Although I always stressed a point before that "the combat effectiveness of the Ming army is not so bad", in fact, as long as the Liaodong war before the Battle of Ningyuan was slightly covered, the entire Liaodong war situation was like a wall of dung, and it was immediately shaken by Hou Jinduo's kicks. After several major wars in Salhu, Kaitie, Liaoyang, and Shenyang, the collapse of the Liaodong war situation was almost as tragic as the later 1942 1942.
The Massacre of Houjin caused Liaodong to suffer heavy losses.
First of all, it must be emphasized that Nurhaci set off a rebellion and established the Houjin, which is not only a national war, but also a regional turmoil, especially after several major wars in Liaodong, a large number of Jurchens, Mongols and Han Chinese (some even formed Ming troops) defected to the Houjin forces, so Nurhaci can have a more powerful armed force than the previous Mongol and Jurchen forces, Xiong Tingbi said in a compromise to the imperial court, "Now the thief changed the Yuan, there are already two passes, gray pickpocket, fish skin, Ula, The soldiers of the Haidong countries around Evil Guli, Bow Zhijie, and He Yinan also ordered the general Li Yongfang and others to collect tens of thousands of troops from the three roads, kai, and iron, and the troops were counted at nearly 100,000, and the force was broadcast several times. Another example is "Nongchen": Shen Yourong, deputy commander-in-chief of Dengzhou's sea defense, sent Yan Zheng to the middle of the ship for more than sixty years, and went to the islands to spy on the situation, and there were rebel generals on each island who led soldiers to refuse to defend as slaves, and every time they forced the men and women to land, they abducted and raped. "Cloud cloud
Emperor of the Apocalypse.
In the Manchu Old Archives, there were also many Han generals of this level during the Nurhaci period, such as the "Zhao General" who appeared in the previous article, who later beheaded Mao Wenlong's emissary, a Cao surname Dusi, and handed over the person's head and his entourage to Nurhaci. There is no doubt that these people were originally soldiers of the Ming Dynasty. In addition, there are also "The Yu Chieftain Huang reported that the rabbit and the Bo Want zi Fang reported that 50,000 horses were gathered outside the border, while the slave chieftain marched 60,000 people and reported that they had embraced Kaiyuan." The Mongol forces also hooked up with the Later Jin forces.
The fiasco lost not only troop strength, but also popularity.
It is not difficult to find that the armed forces hostile to the Liaodong region and the Ming Dynasty are probably more than 100,000 long ago, and although the Later Jin Army also suffered very serious losses in the previous major wars with the Ming Dynasty, its mobile elite troops were still maintained at around 50,000 or 60,000 with the replenishment of the battle, while the Ming Dynasty was very miserable. As mentioned in the previous article, the Loss of More Than 40,000 Troops in the Battle of Salhu, the loss of 10,000 people in Kaiyuan, and the at least 4,000 casualties in Tieling, this is still in addition to the small-scale conflicts that arose one after another, that is to say, the Ming Army that "and yesterday's main and guest exporters were only more than 70,000", after these two wars, it has gone to 78, losing so many elite troops, not to mention a number of other small fortresses, even large cities such as Liaoyang and Shenyang are already within days, and the two cities together can fight less than 50,000 "Gengyin: Xiong Tingbi of Liaodong province asked: Since the fall of Beiguan by slaves, the people's hearts have exceeded the collapse, Shenyang has been empty, and it is difficult to support alone. ”
Armour.
After the fall of Liaoyang and Shenyang, the situation of the Ming army in Guangning was also very bad, and Wang Huazhen, the governor of Liaodong, played the Emperor of the Heavenly Revelation in May of the first year of the Apocalypse (1621 AD), "Liaoshen has fallen, Hexi is fierce, there is nothing special, and the disciples are entrusted with water, and they must be heavily defended." Although the soldiers of Quang Ninh Cuncheng were less than a thousand, and half of them were crippled, although they were inspired by great righteousness, the soldiers and men responded to a large number of people, and the remnants of the recruited soldiers were also more than 10,000, but they were all barefoot, and there was nowhere to be found for horses and weapons, and their hopes for reinforcements did not care about their eyes. Now the defense of the river has stopped a thousand people, in order to defend the length of one hundred and fifty miles, everywhere can cross, the distribution is not adjusted, the subject does not know the emptiness of the towns, and the dispatch is the most bitter. "There are only less than a thousand remnants of soldiers in Quang Ninh City, plus the crowd of thousands of people, and their state is even more worrying" The soldiers sat in the mud, their legs were full of maggots, and they had to raise the bucket of grain to settle on the ground, the wind and rain suddenly came, the grain turned into sand, and the price of the bucket rice was one or two dollars. When the subject goes to the river, the man gives a gold and only buys eight liters of rice. As for the generals who recruited the troops, but no matter how much they were strong or weak, if they wanted to eliminate them, they would not be able to get rid of them, broke their hands and arms, and wept along the way, and the reinforcements they transferred were also in name only. The big and low slaves can be really pictured, and the soldiers of mine are really unbearable. ”
Since then, the military power of the late Ming Dynasty has gradually risen.
