The long-form series "Safety on the Tip of the Tongue" (Serial No. 19) - "Eat raw" beware of "insects coming in from the mouth"!
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<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="112" > keywords: food safety, parasites, eating raw, seafood, raw fish, water pollution, safety on the tip of the tongue</h1>
Fresh seafood is gently put into the mouth, and fresh raw meat is eaten by everyone on the table;
What other drunken shrimp, drunken crabs, raw fish, live snails...
When you enjoy these delicacies, have you ever thought that food may infect you with disease?
Parasitic disease experts offer advice:
Raw seafood should not be eaten, and it is very dangerous to love raw food too much!
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="8" > "eat raw" Beware of "worms coming in from the mouth"! </h1>
The masses in some parts of our country have the custom of "eating raw". For example, in Guangdong Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, people like to eat "raw fish" (sashimi) and "raw fish porridge" (porridge made from sashimi heated and boiled); while in the northeast region, especially the Koreans, raw fish mixed with condiments is their favorite delicacy to serve wine; while in Beijing, Henan, Shandong, Sichuan and other places, many people like to eat grilled small fish and mud snails.
According to the historical records that can be found, Chinese began to eat raw fish during the Western Zhou Dynasty. "Poetry Xiaoya June": "Drink the friends of the emperor, the turtle and the carp." The "carp" in the "carp" refers to the raw fish made of carp, which was a high-grade food that only the nobles could enjoy at that time.
Later, in the Tang Dynasty, it spread to Japan, and the Japanese used marine fish instead of freshwater fish. The method of using mustard as a condiment also seems to come from China, after all, there is a "book of rites" in the "Book of Rites": "Spring with onions, autumn with mustard."
Of course, the delicious dish of raw fish has also spread to other countries.
I remember also showing in a video program, now in Singapore and Malaysia, people will also gather together to mix a plate of fish during the New Year, wishing for a smooth and prosperous year in the future, which is also a custom brought by the early Chinese of the southward development.
In modern China, people living more and more affluent lives are eating more and more miscellaneously and eating in a more and more peculiar way.
Flying in the sky, running on the ground, swimming in the water, pigs, cattle, sheep, chickens, ducks, geese, fish, shrimp, crabs, snails, snakes, frogs have become people's plate food, and fresh has gradually become a food fashion, whether it is burning, roasting, frying, shabu, blindly pursuing fresh, alive, tender and smooth.
So many merchants have invested in their favor, providing fresh sashimi, live fish, live shrimp, live crab, live snails and other dishes.
In short, the tricks of the rich people "eating raw" are more and more and more curious.
Experts pointed out that no matter which way of eating, as long as it is eaten raw or half-raw freshwater fish and shrimp aquatic organisms, it may be infected with parasites. The more you eat, the greater the risk of contracting the parasite.
In 2001-2004, the Ministry of Health organized the second national survey on the status of important parasitic diseases in the human body, and conducted a sample survey of residents in 27 provinces and cities across the country. The survey found that around 2.4% of the inhabitants of our country are infected with "liver-sucker-worm".
If the statistics are based on the number of people in the country at that time, it is estimated that the number of people infected with this parasitic disease in the country at that time was as high as more than 10 million. Among them, the most infected area is the most edible Guangdong Province, and it is speculated that the number of infected people in Guangdong Province alone may be as high as more than 5 million, in other words, guangdong province accounts for nearly half of the number of sick people in China.
