◆ Wang Ming
Wang Ming, formerly known as Chen Shaoyu, is a figure that we cannot avoid when we look back at the history of the Party.
In October 1925, Wang Ming joined the Communist Party of China, at this time, the Wuhan Party organization of the Communist Party of China was preparing to select a group of elite backbones to study in the Soviet Union, and Wang Ming was on this list.
After coming to Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow, Wang Ming quickly learned to speak fluent Russian with his own clever mind, and on this basis, he systematically studied Marxist-Leninist theory and could recite the responses like a stream, and soon he was appreciated by the school's president, Mif, and joined Miff's group.
Of course, he is not the only outstanding student, in order to ensure this "uniqueness", Wang Ming began to exclude dissidents. In the summer of 1927, Wang Ming falsely accused the "Zhejiang Alumni Association" headed by Qu Qiubai, saying that it was an anti-Marxist-Leninist underground organization. Despite the final investigation, some students were expelled and arrested.
◆Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow
In the summer of 1929, the Miff school students led by Wang Yang set off a wave at Sun Yat-sen University, and they launched an attack on Qu Qiubai and others under the pretext of the supporters of the "Bukharin Rightism" who were making a lot of noise in the Soviet Union at that time, and finally Qu Qiubai was dismissed from his post as a representative to the Communist International.
In order to let the CPC leaders always follow their line, they specially cultivated Wang Yang as a "future leading talent of the CPC" and as a "transaction," Wang Yang naturally wanted to pursue pro-Russian thinking. In October 1929, Wang Yang returned to China full of hopes and served as the editor of the Red Flag newspaper of the Central Propaganda Department.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the rise of Li Lisan's "left-leaning" doctrine</h1>
After Wang Yang returned to China, the work of the CPC Central Committee at this time was presided over by Zhou Enlai and assisted by Li Lisan, but half a year later, some changes occurred in the central government's guiding line.
From 1929 to 1930, the situation at home and abroad changed greatly. Internationally, the economic crisis in capitalist countries has spread, and the anti-capitalist sentiment of the masses of the world is getting higher and higher, and they are too busy to take care of themselves and cannot support the reactionary forces within China. Domestically, the increasingly fierce struggle between the new warlords provided a respite for the CCP's growing strength, and through this period of recuperation, the CCP's revolutionary base areas expanded day by day, and underground work in the major central cities was gradually carried out.
Although the situation at home and abroad is developing in a direction favorable to the revolution, the domestic reactionary forces are still quite strong, the revolutionary forces of the CCP are still relatively weak, and although capitalism has been impacted internationally, they still have an overwhelming advantage over the working class, and the revolutionary wave of workers' organizations has not formed all over the world.
At this time, however, some leaders of the CCP saw that the situation was changing in a direction favorable to the revolution, so they one-sidedly exaggerated the favorable aspects of the situation to the revolution and gradually formed a "left-leaning" adventurism. In today's parlance, it is "inflated."
◆ Li Lisan
In March 1930, Zhou Enlai went to Moscow to report to the Comintern on his work. After Zhou Enlai left, Li Lisan monopolized power, and the "left-leaning" ideology rapidly expanded. In May, when the Great War broke out in Jiang Fengyan, Li Lisan and others believed that the revolutionary situation had matured nationwide, and he solicited the opinions of the Party on issuing a resolution entitled "A New Revolutionary Upsurge and the First Victory of a Province or Provinces." The "left-leaning" adventurism of this resolution is manifested as follows: First, on the eve of the decisive battle, the Chinese revolution will lead the world revolution; second, the masses no longer need to "fight small and make small troubles" and must launch armed insurrection; third, persist in taking the city as the center.
At this time, the Far East Bureau of the Communist International in Shanghai disagreed with Li Lisan's erroneous judgment, and they opposed the issuance of this resolution, but Li Lisan's attitude was very resolute, saying that whoever opposed this resolution was opposed to the Chinese revolution.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > Wang Ming opposed the "Lisan Route" and was punished</h1>
Wang Ming saw that the Comintern and Li Lisan had contradictions and differences, and as the "key training object" of the Comintern, he believed that his opportunity had come, and he needed to resolutely support the chip of the Comintern, overthrow Li Lisan, and thus ascend to the throne. A few days later, Wang Ming gathered Bogu, Wang Jiaxiang, He Zishu, and others to complain to the actual head of the Eastern Department of the Comintern and his teacher Mifu, hoping to gain support.
