Sunflowers, sunflowers of the Asteraceae family, annual herbaceous plants, also known as sunflowers, sunflowers, have a variety of uses such as oil, edible and ornamental, and have the characteristics of strong stress resistance and wide adaptation range. In recent years, with the implementation of strategies such as rural revitalization and beautiful countryside and the need for the development of leisure and tourism agriculture, sunflower, a traditional oil crop or leisure food crop, is gradually expanding its use, and its ornamental value has been paid more and more attention by the government, welcomed by the market and loved by people.
Since 2010, the breeding and application team of new varieties of ornamental sunflowers of Jiangsu Institute of Agricultural Sciences has promoted the development of leisure and tourism agriculture in the region and met people's growing demand for a better life by breeding new varieties of ornamental sunflowers and developing supporting cultivation technologies and derivative products, and provided product and technical support for the development of ornamental sunflower industry.
1. Breeding of new varieties: Since the breeding and application of new varieties of ornamental sunflower in 2010, 5 series of yellow, purple, white, complex color and chrysanthemum-type sunflowers have been selected and bred, and more than 70 new varieties (lines) of ornamental sunflowers with different flower colors and flower types have been selected, enriching the types of ornamental sunflower varieties. In 2020, 6 new varieties such as salt sunflower No. 1-6 passed the national registration. Every year, more than 200 isolation net sheds are built, and more than 100 ornamental sunflower sterile line combinations are configured. The ornamental sunflowers of the "Salt Sunflower" series have the characteristics of long flowering period, insensitive temperature and light, and a wide planting range, and through the selection of varieties and the adjustment of the sowing period, the flower viewing period in the region can be realized from May to November for up to 7 months.
Salt Sunflower No. 1
2. Supporting cultivation technology: According to the actual situation of terrain and landforms in different ecological regions, realize a variety of planting modes such as sunflower planting in coastal saline-alkali land, planting under forest, pond polder planting, mountain slope planting, etc., and according to the actual production of sunflower-wheat, sunflower-barley, sunflower-rape, sunflower-sunflower, sunflower-green manure and other multiple breeding modes; the use of factory seedlings combined with "early, late delay" sowing technology to successfully achieve ornamental sunflower two-year or multi-ripening cultivation By improving the existing agricultural machinery and carrying out light and simplified cultivation, the mechanization of sunflower sowing and harvesting has been basically realized in the southern region, laying the foundation for large-scale demonstration and promotion.
Factory seedlings
Mechanized sowing
Mechanized harvesting
3. Derivative product development: On the basis of breeding new varieties of ornamental sunflower, we have developed derivative products such as colorful ornamental sunflower seedlings, potted flowers, cut flowers, sunflower oil and chrysanthemum tea, extending the ornamental sunflower industry chain and enhancing the utilization value of ornamental sunflower. The functional products of chrysanthemum tea developed by the company have been tested to be rich in mineral nutrients and trace elements, of which potassium, calcium and magnesium content are 1.38 times, 2.42 times and 1.32 times the content of Grade A Longjing tea, respectively, and are rich in flavonoids and chlorogenic acid, which has good nutritional, health and beauty effects.
sunflower oil
White Horse Lake base chrysanthemum tea
Bouquet of flowers
4. Demonstration and promotion: with variety as the carrier, technology as the support, and scientific and technological services as the starting point, continue to increase the publicity and promotion of the results. The combination of on-site and remote guidance is used to carry out technical services, and a mature set of "new varieties of seeds + cultivation technology" overall technology output service promotion model is formed. Since 2016, it has held 5 ornamental sunflower observation seminars, written a set of ornamental sunflower culture science brochures, and established more than 80 ornamental sunflower sightseeing demonstration bases in southern China, with a cumulative promotion area of more than 10,000 hectares and social benefits of more than 1 billion yuan. In June 2020, the Sunflower Industry Research Institute of Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences was established in Huaji Village Base, Yandu District, Yancheng City, and more than 600 mu of core base for new variety breeding and tourism demonstration was established to help discipline development and industrial upgrading.
