Today is October 27, 1491 in history, October 27, 1491, Ming Wuzong Zhu Houzhao was born. When it comes to Zhu Houzhao, the historical evaluation is really a mess. Let's take a look at the evaluation of Ming history
Since the Ming Dynasty (Tumu Fort), the country has weakened. Emperor Yi (Emperor Yi of ChengtianDa Daoying Su Rui Zhe Zhaode Xiangong Hongwen Si Xiaoyi Emperor) removed the reverse Jin with his hands, bowed to the Imperial Biankou, and desperately wanted to use martial arts to himself. However, he was happy to swim, and the group was small, and the number of self-signed officials was completely destroyed. It is fortunate to use the handle of man to handle itself, and the Bingjun ministers to make up for Tho Kuang's salvation is based on the disorder of the dynasty, rather than the bottom of the danger. If the legacy of Emperor Xiaozong is inherited, the discipline is prudent, and there is the exercise of the Lord, then the name of Guotai will be completed, and it will be the most important for posterity.
This evaluation is almost pointing at the nose and scolding. Today's article is not written to wash the ground for Zhao Ge'er, but to roughly discuss the Yingzhou victory of Ming Wuzong personally killing a person.
Regarding the great victory of Yingzhou, some people say that the literati blackened him, some people said that this was written by historians, and I took the point of view of a little John Khan, the lord of the up, who I liked more, saying that there were not so many people who came to rob him, and then they were blown by the eunuch brothers.
This may be a common problem of many Ming history researchers, that is, excessive trust in the correct history. But I don't think so, why? And listen to me slowly.
First, Ming Wuzong's opponent, the "Little Prince" Dayan Khan
This benevolent brother was a very good man, who succeeded to the throne at the age of seven, unified Mongolia, and fought a war with the right-wing feudal lords for more than 20 years, and finally unified Mongolia.
In the book "Golden History of Mongolia", it is recorded that he fought with the Ming Dynasty only once, of course, he was attacked by the Ming army and then ran away.
Some people say that this is a confrontation with Zhu Houzhao, I don't feel very much like, I don't quite know that Mongolian gold is the order of the narrative of each khan in this book, if in chronological order, this passage is too far ahead, more like encountered at the beginning of the reign. It is more like the conquest of Mongolia by Wang Zhi and Wang Yue at the beginning of the reign of Dayan Khan in the Chenghua period, that is, in 1480 (the sixteenth year of Chenghua).
A brief introduction: In the fifteenth year of Chenghua, Manduru Khan (Mandu Guli Khan) died. In the sixteenth year of Chenghua, Dayan Khan succeeded to the throne, and the people of Mongolian society were unstable. In February, Wang Yue and the eunuch Wang Zhi (汪直), the eunuch Wang Zhi (王直御史), who was also the head of the Imperial Household department and the eunuch Wang Zhi (王直), led 21,000 troops to raid the Mongol camps around Weining Haizi outside Mu Datong border, capturing more than 600 people. At that time, the Mongol troops stationed in Haizi, Weining, "thought that they were not ashamed of themselves, and they did not worry about the officers and troops", and they were caught off guard.
At the beginning of Dayan Khan's succession, internal and external troubles were disturbed. After solving the problem of holding himself back, yi sima yin taishi (yi si man taishi), he began to launch a retaliatory invasion of the Ming Dynasty. In May of the nineteenth year of Chenghua, Datong reported that the "Little Prince of Beiyu" wanted to take revenge on the tribe. On July 11, (the little prince) "led more than 30,000 horses to Koubian, and the east and west camps for more than fifty miles", and on the thirteenth day, he entered the Mingbian. After "two days and one night of continuous fighting" with the Ming army, the Ming army really lost 586 people and wounded 1101 people; Dayan Khan was captured by the Ming army and beheaded 17 people. The Ming Dynasty caused a huge shock up and down, "In the nineteenth year of Chenghua, the little prince took revenge, and the Datong officials and army were greatly destroyed." ”
Of course, this decapitation and death are two concepts, and the Ming Dynasty discusses military merit at the first level, which is described in detail at the end of the article. If you play like this, there is definitely no way to go down and cut the head. However, since then, the two sides have been fighting continuously, and the literature records that the Mongol invasion of the Mingbian on a large scale has increased significantly, and the Mingbian generals have also taken advantage of the void to "burn the wasteland", "chase horses", and "pound the nest".