On June 11, 1930, Li Lishan, ignoring the opposition of other party members and the Far East Bureau of the Communist International, formally passed the resolution "A New Revolutionary Upsurge and the First Victory of a Province or Provinces", and the direction of the Party's development began to be guided by the "Left" adventurism represented by Li Lisan. On June 24, Wang Ming wrote again to Miff, saying that there were factions in the CCP who wanted to split the revolution.
On July 9, 1930, Li Lisan held a meeting to discuss the implementation of the specific contents of the resolution, but at this time Wang Ming preemptively attacked, saying: Comrade Lisan's statement that the outbreak of the Chinese revolution is the beginning of the outbreak of the world revolution is wrong, and his statement that the Chinese revolution can stir up the world revolution is too exaggerated. Wang Jiaxiang, He Zishu, and Bogu agreed.
Li Lisan did not expect that his plan for arranging the meeting would be disrupted, and he retorted: A Soviet Union has made imperialism overwhelmed, so after the victory of the Chinese revolution, imperialism will certainly not offend in depths, so it is inevitable that the Chinese revolution will stir up a world revolution, and if Comrade Wang Ming and others form a small group to oppose the central resolution, the nature will be different.
◆ Wang Ming in the office
Li Lisan's accusations against Wang Ming for "forming a party" quickly defeated Wang Yang, and then Xiang Zhongfa summoned Wang Ming and others to talk, demanding that the four of them issue a statement admitting their mistakes and expressing obedience to the central authorities, otherwise they would be expelled from the party. In the end, Wang Ming was given a six-month probation sentence, and the other three were also given serious warnings.
Wang Yang was not satisfied, and he tried to fan the flames of the contradiction between the Comintern and Li Lisan's Central Committee and increase the support of the Comintern for himself. From July 22 to August 1930, Wang Ming wrote to Mif one after another, accusing Li Lisan of flouting the Executive Committee of the Communist International in Moscow, claiming that Li Lisan was carrying out movements against the "Moscow faction" everywhere, and even implicitly proposing that he was cultivated by the Communist International, and that li Lisan Central Committee was falling into the face of the Communist International by doing so.
Perhaps it was Wang Ming's letter that had an effect, or perhaps Li Lisan's "left-leaning" adventurous mistakes had caused the Red Army to suffer losses in its attack on major cities, and the Comintern instructed Qu Qiubai and Zhou Enlai to return to China and end Li Lisan's line.
After Qu Qiubai and Zhou Enlai returned to China, the Third Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was held in September 1930. Li Lisan and others accepted criticism and admitted that they had made the mistake of risk-taking tendencies, and the meeting agreed with Li Lisan's review, characterizing Li Lisan's mistake as "strategically making an individual risk-taking mistake of the left" and stopping the plan in Li Lisan's resolution. After the meeting, Qu Qiubai presided over the daily work of the Central Committee.
Without completely overthrowing Li Lisan, not reaping any political benefits himself, and almost being expelled from the party, Wang Yang was very unhappy in his heart, thinking that the matter was over, but a letter from Moscow once again ignited his hopes.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > Miff laihua, Wang Mingcheng "anti-leftist" hero</h1>
In October 1930, the Comintern sent a "Letter on the Question of the Establishment of the Third Line" to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the contents of which were learned in advance by the students studying in the Soviet Union, and at the behest of Miff, Wang Ming was informed in advance, and the content of the letter emphasized that the line carried out by Li Lisan was the wrong line of anti-Marxism-Leninism and the anti-Communist International. That is to say, the Comintern believed that the punishment of Li Lisan by the Third Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee was too hasty. Wang Yang could use this as an excuse to accuse Qu Qiubai of harboring Li Lisan and thus put forward a request for a reorganization of the Politburo.
