style of the Ming Dynasty's houses, as well as the unique culture of tunbing, and the atmosphere of life is strong.
For example, the Dapeng area is hit by typhoons and summer heat all year round, and the city has its own unique natural defense system. According to Huang Wende, the tiles on the houses here, the curvature and curvature are larger than the general tiles, and their purpose is to prevent the wind, when the typhoon hits, a tile on the roof buckles a tile, and the wind cannot blow away.
In addition to sheltering from the wind, you should also use the wind. Dapeng City designed 18 T-shaped lanes, when the wind blows, the strong wind is not reached, the use of T-shaped lane to guide the wind, so that people in the alley can feel the breeze, but the wind will not cause harm to the house and people. At the same time, T-shaped Lane is structurally and defensively conducive to street warfare, and in case the enemy attacks the city, it can be sandwiched on both sides of T-Shaped Lane.
Strolling through the city, the reporter truly felt that every detail of the city contains the wisdom of the ancients and the ingenuity of design everywhere. Huang Wende sighed that now many of the remnants of the Tun soldiers have been assimilated by the surrounding areas, and dapeng city is fortunate to live in a remote corner and can be preserved intact, "It is really a treasure." ”
Standing on the city gate tower, watching over today's Xinpeng City, Shenzhen has taken advantage of the east wind of reform and opening up to achieve world-renowned construction achievements, just as Zhuangzi said, "the water strikes three thousand miles, and the one who shakes up is ninety thousand miles", which is the symbol of "Shenzhen's speed".
Today, through planning and rectification, relying on the pattern of "mountains, seas and ancient cities", Dapeng City has developed and built multi-functional comprehensive tourism areas with sightseeing, eco-tourism, science popularization and patriotic education, etc., integrating excellent architectural and cultural elements into the construction of modern cities, attracting thousands of tourists.
In addition, Dapeng City is committed to declaring a world cultural heritage - Dapeng City led by Humen Fort, Hong Kong's Kowloon City, Nantou Ancient City, Chiwan Left Fortress, Yamen Fort and other Ming and Qing coastal defense sites with the theme of "Ming and Qing Pearl River Defense System" to declare the World Cultural Heritage, the current application text has been compiled by Tsinghua University, and reported to the Guangdong Provincial Bureau of Cultural Heritage expert review and approval.
Details of Dapeng City "General First" "Three Generations and Five Generals" prestige
The main pattern, streets and buildings of Dapeng Ancient City have been preserved quite well to this day, especially the "Zhenwei General Di" of Lord Lai En.
As soon as you enter the general's first place, there is a high wall around it, the courtyard is grand in scale, the carved beams and paintings are brilliant, the gold bi is brilliant, divided into two seats in the east and west, and the left hall and the right bed. On the banner of the gate is the plaque of "Zhenwei General First" inscribed by the Daoguang Emperor. The Door Alliance was also inscribed by the Daoguang Emperor - Xiuyi Pengshan Kai Tai Yun, Heavy Class Feng Que Hongyu.
The 180-year-old door panels and high door pillows show the nobility of the doors. Exquisite wood carvings on the doors, unicorns, lions, deer, bees, monkeys, sparrows... A variety of animals come to life. Huang Wende told reporters that the animals carved in the wood carving are very exquisite, among which "sparrow" is the "knight" of Lord Lai'en, the "Lu" of luyin is the same as "Fulu Shou", and the bee and monkey have the meaning of "marquis".
"Song has Yang family generals, Qing has Lai family gangs." The Lai family is a famous family in Guangdong. Lai Shichao was appointed as the chief military officer of Qiongzhou Town, Guangdong Province, and was a general of Feng Wugong. After that, lai learned martial arts from generation to generation, served the country, and three generations produced five generals-
Lai Shichao's eldest son Lai Yingyang (赖世超) was the chief military officer of Dinghai Town, Zhejiang Province, and the general of Feng Zhenwei,Congyipin; the third son, Lai Xinyang, was the commander of fujian water division, the general of feudal Wei, zheng yipin; Lai Yingyang's eldest son, Lai Enjue, the official to the admiral of Guangdong water division, feng zhenwei general, from yipin; Lai Xinyang's sixth son Lai Enxi, the official to fujian Jinjiang general, fengwu general, Zheng Erpin. The number and high quality of the Lai family's generals is rare.
Among them, General Rainey had thirty-six battles in his lifetime, and he was invincible and deservedly the "God of War". On September 4, 1839, The Dapeng Battalion Staff General Lai Enjue commanded the ships and the Kowloon Fort to counterattack, and the "Battle of Kowloon" broke out. The Chinese division led by Lord Lai was far weaker than Yilu's ships, but under the fierce fire of the division ship and the Kowloon Hill Battery, it killed many British troops and sank a brig.
The "Battle of Kowloon" was the Opium War and also the first war of anti-aggression in China's modern history, in which the officers and men of the Dapeng Battalion Marine Division headed by Lord Lai Enju showed a heroic spirit of resistance, and in the end they won more with less and defeated the strong with the weak, and dealt a heavy blow to the aggressor's arrogance.
Lin Zexu reported the course of the war to the Daoguang Emperor: "It is its nature for Yingyi to bully the weak and fear the strong, and it has always been the nature of the division ship not to engage with the ship, but only to provoke itself, and he turned to despise the boat master as invincible. This time, without realizing it, they dared to fire the cannon first and injure the officers and men, and once they fought hard, our soldiers won more with less, which was enough to make the traitors fall to their feet. The Daoguang Emperor said four words under the song chapter paragraph: "Commendable to the end."
In recognition of the general's outstanding military achievements, Lord Lai En received a series of awards, including this splendid general and the largest "mansion" in the ancient city of Dapeng.
In the general's first place, the reporter saw a plaque that read, "Return My Ancestral Wishes." According to reports, the Qing government ceded Hong Kong Island to the British with a "Treaty of Nanjing", and Lord Lai En fell ill from then on. In the twenty-eighth year of Daoguang (1848), the 53-year-old Lord Rain was depressed. Before his death, he gathered his descendants to his side and left admonition: "I am worried about the corruption of the imperial court, and I am happy to take back Hong Kong!" ”
Chief planner: Rong Mingchang
Planner: Wang Weiguo Wang Jia
Executive: Liu Weiming Chen Weibin
Academic support: Yang Peina
Thematic co-ordinator: Zhou Peiwen
This issue is written by Zhu Rongting, a reporter from Nandu
Photo by Nandu, N video reporter Ma Qiang
This issue of live broadcast: Nandu, N video reporter Wu Yixuan Ruan Zenghao
Video of this issue: Nandu, N video reporter Chen Yidan Intern Zhu Junyi