Shiodo Hanayoshi base
Huai'an Baima Lake "Sunflower Story" scenic spot
Guanyun Yilu Mountain Scenic Area Ornamental Sunflower Demonstration Garden
Introduction to ornamental sunflower varieties in the "Salt Sunflower" series
A new variety of dwarf-eating sunflowers - salt sunflower No. 1
"Salt Sunflower No. 1" is a new variety of late maturing dwarf pole anti-lodging sunflower, which was registered as a national new variety in 2020, with an average yield of 250.2kg per mu, a growth period of about 100 days, a short plant, a thick stem, a plant height of 100 to 130 cm, a base stem circumference of 9 .6cm, good stem elasticity, thick leaves, dark leaves, an average number of leaves 32 sheets, a flower disc diameter of 24.2 cm, a single disc grain weight of 165.7 g, a seed gray-black, a 100 grain weight of 15.03 g, a kernel yield of 54.3% The average bulk density is 306.88g/L.
New variety of oil sunflower - salt sunflower No. 2
Salt Sunflower No. 2
"Salt sunflower No. 2" is a new variety of oil sunflower, which was registered as a national new variety in 2020, with a growth period of 85-90 days, a flowering period of up to 20-25 days from the beginning to the end of the flower, tubular flowers and tongue-shaped flowers are yellow; the plant height is 170-180 cm; the number of leaves is 24-26; the diameter of the flower disc is 26-28 cm, the single disc weight is 153.17 g; the seed is small, the 100-grain weight is 12.48 g, the kernel yield is 53.47%, and the bulk weight is 363.32 g/L.
New varieties of multi-sided ornamental sunflower - salt sunflower No. 3, salt sunflower No. 4, salt sunflower No. 5
Salt Sunflower No. 3
Salt Sunflower No. 4
Salt Sunflower No. 5
"Salt Sunflower No. 3" is a new yellow ornamental sunflower variety, tubular flowers and tongue flowers are yellow; "Salt Sunflower No. 4" is a new purple ornamental sunflower variety, tubular flowers are purple, tongue flowers are yellow; "Salt Sunflower No. 5" is a new white ornamental sunflower variety, tubular flowers are cyan, tongue flowers are milky white. The no. 3, No. 4 and No. 5 plants are relatively short, the height of the plant is 130 to 150 cm, the number of side branches is 15 to 20, the number of side branches in the middle and upper fertile soil reaches 25 to 30, and the length of the middle and lower side branches is 80 to 120 cm; the diameter of the main stem flower disc is generally 15 to 20 cm, and the diameter of the side branch disc is generally 12 to 15 cm; the whole growth period is generally 75 to 90 days, and the flowering period is up to 25 to 35 days; it is an excellent variety of sunflower sightseeing, potted flowers and cut flowers.
Chrysanthemum-type ornamental sunflower new variety - salt sunflower No. 6
Salt Sunflower No. 6
"Salt sunflower No. 6" is a new variety of chrysanthemum-type ornamental sunflower, bred in 2015, the flower resembles a chrysanthemum, the plant height is generally 140~160cm, the number of side branches is 16~18, the number of side branches in the middle and upper fertile soil reaches 20~25, and the length of the middle and lower side branches is 80~120cm; the whole growth period is generally 85~90 days, and the flowering period is up to 35~40 days; the flowers are larger, the diameter of the main stem flowers is generally 20~25cm, and the diameter of the side branches is generally 16~18cm. The outer part of the flower disc is a tongue-shaped flower, the middle is a tongue-shaped flower or a long tube-shaped flower, the color is yellow, the fruiting rate is low or not fruity, and the 100 grains weigh 2.0 to 2.3g; the flower tea made of sunflowers of this variety has a pure taste, rich in nutrition, and has certain nutritional and health care functions.
Coastal part of the ornamental sunflower new strain map
Ornamental sunflower cultivation technique of two ripening a year
After years of research by the Jiangsu Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Coastal Areas, sunflowers can be cultivated twice a year in the province. This article introduces the cultivation technology of ornamental sunflowers that ripen twice a year in order to provide a reference for ornamental sunflower growers.