After Emperor Xiaozong succeeded to the throne, Dayan Khan wrote a letter in May of the first year of Hongzhi to ask for tribute (in fact, trade), and after the Ming Dynasty approved, he began to pay tribute, until after the fifth year of Hongzhi (1492), the little prince began to deal with internal contradictions in Mongolia, during which time neither paid tribute nor disturbed the border, and the border pass of Xuanda was relatively calm.
In 1498 (the eleventh year of Hongzhi), the little prince disliked the Ming Dynasty's lack of gifts, and began to change his attitude and harass the Ming Dynasty, in fact, this is very ridiculous, why give you so much? Do you have a big face? Mainly after the internal contradictions were resolved, they began to turn outward to invade, and successive generations of nomadic peoples were of this virtue.
In April of the thirteenth year of Hongzhi, "entering Kou Datong, the situation is very rampant, the beijing division is under martial law, and the people's hearts are confused." From the seventeenth to the twenty-third day of Datong Zuowei "wanton killing and plundering" in mid-May, "from Weiyuan, Pingyu, Jingping and other health stations in the west, from Yanghe, Tiancheng, and Shunshengchuan in the east, to Ying, Shuo, Shanyin, Mayi, Hunyuan, Weizhou, Guangchang and other prefectures and counties in the middle of the ring Tun Liezhai, stretching for thousands of miles, fireworks and fireworks settled more than a million homes, production in the ten days and days, people and livestock were exhausted." ”
In August of the fourteenth year of Hongzhi, "70,000 or 80,000 horses such as the little prince of the Yu Chieftain rode from Ningxia Huamachi to Guyuan to the south, plundered by separate roads, and set up camps for more than tens of miles." And ambush and block the road, the situation is very rampant. ”
In May of the eighteenth year of Hongzhi, after "the Mongols entered Kouxuan Province in a big way, camped at Niuxin Mountain, Heiliu Forest, etc., more than twenty miles wide", the Mongols and the Ming army "were separated from Yutailing ... The armies were besieged for six or seven days, and the men and horses were starving... In the service, 2,165 officers and soldiers died, 1,156 were wounded, more than 6,500 horses were lost, and men and women, livestock products, and equipment were plundered. ”
In the winter and November of the fourth year of Zhengde, he committed a crime against Hua Machi, and the general Shang Shu was killed in battle.
In March of the sixth year of Zhengde, Dayan Khan led his troops into Hetao and attacked the castles along the border, but Hou Xun and Wang Xun, the deputy general of the Yansui Column, attacked him and beheaded him sixty-four.
In the autumn and July of the ninth year of Zhengde, Kou Shun Shengchuan, the guerrilla generals Zhang Xun, the garrison Tian Qi, and Lian Biao were killed in battle. In August of the same year, a crowd entered Ningwu Pass and killed the garrison commander Chen Jing. In September, when he re-attacked Xuanfu, Yushi Conglan and the chief military officer Bai Yu attacked him.
On March 17, 1513, in the eighth year of Zhengde (1513), "Yu Daju entered Kou", "On May 4, fu entered from BaguQuan with 5,000 horses, 3,000 rode from Jingyudun, 6,000 rode from Zhenyudun, 500 rode from Shahe Fort, 30,000 rode into Lujiao River Dun, 3,000 rode in from Shuhudun, 10,000 rode in from Shagou Dun, 2,000 rode in from Huaiyuan Dun, and 100 rode in from The Fire Kiln Hill Pier, to Shifosi Fort, Talc ridge, Anbian Fort to Dongshan Village, scattered and plundered", "Cover and kill more than 3,000 residents, and plunder tens of thousands of livestock." 。 "In the three roads of Datong, the thieves have been trampling on them for ten days, and hundreds of miles of fireworks have been raging, covering no one who has suffered from this for decades."