When Wang Ming learned of his teacher Mifu's intentions, he immediately wrote to the Politburo of the CPC Central Committee criticizing the Continuation of the "Li Lisan Line" at the Third Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, threatening that Qu Qiubai had mishandled the work of the Central Committee and could not preside over the work of the Central Committee, and demanded that the Politburo be reorganized and that cadres from the Soviet Union who followed the line of the Communist International should lead the organs.
◆ Miff
In early December, Miff secretly came to Shanghai. As far as the Comintern was concerned, the Third Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China did not carry out the instructions of the Comintern, Xiang Zhongfa, Li Lisan, and Xiang Ying, who were responsible for the mistakes of the "Li Lisan Line," were not actually punished, and the Soviet students who carried out the Comintern line were still excluded from the Politburo. Miff came to Shanghai this time to solve this problem.
On December 14, Miff met with Qu Qiubai and other members of the Politburo of the CPC Central Committee and asked the CPC Central Committee to vigorously promote cadres who "support the comintern line" and oppose the "Li Lisan line" to leading posts. Under the pressure of Mif, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China passed and issued a resolution on the issue of revoking the punishment of Wang Ming and others, admitting that the punishment of the above-mentioned four comrades in the past was wrong, and in this way, Wang Ming became a hero who opposed the "Li Lisan Line" and became a hero with a sharp upper body.
On December 29, the Far East Bureau of the Communist International discussed with the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China the issue of reorganizing the Politburo at the forthcoming Fourth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee, and the Far East Bureau gave a list of Wang Ming, Shen Zemin, and others as alternate members of the Central Committee, most of whom were students studying in the Soviet Union. In terms of the reorganization of the Politburo, the Far East Bureau demanded that Qu Qiubai and Li Weihan withdraw and at the same time add Wang Ming and others. The opinion of the Far East Bureau did not arouse any objection, and even Xiang Zhongfa, who had opposed Wang Ming and vigorously advocated the punishment of Wang Ming and others, also supported Wang Ming at this time, saying: "Comrade Wang Ming has made meritorious contributions to correcting Li Lisan's "left-leaning" mistakes in a timely manner, and he himself is a Marxist theoretician with a fairly high theoretical level, and adding such comrades to the Politburo will help strengthen the guiding force of the Central Committee." Therefore, this discussion can be said to be the "internal determination" of the Far East Bureau of the Communist International on the list of the politburo of the upcoming Fourth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee.
< h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the Comintern Intervention Conference, Wang Ming stepped into the political front</h1>
On January 7, 1931, the Fourth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was held in Shanghai, and Miff attended the meeting. Albert, the representative of the Communist International who attended the meeting, in accordance with Miff's instructions, hoped to push Wang Ming to a high position on the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee through a vote to better control the CPC Central Committee. But during the electoral process, serious disagreements emerged. Miff repeatedly used irregular organizational means to control the conduct of meetings.
The list of members of the Politburo drawn up by Mif and the Far East Bureau and the CPC Central Committee through consultation was: Xiang Zhongfa, Xiang Ying, Xu Xigen, Zhang Guotao, Chen Yu, Zhou Enlai, Lu Futan, Ren Bishi, and Wang Ming; the alternate members were Luo Dengxian, Guan Xiangying, Wang Kequan, Liu Shaoqi, Wen Yucheng, Mao Zedong, and Gu Shunzhang. As soon as the list came out, the cadres of the Federation of Trade Unions throughout the country, headed by Luo Zhanglong, strongly opposed it, and they demanded that all the politburo members elected by the Third Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee withdraw from the list and completely reorganize the Politburo, saying: "If this list must be elected, then it is better to simply designate the Comintern, and we will give up our voting rights." ”
◆ Zhou Enlai, Wang Ming, Bogu and Ye Jianying (from left to right)
The Far East Bureau proposed a vote on whether all politburo members elected in the third plenum of the Sixth Central Committee should withdraw, and it was clear that Luo Zhanglong's proposal was rejected. Luo Zhanglong was very angry, wanted to leave the conference room, and shouted at Albert: "You specify it, what else to vote!" Albert shot back: "A few months ago Li Lisan did something similar, and now another comrade is doing this, this is a contempt and offense to the Comintern, I will not allow such a thing to happen in the future, now, on behalf of the Comintern, I hope that everyone will cooperate and put the list to the vote at once, which is responsible for the Chinese revolution and for everyone on the scene." Albert's words immediately silenced the room, the participants began to vote, and the list given by the Comintern was all approved.