1． Location selection
Sunflowers generally do not have high soil requirements, but in order to improve their growth potential and ornamentality, they should try to choose fertile farmland with flat terrain and good drainage and irrigation conditions, and the soil quality is suitable for loam soil or sandy loam soil that retains water and fertilizer.
2． Prepare before sowing or transplanting
2.1 Apply plantar fertilizer
Sunflowers have thick stems and well-developed root systems, which are more fertilizer-consuming varieties, so they should be deeply ploughed and fertilized in time after the harvest of the former stubble crop. Generally, on medium fertility plots, 4500 kg/hm2 of decomposed farm manure and 600 kg/hm2 of calcium superphosphate are applied. In order to maintain the fertility and reduce the impact of continuous cropping, the amount of organic fertilizer should be increased in the second season of planting, and 10,000 kg/hm2 of organic fertilizer can be applied.
2.2 Seed treatment
Before sowing, the seeds were sunned for 2 to 3 days to improve the germination rate and germination potential of the seeds, and then the seeds were mixed with 50% Fumei double wettable powder of 0.5% of the seed amount to prevent the occurrence of sunflower leaf spot disease.
2.3 Land preparation
The first season of land preparation is carried out after the soil thaws at the end of February and the beginning of March, and the second season of land preparation is carried out as soon as possible after the harvest of the first season, first by stubble removal, and then by ploughing or deep rotation preparation. If conditions permit, it can be used to use the land preparation fertilization and sowing machine for light and simplified cultivation. In the second season, stubble removal and deep ploughing are carried out after harvesting. In Jiangsu Province, there is a lot of rain in summer and autumn, the field is easy to accumulate water, and sometimes it will be high temperature and drought, which will affect the emergence of seeds after sowing or the survival of seedlings after transplanting. Therefore, in the preparation of the land, do a good job of the inner three ditches, vertical ditches: vertical ditch spacing of 4m, ditch width of 30cm, ditch depth of 30cm, horizontal ditch spacing of 20 ~ 25cm, ditch width of 50cm, ditch depth of 30cm, tiantou ditch 2m from the field head, ditch width of 30cm, ditch depth of about 50cm, to ensure convenient drainage and irrigation. When high temperature and drought, irrigation is required before sowing or transplanting, generally shallow ploughing and shallow rake 3 days after irrigation, fine land preparation, so that the ground is flat stubble, and the foot is sown or transplanted to ensure the whole seedling.
3． Broadcast period
In Jiangsu Province, it is recommended to sow seeds in early and mid-March, and the topsoil temperature is stable at 8 to 10 °C; the second season is recommended to be sown from late June to early August, and the sowing is completed before August 15. If seedling transplanting is used, greenhouse seedlings can be carried out in the first season at the end of February and the beginning of March.
4． Amount of seeds sown
Ornamental sunflower seeds are small, the amount of seeds is low, the seed per mu of direct seed is 200 to 250g, and the seeding is 3 to 5 grains per hole; the amount of seed per mu of nutrient bowl or cave plate seedlings is 80 to 100 g, and the amount of seedlings per mu is about 3000 holes, and 1 to 2 seeds per hole. The live broadcast line spacing is 80~100cm, and the plant spacing is 40~50cm, ensuring that about 2000 seedlings are preserved per mu.
5． Transplant in a timely manner
Generally transplanted 10 to 15 days after emergence, transplanting requires seedling height of 6 to 8 cm, true leaves 1 to 2 pairs, leaf color is clear and no disease spots, robust and solid, white roots are covered with bowl ball surface, transplanting 60 ~ 75 kg / hm2 ternary compound fertilizer.
6. Seedling management
Field inspections are carried out in time after the emergence or transplanting of seedlings, and the plots with serious lack of seedlings are transplanted for seedling replenishment. Morning seedlings and early seedlings are carried out during the 1st to 2nd pair of true leaves. In plots with heavy insect pests, the seedlings can be appropriately late, generally in 2 to 3 pairs of true leaves.