After the disastrous defeat at the Battle of Quang Ninh, the Ming army in Liaodong was even more disintegrated, and after the direct surrender after the Battle of Quang Ninh, the Ming generals of Jin included the generals Liu Shixun, the guerrilla Sun Degong, Liu Shigong, Jin Li (in 1651, the Qing army attacked the Lu Jianguo regime in the Zhoushan Islands), Yan Yin, Gao Zhongxuan, Hei Jisheng, Luo Wanyan, Xiong Jin, Yang Keda, Gao Hongzhong, Huang Jin, Su Wanquan, Li Weilong, Liu Shizhang, Wang Yougong, Liu Yuanqing, Su Yingke, Yue Zongtai, Zhu Shixun, a total of 20 people, and the Ming army that fled into Shanhaiguan. According to Wang Zaijin's account, "The Liao soldiers were abandoned outside the Guanwai with their weapons, and there were intermittently those who folded their salaries to cook horse meat." The soldiers all entered with their bare hands, and the ministers checked each soldier or held a gun and stick, most of them were self-bought, and the lead knives were not enough to cut each other. ”
Once the army was defeated, Houjin killed and plundered even worse, taking Liaoyang as an example, "Nuxi took Liaoyang, sealed the treasury, and wiped out the people's money." Divide the western captives, drive the Liao people to the north of the city, the slaves gather in the south of the city, and send three horses to hold the red banner to pass the order: those who are self-destructive will not kill, so the people of Hedong have no beard, and those who have five fathers and sons in the family will draw three as soldiers, and those who have three will smoke two. The record of the "Manchu Old File" is that "the Han people in the city voluntarily shaved their hair" Is it not "voluntary"? Involuntary do not know how many people have been killed, and the property does not know how much has been robbed, but the "old file" has a "voluntary", which is really difficult to evaluate.
In the nearly 30 years of the Liaodong War, the Ming Dynasty suffered heavy losses.
Ming reinforcements.
Under the tragic war environment, people living under the rule of the Ming Dynasty were not happy, and the Ming Dynasty Shanxi Province Yushi Bizuo Zhou said: "Since the military revival, the bullying of the pawns has been sued, the remnants of the Liao have no Ningyu, the Liao people hate, the bankruptcy of the military husband sells the tired car cattle, and the Liao people hate again; To the three major clans of Zhang, Liu and Tian, and to pull out the house of the room that has been difficult to move for two hundred years, the Liao people hate it; Until the harvest was surrendered, the people were mixed up, and they were made to defile their wives and daughters, and to usurp food and drink, and the Liao people hated them more and more. "The Ming Dynasty soldiers who rescued Liaodong did nothing wrong, the local military households sold their children and daughters, the property of the local large households in Liaodong was threatened, and the Ming officials gathered the "Descending Yi" to rob and insult women everywhere, so it was difficult to expect these people to stick to Liaodong, just as the so-called people's hearts were lost, and the Later Jin side was even more terrible, and the vast majority of Liao people could not, and they were not willing to go to Houjin (and the soldiers and civilians who luckily escaped from The Later Jin rule) it was even more impossible to defend Liaodong for the Ming Dynasty, so they could only run to Guannei.
After the Golden Eight Banner Army.
When Dusi Zhang Shenwu went to Liaodong, he once encountered "more than 100,000 fleeing soldiers running west" Obviously, these are not all ming dynasty deserters, the entire Liaodong army is only more than 70,000, these more than 100,000 people should be deserters who have lost the battle, the people who fled, more than 100,000 people are only about the number, you can see the huge number of fleeing troops, which is like the fleeing team in the movie "1942", huge, and desperate.
Liaodong, which had been operating for nearly 200 years, collapsed in less than a decade.