In August of the tenth year of Zhengde, the little prince committed a crime against Guyuan.
In the autumn and July of the eleventh year of Zhengde, he committed a crime against Baiyangkou and other places in Jizhou, and in the winter of the same year, in October of the same year, the 20,000 horsemen rode to the first pass and other places, and our army pursued and defeated Jiaolan Prefecture, beheading more than 80 people.
In February of the twelfth year of Zhengde, "seventy thousand people rode parted ways and entered the Kou ... The captives then came out from the Qingbiankou, and whoever attacked twenty walls, killed 3,749 captives, plundered 23,500 animals, and killed and wounded 381 officers and soldiers, and obtained only the ninth rank. ”
Judging from the previous data, the enemy is very powerful, but it is still not excluded that there is a suspicion of false reporting of the enemy's situation, after all, so many people have died, but also from the perspective of the number of deaths, the number of enemies is quite large, and the little prince's military ability is not low. It can also be seen that the evaluation of the number of people at this time by John Khan Jr. was underestimated. And it said in the text that "since the change of Tumu Fort (1449), the combat effectiveness of the Ming army has decreased significantly, and the competition with the nomads is always on the defensive, which is a historical fact" There are two things that are wrong, (1) the combat effectiveness has declined in the Beijing soldiers rather than the border army, (2) during the Chenghua years, whether it is to take advantage of the fire and robbery or plough the Liaodong can not be regarded as a defensive position, but the Ming Dynasty is poor (as I mentioned in the previous article), mainly defensive. And it can be seen that before the Battle of Yingzhou, the military pressure from the Mongols of the Ming Dynasty was considerable.
2. The Battle of Yingzhou
Brother Houzhao did have something, and when zhengde had another affair outside the xuanda border in the twelfth year, the old brother immediately began a border patrol. In some places, its patrol is also related to the instigation of the border general forces represented by Jiang Bin and Xu Tai in the leopard house. As mentioned earlier, the Beijing camp has weakened, so the Ming Dynasty needs to mobilize the border army to suppress the peasant army, and because the border army plays a leading role in suppressing the uprising of the displaced people in the Central Plains, the relationship between the generals of the border army and Brother Zhu is also more and more close.
In August of the twelfth year of Zhengde, Xin Wei, "Shangdu Juyongguan, SuiXing Xuanfu, ordered the eunuch Gu Da to guard the pass, and there was no one who indulged." In September of the twelfth year of Zhengde, Shuo Shuo was stationed in the town of Xuanfu, and immediately built the town capital. 壬辰, shang stationed in Xiangyang and the city (until the Battle of Yingzhou).