7． Fertilize in balance
Ornamental sunflower plants flourish, the need to feed more than the general crop, so the abundance of fertilizer directly affects its growth and development and the formation of yield, practice has proved that the more sunflowers in the barren soil, the more obvious the effect of fertilization, to achieve reasonable fertilization, must be based on the nutritional characteristics of sunflowers, fertilizer laws and external environmental conditions, combined with fertilizer characteristics, timely, appropriate fertilization, in order to obtain the highest fertilizer effect. In principle, fertilization should be applied with sufficient base fertilizer, heavy application of seedling bud fertilizer, and skillful application of bud fertilizer. Base fertilizer is usually based on decomposed farm manure, 4500 kg/hm2 or rapeseed cake 750 kg/hm2, calcium superphosphate 600~750 kg/hm2 per hectare, seedling bud fertilizer is usually 20~30 cm tall, plant 7~8 pairs of leaves when the application effect is good, this is the period of vegetative growth and reproductive growth at the same time, need to be more nutrients and concentrated, urea per hectare 300 ~375 kg/hm2, potassium chloride 112.5 ~ 150 kg / hm2; At the budding stage, urea 75-100 kg/hm2 per hectare was applied at the initial flowering stage to improve the fullness of the grain and increase the grain yield.
8． irrigate
In the case of high temperature and drought weather during sowing or transplanting, it is necessary to irrigate before direct broadcasting or transplanting, which can reduce the soil temperature and improve the seedling emergence speed or transplanting survival rate. Although sunflowers have a well-developed root system and strong water absorption ability, they also need irrigation if they are continuously dry during the budding period. Irrigation is mainly ditch irrigation, water climbing surface is appropriate, timely drainage after irrigation, to prevent water accumulation in the field, avoid flood irrigation.
9． Weeding in medium tillage
The purpose of weeding in cultivation is to loosen the soil, regulate the soil water, gas, heat and other conditions, promote root development and eliminate weeds, and generally the whole growth period should be carried out 2 to 3 times. Sunflower leaves are many and wide, the weeds have a greater inhibitory effect, but in the seedling stage due to the small plant size, the ground is exposed, still need to pay attention to control the growth of weeds, generally the first time in the cultivation should be combined with the seedlings, to avoid weeding after the seedlings, the second weeding should be carried out before the closure, at this time combined with the cultivation of soil, can prevent water evaporation, drainage and anti-fall, saline-alkali land implementation of cultivation can also prevent salinity rise.
In recent years, chemical weeding is widely used, suitable for sunflower herbicides are 8.8% fine quinarin, 5% fine grass grams, 95% jinduyuan, 50% acetochlor, 90% acetochlor, 50% praxon, 72% isopropyloxalamine, etc., the production is usually before sowing or transplanting with 50% acetoamine emulsion 100 to 120 ml, adding water 40 to 50 liters of spray soil surface, can achieve a good grass control effect.
10． Scientific Osamu
The main pests of sunflowers are divided into underground pests and aboveground pests. To prevent underground pests, 50% octyl thiophos 1.8 kg/hm2, add a little water, mix rapeseed cake 45 kg/hm2 to make poisonous grain, and sprinkle near the root system after emergence or on the day of transplanting. Aboveground pests mainly include sunflower borer, peach borer and cotton bollworm, sunflower borer and peach borer control method can be sprayed 1 to 2 times with permethrin pesticides after flowering, cotton bollworm can be sprayed with 16000 IU/mg Thuringiensis wettable powder during flowering, which has a good control effect.
11． Assisted pollination
Bee pollination is used during flowering, a box of bees is placed every 0.3 to 0.4 hm2, artificial assisted pollination can be used when the bee source is insufficient, and the flowering period is carried out every 3 to 4 days, and the pollination is better at 9:00 to 11:00 or 16:00 to 18:00, and pollination 2 to 3 times can significantly reduce the empty shell rate and improve the fruit setting rate.
12． Harvest in real time
Harvested when the back of the disc turns yellow and the grain shell hardens. After harvesting, it can be dried until the seed moisture content is less than 10% before storage.