On January 10, the Politburo discussed the division of labor among the members of the Politburo, and the meeting decided that Xiang Zhongfa, Zhou Enlai, and Zhang Guotao would be members of the Politburo Standing Committee, Wang Ming would be alternate members of the Standing Committee, and Xiang Zhongfa would be the general secretary of the party. In order to clear the way for Wang Ming, Miefe deliberately discussed the issue of disobedience to Wang Ming, saying: "Opposing the Fourth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee and opposing Wang Ming is opposing the Communist International, and should be punished and expelled from the Party." Luo Zhanglong was disgusted by Mifu and Wang Ming's "power theft" behavior, and he joined forces with more than a dozen people to hold a meeting of the "delegation against the Fourth Plenary Session" and established the "Extraordinary Committee of the CPC Central Committee", with Luo Zhanglong as secretary. Soon, Zhou Enlai came forward to talk to Luo Zhanglong, and he said: "Things can be discussed slowly, but the act of splitting the party cannot be allowed!" However, Luo Zhanglong did not listen to Zhou Enlai's words.
On January 21, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China designated Luo Zhanglong and others as "right-leaning opportunists." On January 27, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China passed a bill on Luo Zhanglong's punishment, removing Luo Zhanglong from all posts in the party and expelling him from the party for "counter-revolutionary activities." After Luo Zhanglong was expelled from the party, the opposition to Wang Ming in the party was greatly reduced.
In February 1931, once again with Miff's support, Wang Ming became a member of the Standing Committee of the Politburo of the Cpc Central Committee. What everyone did not expect was that at this time he published a pamphlet entitled "Struggle for a More Bolsevicization of the CCP", which mainly stated that the object of the Chinese revolution was not only the feudal forces and imperialism, but also the upper petty bourgeoisie and all the bourgeois reformists, and it was necessary to overthrow the bourgeoisie and the upper petty bourgeoisie. Even the book proposes to transform the party's leaders at all levels, and After opposing Li Lisan's "left-leaning" line, Wang Ming actually put forward a more "left" adventurist line, and this pamphlet has also become his political program for "ultra-left" adventurism.
In June, General Secretary Xiang Zhongfa was arrested for defection. In July, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided that Wang Ming would act as general secretary. As a result, Wang Ming, who was only 27 years old, had been engaged in the actual work of the party group for less than two years after returning to China, and thus became the leader of the CPC Central Committee.
Shortly thereafter, Wang Ming accompanied Miff to the Soviet Union as the CCP's representative to the Comintern, and he appointed Bogu to the Politburo to take charge of his daily work, and Bogu became the promoter of his "ultra-left" adventurism line.
◆ Group photo of the Ten Executive Committee members of the Comintern, the first one on the right in the front row is Wang Ming
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > summary. </h1>
Wang Ming's path to the throne has always been his own policy of treating people and not doing the right thing, for people, just to suppress the other side for power and interests, regardless of whether things are right or wrong, Wang Ming's opposition to Li Lisan's "left" line is only a simple opposition to Li Lisan as a person, and what they distinguish is only in the discussion of whether the climax of the Chinese revolution can cause a world revolution and other discussions that cannot solve practical problems. What is even more ridiculous is that in order to find out the reasons for opposition, Wang Ming not only believes that Li Lisan's line is "left", but also believes that Li Lisan's line also has an "right" component, so the idea that Wang Ming opposes for the sake of opposition is itself a "left" wrong idea, and his opposition to Li Lisan is fifty steps and a hundred steps. This is also the internal reason why Wang Ming implemented a policy of being more left than the Lisan line after coming to power. In addition, Li Lisan was not wrong at all, and Wang Ming's clique opposed it together, which was indeed a sectarian act.
Wang Ming's "ultra-left" adventurist line ruled the party for four years, and he caused great harm to the Communist Party of China and plunged the Chinese revolution into a crisis, and this extreme "left-leaning" mistake was finally corrected at the Zunyi Conference, which established the correct leadership position of the Party Central Committee represented by Mao Zedong and saved the Party, the Red Army, and the revolution.