Because of the lessons of Tumu Fort's predecessors, Old Brother Zhu made military arrangements before and after he left the customs, "Peng Chen, transfer the Right Army Governor's Office to the Governor's Office, ChangHou Sun MingzhongFu, is in charge of the Seal Administration, and the Admiralty's Divine Machine Battalion is as it was." After exiting the customs, he also "ordered the British Gong zhanglun Fenwu battalion to sit in the camp and manage the exercises." ”
Of course, the Battle of Yingzhou is not only the credit of Zhu Houzhao alone, autumn is a good time for The Mongols to loot, so there is a saying that autumn defense is the focus of prevention and deployment. From the summer of The twelfth year of Zhengde in May, the Ming Dynasty began to deploy autumn defenses, "Xin Ugly, ordered the general Xiao Jiao to command the Liaodong army to garrison Xuanfu near Xuanfu, first the chief military officer Liu Hui went to Liaodong to select the corps, ordered Tongzhi to prepare for the call, and then Xuanda had a police, but to go to Xuanfu with the troops he commanded." "He also ordered Wang Xi to command Jin Shi to guard the Heavenly City of Datong." In June, "Liu Wen, the Marquis of Anyuan, was ordered to defend Gubeikou, and The Capital commanded Zhao Chengxu to defend Baiyangkou, and Hua Xun to defend Huanghua Town, so that he could live near Xuanfu and garrison the forts along the border." "In July, the Inspector of Datong Town had already complied with the defensive matters of the headquarters, and distributed Chen Yu Datong Zuo WeiCheng, Zhou Zhengwei Yuancheng, Zhu Luping City, Zhang Qijingping, Shuozhou Ercheng, Zhang Bao Huairen City, Sun Zhen Shanyin, Mayi Ercheng, Hangxiong Yingzhou City, Zheng Biao, Ma Xun, and Gao Shi, and the entire army of soldiers and horses to help and deal with them carefully, Extremely prepared. ”
Look at Old Brother Zhu's arrangement, "First there is a purpose to account for the grain and grass of xuanda second town, to pay enough for the number of the main guest soldiers and horses for four or five years, and the household department is on the article of the minister of the ministry of the huifu, and the first Shandong and Henan are transported from Linqing and the second warehouse of Dezhou for 130,000 stones of rice, please benefit from Taicang to save 20,000 stones of rice, eight dollars per stone, 100,000 stones to supplement Xuanfu, and 50,000 stones to supplement Datong; A member of the Shanxi Special Committee's Cloth Administration And a member of the Inspector General Xuan's collection of grain and grass, the amount was complete, and Fang Xu returned to his post; One or two towns tun tian income should also be ordered to be strictly supervised, tun tian jinshi, guan tun both command the investigation and persuasion lessons, according to the schedule, do not still play Ti; Yihedong Xie Salt Class Silver Year Xie Xuanfu 80,000 taels, Datong 50,000 taels, now increased by 50,000 yu Xuanfu; A Shanxi military clerk asked for meritorious service and civilians, etc., because of its severity as a rule, each of them received silver to give to the side; A taicang silver 100,000 taels and a dispatch of the Taoist officials to check and attach the remaining 100,000 to the second town, summon merchants to pay grain; When a grain and grass is purchased and the harvest is harvested in autumn and winter, half of the official silver can be saved. Get the will, Hedong salt but in the face of salt peanut hair, regardless of the amount, try their best to fish for the distribution of the second town, Taicang with yu silver quasi-moving support, do not have to send the section officer, Yu Ruyi. that is, to prepare sufficient grain and grass.
Before the Battle of Yingzhou, "There is a purpose, the ministry of household silver one million two lost to Xuanfu, in preparation for rewarding labor" (ready to reward"), "see liaodong right general office command Jin Shi Xiao presented that the original selection of Xuanfu to recruit officers and soldiers to wear summer clothes, that is, this August, the weather is getting colder, lack of money to buy cotton flowers, begging to give clothes to keep cold ... The present-day Liaodong officials came from Liaodong,...... If the Liaodong officials and army are allowed to give it, and its Yansui official army has been transferred out for many years, it is even more laborious than the Liaodong official army, and if it is not allowed to give ,...... The envoys who were transferred out of the country were not subject to cold, and they were available in a hurry, and they were inscribed on August 28, 1212, and they were ,...... All the photos are counted with fat jacket hakama shoes, not for example, chin this" (prepare cold-resistant clothing, compassionate soldiers)
Wuzong's northern tour map
During the Battle of Yingzhou, Brother Zhu found that although the previous deployment of the imperial court was well distributed, there was no focus, the troops were scattered, and it was difficult to resist the impact of large-scale Mongol cavalry, so it was adjusted, "First of all, more than 50,000 horsemen of yulin will enter Kou, Shangyang and Wenzhi, and order the generals to distribute the key places, and The Datong general Wang Xun and the deputy commander-in-chief Zhang Bao 、...... Guerrilla Zhou Zhengjun Weiyuan, when September Wu Shu also. It probably means that (1) Datong Town was garrisoned by Wang Xun, the commander-in-chief of Datong, Zhang Shui, the deputy commander-in-chief, and Sun Zhen, the guerrilla.