According to a 2005 survey by the Ministry of Health, the number of parasitic infections nationwide exceeded 100 million. Although the infection rate of parasites such as roundworms, hookworms, and whipworms shows a downward trend, there is a parasite infection rate that shows a significant upward trend in some areas, which is liver-sucker-worm. The number of hepatic-sucker-worm infections nationwide is about 12 million, and the average infection rate in endemic areas is 75% higher than in 1990. Among them, the infection rate in Guangdong and Guangxi has increased significantly, and Jilin has increased by more than 6 times.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="22" > raw freshwater and aquatic products is the most important reason! </h1>
liver. suck. The larvae of the insect parasitize in the body of freshwater snails and freshwater fish and shrimp, and can be carried by people often eaten by people, such as blue carp, grass carp, silver carp, fathead fish, carp and crucian carp. After its larvae are eaten, they hatch in the intestines and crawl into the bile ducts, where they make their home. liver. suck. Once the worm enters the human body, it can survive for a long time, and some can even survive for up to 20 to 30 years.
liver. suck. The scientific name of the insect is Chinese branch testicular fluke, referred to as Chinese testicular fluke, alias castor-shaped fluke, the official Latin name is Clonorchis sinensis.
The Chinese branch of testicular fluke, this very awkward Chinese word, is directly translated from the Latin word Clonorchis sinensis.
Liver flukes
Latin is very layered and clear, but not grounded.
Therefore, this bug also has an English nickname "Chinese liver fluke", which literally translates to "Chinese liver-flatworm". The English name will be the geographical scope of the disease, the appearance, the classification of multicellular parasites, three layers of meaning are all said.
Jean liver flukes were first discovered in 1874 in the bile ducts of an indian corpse.
On September 8, 1874, in Kolkata, India, a 20-year-old Chinese carpenter died of illness. McConnell, a professor of pathology at the Calcutta Medical School and an Englishman, dissected his body. He observed that the corpse had hepatomegaly and dilated bile ducts, which were blocked by "small, dark, worm-like worm bodies."
He removed the liver inside the bile ducts. suck. and compared it to the spear-shaped bilobite flukes and liver-flake flukes known at the time, considering it to be a completely new parasite.
In 1875, he published research on the parasite in the prestigious clinical medical journal The Lancet. The study was quickly followed.
That same year, Thomas Cobbold gave a scientific description of the parasite and was the first to name it. In 1877, The Japanese Kenso Ishisaka reported the first case in Japan.
In 1878, the first speaker, McConnell, again discovered the existence of the parasite while dissecting a Hong Kong chef.
In 1883, a German pathologist saw this fluke in Tokyo and believed that the larger liver flukes and the smaller liver = suckers = worms were two species, and the smaller ones were more pathogenic.
In a 1907 classification, Arthur Looss (who also discovered the pathway of infection of schistosomiasis to humans, now the name hemitosociasis is proposed) believed that cases in China were infected by larger liver-sucker-worm infections and in Japan by smaller liver-fluke infections.
It was not until 1912 that Harujiro Kobayashi corrected the classification, pointing out that the two were actually a class of species, because the hosts in China and Japan had different constitutions and different degrees of infection, and it felt that infecting Japanese people was more pathogenic.
In 1908, Chinese mainland reported the first case of Trebusteris infection. In fact, the relationship between liver-sucker-worms and China can be described as "long-standing". In 1975, in the feces of ancient corpses in the Western Han Dynasty (167 BC) in Jiangling, Hubei Province, China, eggs of Chinese mycodychis were found.
Subsequently, its insect eggs were found again in the ancient corpse of the Warring States Chu Tomb (278 BC) in Jiangling, Hubei Province.
It is also 2300 years old. Of course, modern disease nomenclatures no longer bear the name of the region. Hepatic-sucking insect disease is almost all over the world, but it is mainly endemic in Asian countries such as China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, and Vietnam. At present, 26 provinces, municipalities, autonomous regions and administrative special zones in China have the occurrence or epidemic of this disease.
Hepatic-sucking-worms are a very inconspicuous zoonotic parasite that lives in the hepatobiliary ducts of humans or other vertebrates. In the taxonomy, it belongs to the post-testicle family, the genus Londyles. The adult body is flattened, soft, translucent, with a slightly pointed front end and a blunt rounded rear end. The body is 10–25 mm long and 3–5 mm wide, resembling a sunflower seed, and is hermaphroditic.