(2) The settlement fort was guarded by Xiao Jiao, the general of Liaodong Province.
(3) Tiancheng Wei was garrisoned by Xuanfu during the guerrilla attack.
(4) Yang Hewei was garrisoned by Deputy Commander-in-Chief Tao Jie and Counselor General Yang Yu.
(5) Pingyu Wei was garrisoned by Zhu Luan, the deputy commander-in-chief.
(6) Wei Yuanwei was garrisoned by the guerrilla Zhou Zheng.
For Mongolia:
It has been more than thirty days since the Holy Driver patrolled the border, and yesterday it was rumored that he was driving in Yanghe City, and there were tens of thousands of thieves outside the border, and he camped thirty or forty miles away from Yanghe, and thousands of thieves were sentry raids. "Roughly from this we can see the number of Mongol troops.
After the Mongol army arrived in Datong, it found that Datong and Yanghe were well defended, so they bypassed Datong and Yanghe and invaded from the northwest of Datong by separate routes ("About 10,000 thieves walked east and west from Mt. Midas." ”）
Beginning and end of the campaign:
The Mongol army attacked from the west side of Datong Town, camped at Sun Tianbao, and Wang Xun and others stationed in Datong Town immediately led their troops to battle, and after learning that Wang Xun's troops had engaged the Mongol army, Zhu Houzhao immediately sent Xiao Jiao, Shi Chun and other support, and Zhou Zheng and Zhu Luan followed the Mongolian army and waited for the opportunity to fight. He also summoned Zhu Zhen, the commander-in-chief of Xuanfu, to join himself in Yanghe and prepare for support.
On October 18, Wang Xun and other troops encountered the Mongol army, fighting in Xiunu Village, Wang Xun oversaw the battle, and the Mongol army retreated in the direction of Yingzhou (this is problematic, from the direction point of view, Yingzhou is further south, according to my guess, Wang Xun did not fight, retreated, and the Mongol army continued to invade)
On October 19, Wang Xun and others engaged the Mongol army at WuliZhai, and the Mongolian army divided its troops to surround Wang Xun (presumably the cavalry rushed the formation).
On October 20, fog broke out in the morning, and Wang Xun led his army to break through and enter Yingzhou. Zhu Luan and the others arrived and joined forces.
On October 21, Wang Xun and other troops went out of the city to seek battle, encountered the Mongol soldiers at the village of Jianzi near Yingzhou, and began to fight. Xiao Jiao, Shi Chun, Ma Xun and other troops came to their aid, but were blocked by the Mongolian army. The formal crisis, just as Zhu Houzhao arrived, the morale of the Ming army was greatly boosted, the Mongols retreated slightly, it was late, and they camped. (This may not be clear, it may be true, after all, reinforcements have come)
On October 22, the Mongol army took the initiative to launch an attack, under the personal command of Brother Houzhao, from tatsu time to unitary time, more than a hundred rounds of the great war, the Mongol army saw that it could not bargain, and began to retreat.
On October 22, Hou Zhao's brother led his troops in pursuit and chased them to Shuozhou and Pingyu, but retired because of the weather and the fatigue of the soldiers.
Result: First of all, the holy car was also outside the Saiwai, but it was obtained from Chen Shiyingzhou and other places under the Fengtian Gate, which made the Wenwu Qunchen look at it, and then awarded a silver medal and a color section in front of the Wenhua Hall.
Evaluation: Wang Qiong of the main military department at the time commented that "zhengde twelve years of the camp is still living in Weining Haizi, the headquarters of the pre-play equipment, regarded as zhengde eleven years is particularly thorough, Datong town inspector sentry distribution, also in the machine, suitable for driving Xingyanghe, thieves into Yingzhou ... Although there is a battle, it is a pity that there is no great victory. Meaning, the arrangement was tight, but there was no great victory.
Summary: Actually, I think it is possible that this kind of fight has indeed been fought for several days, and the battle situation is very fierce, and the Mongol army has suffered many casualties, but because there is a second promotion channel (combat bravery), so everyone has not cut the head level, so it seems that the gain is not very large. As for whether there is smear, I think there may not be smear, but there are not so many at the first level, and the spring and autumn brushwork in other places makes people feel very absurd.
Idea: The little prince basically died when he went back, because there is no historical data, it cannot prove whether there is a little prince involved in this battle, because the little prince died in Mongolia to split, if the little prince really participated in this war, he can really fill in a meritorious deed for Zhu Houzhao, but unfortunately, there is no historical data that can say clearly, but the big war really exists, and it is really won.
supplement:
1. Ming Dynasty Battle Achievements: In the book "History of the Ancient Chinese Military System" edited by Liu Zhan, it is believed that the Ming Dynasty basically used two different standards to formulate detailed rules for the reward of meritorious service by soldiers. First, starting from the overall determination of victory or defeat, we should examine the actual role and bravery of the sergeant. The second is to evaluate the reward level by the number of enemy heads. The "Aftermath of the Dreams of Chunming" also says that the Ming Dynasty "distinguished martial arts with the fourth and second grades of battle merit" and the "Ancient and Modern Zhiping Strategy" recorded: "The fourth grade of the first gong, known as the Northern Prisoner, known as the Liaodong Female Straight, known as the Western Fan MiaoMan, known as the inland anti-thief." Where the battle merit is second-class, it is known as qigong and head gong.
2. Ming Dynasty Army: At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, after the establishment of the Beijing Camp under the Grand Marshal's Office, the Governor's Office of the Five Armies was established to train the Beijing Army. After the Battle of Jingnan, the capital was moved to Beijing, and Beijing became the center. In order to train the army, Ming Chengzu fixed the system of three major battalions, divided into five battalions, three thousand battalions and shenji battalion, in addition to the Beijing guard station, every year to dispatch Shandong, Henan and other places of guard station soldiers, to the Beijing division to practice, known as the squad army. The Jing army was the main force of the Ming Dynasty during this period. In the fourteenth year of the reign of Emperor Yingzong, the Ming army suffered a crushing defeat at Tumu Fort, 500,000 troops were destroyed, and the Beijing army suffered great losses. After Emperor Daizong ascended the throne, he adopted the suggestions of Shangshu Yuqian of the Bingbu And Shi Heng and others to select 150,000 officers and soldiers from the Beijing camp and divided them into ten battalions and regiments, known as "regiment battalions". The original Beijing Army (three battalions) was called the "Old Battalion". At the beginning of Emperor Yingzong's restoration, the regimental camp system was abolished, and the regimental camp was established again in the eighth year of Tianshun. During the reign of Emperor Mingxianzong Chenghua, the regimental battalion system was abolished again, but in the third year of Chenghua, he adopted the opinions of Shangshu Ma Ang and others of the Military Department, and once again implemented the regimental battalion system, increasing it to twelve battalions, with one officer such as Hou, Bo, and Dudu as the camp officers, and the soldiers of the regimental battalion were named "Head Dial", and 140,000 first-class non-commissioned officers were selected, called "Xuanfeng". By the time of Emperor Wuzong, the number of battalions of the twelve regiments was only more than 60,000, and the number of the Beijing army was as high as 140,000. The Jing army was originally the main military force of the Ming government to quell internal rebellions, peasant uprisings, and resistance to Mongol invasions. However, in the Battle of Tumubao, the Beijing army suffered huge losses, and a large number of soldiers were hidden by the powerful and noble, engaged in various engineering construction, and were not trained diligently, and their armament was not repaired, and their combat effectiveness was already very weak.
3. The number of Ming armies in the Nine Borders of the Ming Dynasty (quoted from the paper "Research on the System of Nine Border Military Towns in the Ming Dynasty")