There is a "mouth suction cup" at the front of the liver-sucker-worm body, and a "ventral suction cup" at a later 1/5, the former slightly larger than the latter. The digestive tract consists of the mouth, esophagus, and two branches of the "intestinal branch", which extend to the end of the worm. The penis is small, with two testicles branching out and arranged anteriorly and posteriorly 1/3 behind the worm body. The female reproductive organ has a lobed ovary, located in front of the testicles. The uterus is located between the ovaries and the abdominal suction cup, which is filled with worm eggs.
Adults mature and lay eggs, which are yellowish brown in size and average 29×17 microns in size, resembling sesame seeds under a low-power microscope. One end is smaller with a lid; the other end is larger with comma-like protrusions.
Studies have found that the liver-sucker-worm parasitizing the human body ranges from dozens to hundreds or even thousands. It is mainly parasitic in the medium-sized bile ducts in the liver, but can also parasitize the total bile ducts, gallbladder, pancreatic duct, and duodenum.
Although the liver-sucking insect lives in a very difficult place like the biliary tract, drinking bile every day without fear of suffering and not being able to, it can survive for thirty years or more. And this persistent malignant stimulation is thought to be the cause of some liver-hardening, even liver cells, and cancer.
Intermittent or incomplete obstruction of the bile ducts by hepatic-sucking worms, inducing recurrent acute or chronic cholangitis; the oral and abdominal suction cups of adult worms are adsorbed to the wall of the bile ducts, causing epithelial hyperplasia and shedding; the metabolites of worms, the toxins secreted by adult eggs or the damage of toxic substances produced by the decay of dead worms, causing damage to the bile ducts and liver parenchyma. The mechanical stimulation of the liver, suction, insect body and its metabolites act on the human body will cause the patient to have some corresponding diseases.
Apart from the long and hard life of eating, drinking and not, all that remains is to have children. Hepatic-sucking insects are hermaphrodite organisms, which means that theoretically, if only one liver fluke parasitizes in the biliary tract, it can also reproduce offspring! The offspring are in the form of eggs, discharged from the biliary tract (the green tube pictured above), and then into the duodenum → jejunum → ileum → colon → the anus, pulled out with feces. After the eggs are mixed in the feces and go out, they have to go through a more complex "river fresh cycle" to re-infect people (as shown below).
The life history of hepato-sucker-worm requires two intermediate hosts.
The first intermediate host is freshwater snail (longhorn snail, striped snail, red bean snail, etc.), and the second intermediate host is freshwater fish (white carp, black carp, carp, wheat ear fish, etc.) and freshwater shrimp, crab (slender-footed rice shrimp, giant palm giant shrimp, etc.).
Liver-sucking-worm-egg flows from the bile ducts to the intestines and is then excreted with the feces of the sick or sick animal. The eggs fall into the water with feces, are swallowed by the first intermediate host freshwater snail, and then hatch in the snail (miracidium), through the development and proliferation of sporocyst, redia and cercaria ( cercaria ) three stages, mature tail larvae escape from the snail.
In the water, tail cercaria invades the body of a suitable second intermediate host, freshwater fish or shrimp or crab, forming encysted metacercaria. Cysticerces containing fish or shrimp and crabs are swallowed by people, cats, dogs, etc. before entering the gastrointestinal tract. In the duodenum, by the action of digestive juices such as pepsin and trypsin, the larvae in the capsule come out of the capsule and retrograde in the direction of bile flow, reaching the hepatobiliary duct from the total bile duct in a few hours. After about a month, it develops into an adult worm and begins to lay eggs.
liver. suck. The source of infection of the worm is the patient, the carrier and the hepatic-sucker-host. It has been reported to be available as a liver. suck. There are more than 40 kinds of animals in the host, common ones are cats, dogs, pigs, rats, badgers, etc., and some herbivores such as cattle and rabbits can be infected by occasionally eating cysticercles. The presence of the first and second hosts is also the liver. suck. insect. The basic conditions for epidemics. Due to liver. suck. The specificity of the insect on the host is not high, and the intermediate host is not only diverse, but also widely distributed, which is also an important reason for the existence and prevalence of the insect in a wide area.
In recent years, the infection rate of freshwater fish and shrimp parasites in some areas is very alarming, and the average infection rate of freshwater fish parasites in Guangdong, Guangxi and Liaoning is as high as 59.66%. This is mainly because the water environment is polluted, and even the fish are fed with unsociative human and animal manure, which is even more polluted.
For example the relevant departments in the liver. suck. insect. Guangdong survey of one of the main endemic areas of the disease, liver of carp, eel and carp. suck. insect. The detection rate of cysticercosis reached 50%, 40% and 20%, respectively. In Sun Moon Lake in Taiwan, the infection rate of wheat ear fish is as high as 100%. In Hubei, it has been found that wheat ear fish has 6584 liver-sucking insect-cysticers per gram of meat.
In 2004, Shunde investigated the infection of freshwater fish and found grass carp liver. suck. insect. The infection rate reached 75%, the infection rate of fathead fish in Nanhai City was 87%, and the infection rate of wheat ear fish in Sanshui City was 100%. In 2006, Shenzhen surveyed the freshwater fish sold in the market and found that the average infection rate was 17%, of which grass carp reached 40%, and fathead fish and carp were also higher than 20%. According to a survey in Guangzhou in 2006, the infection rate of grass carp was 13%, and the infection rate of shrimp also reached 7%.
Someone once took a mouse and made liver. suck. The infection experiment of the insects, which had them eat food with parasites first, then dissected the mice 28 days after the experiment and found that the infected mice had severe liver lesions.
Ordinary people are infected with the liver. suck. After the worm, the parasite may also lay eggs in the body, and the eggs will stimulate long-term bile duct hyperplasia, hepatocyte degeneration, liver. Sclerosis can lead to liver cancer.
In mildly infected patients, there may be no obvious symptoms. Moderate infection presents with chronic gastrointestinal symptoms such as discomfort or pain in the liver area, wasting, fatigue and loss of appetite, abdominal pain and diarrhea, and abdominal fullness. Due to the liver. suck. The eggs of the worm can be used as gallbladder. Stones form the core so that gallbladder can appear. Cystitis, biliary. Stone disease. In severely infected people, in addition to the above symptoms, liver enlargement may occur, followed by liver enlargement. Sclerosis, splenomegaly, ascites, general swelling, wasting, anemia, palpitations, night blindness and irregular fever.
There was a creepy incident in Taiwan, a citizen in Hsinchu, Taiwan, felt that the right upper abdomen was swollen and painful for three days, so he went to the outpatient clinic to see a doctor, and it was determined that the bile duct was blocked, and when the operation was performed, the doctor found that nearly a thousand livers had accumulated in the patient's body. suck. Worms block the bile ducts.
After an initial cleanup, the patient's body still has about five hundred livers. suck. The number of insects, the number of them, surprised the doctors who operated. In addition to the need to remove the gallbladder, the biliary tract is also due to liver aspiration. insect.. Long-term blockage, and fibrosis occurs.
Prevention of liver. suck. insect. Illness should do the following things:
1. Vigorously carry out health publicity and education in endemic areas, so that the masses can change their bad hygiene habits and not eat raw or unripe freshwater fish, shrimp, snails and crabs to prevent diseases from entering the mouth.
2, cut raw and cooked food cutting board, kitchen knife separated, play in the water after touching the fish pay attention to wash hands, do not use the mouth to bite the fish, etc., to avoid liver. suck. Cysticers enter the body through the mouth.
3. In the liver. suck. insect. In endemic areas, do not feed raw fish, raw shrimp and other foods to cats, dogs, pigs and other animals.
4. Strengthen fecal management and prevent untreated fresh feces from going down to the pond.
Only the author's own published literature is listed
Qi Yun: Liver. suck. insect. "Eating raw" caused by the disaster!.Popular Science and Technology Newspaper, February 25, 2001, 7th edition.
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<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="91" > "Safety on the Tip of the Tongue" (Serial No. 19).</h1>
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