Exclusive report of Teng's Aquatic Products Business Network:
Author | Liu Haiyan[1] Du Mingju[2] Cao Lihuan[2]
Author | Yu Minghai[3] Li Chengwei[1] Wu Hongwei[1]
Author | 1. Chengdu Vocational College of Agricultural Science and Technology
Author | 2. Leshan Normal University
Author | 3. Guangzhou Dequan Fishery Development Co., Ltd
Australian freshwater lobster (Redclaw crayfish), commonly known as Australian lobster, red crawfish, blue lobster, native to northern Australia, the shape resembles a sea lobster and got its name. The shrimp was introduced to China in the 1990s, due to its small amount of eggs, small breeding cycle lobster long, high temperature requirements, many places can not overwinter, therefore, the breeding cost is high, the scale is small, the degree of industrialization is low. But the economic benefits are high, in recent years, more and more attention from the industry, some large companies to do seed breeding, breeding are more successful, this article from the Australian lobster industry status, breeding model, market prospects and other aspects to make a review, aimed at providing reference for Australian lobster farmers.
Australian freshwater lobster
Australian freshwater lobster (Redclaw crayfish), commonly known as Australian lobster, red crawfish, blue lobster, native to northern Australia, the shape resembles a sea lobster and got its name, is one of the world's most valuable freshwater economic shrimp species. The body of the shrimp is brownish green, and the outer tip of the mature male shrimp has a membranous bright red band, also known as the red cet shrimp. Australian freshwater lobsters like to be quiet and dark, afraid of light and noise, like living water, new water, and require a quiet growth environment. Strong adaptability, survival water temperature of 15 °C ~ 37 °C, growth water temperature of 21 °C ~ 33 °C, the optimal temperature of 24 °C ~ 28 °C, pH of 6.5 ~ 9, salt tolerance range of 0 ~ 10 ‰, omnivorous, individuals are usually 100 ~ 200 g, the maximum weight can reach 500 g.
In 1992, China's Hubei Fisheries Research Institute introduced Australian freshwater lobsters and successfully tried them in Guangdong Province and Hubei Province. In April 1993, the Fujian Fisheries Research Institute successfully introduced the species and successfully raised it. After 1994, it was gradually promoted to Hunan, Jiangsu, Beijing and other places. Due to its small amount of eggs, smaller breeding cycle lobsters, long temperature requirements, many places can not overwinter, therefore, breeding costs are high, the scale is small, and the degree of industrialization is low. However, because of its wide diet, fast growth, tender meat, delicious taste, rich nutrition, has begun to be welcomed in the market, breeding more and more, is currently in Zhejiang, Guangzhou, Guangxi, Hainan, Fujian and other main production areas, Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou and other places have been cultivated. This article reviews the current situation, farming model and market prospects of Australian lobster, aiming to provide reference for Australian lobster farmers.
1 Current status of culture
In recent years, the scale of Australian lobster farming in China has been growing, and related reports point out that as of 2017, the output of China's Australian lobster industry has reached 60,700 tons, an increase of 19% year-on-year. At the same time, the rapid rise in Australian lobster consumption demand has directly stimulated the scale of investment in Australian lobster farming, with Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Hainan as the representative of the main provinces of domestic Australian lobster farming vigorously promote Australian lobster farming, some governments will be Australian lobster farming as an industrial poverty alleviation project to vigorously develop, which makes China's Australian lobster farming scale is getting bigger and bigger, it is expected that by 2024, China's Australian lobster output value will reach about 63 billion yuan.
Figure 1 Forecast of the output value and scale of China's Australian lobster industry from 2018 to 2024
2 Farming mode
2.1 Pond culture
In China, Australian freshwater lobsters mainly use pond culture. For the environmental conditions of the aquaculture pond, it is generally required that the pond area should not be too large, 3×667 m2 ~ 8×667 m2, the water depth is 0.7 ~ 1.5 m, the water quality is fresh, the inlet and drainage is convenient, there is a certain aquatic grass coverage rate and clear pond fertilizer water, the pH value is maintained at 7.0 ~ 8.0, the transparency is 30 cm, when the water temperature rises to more than 16 °C can be released seedlings. Shrimp fry size of 1 to 1.5 cm is appropriate, choose the body color bright, shiny, liver gray-black, rectal food visible, strong elasticity of individuals. The seedling density is generally 5000~6000 fish/mu, and the pond with mature breeding conditions can be appropriately increased to 8000~10000 fish/mu. After the shrimp fry are stocked, the lobster is fed with special compound feed, and with the increase of the individual size of the shrimp, the feed particles gradually increase, and the feeding amount is 5%-8% of the body weight, which is fed twice a day.
The actual feeding amount per day is mainly based on the season, water quality, weather and other conditions, but also according to the lobster feeding situation adjustment, the later stage also needs to do a good job in water quality management and lobster disease prevention and control. According to reports, in the 40 acres of standard ponds using standardized pond culture, to be listed for lobster fishing, the average size of shrimp can reach 108 grams / only, the total output of 9440 kg, the average yield per mu is 236 kg, the average price is 110 yuan / kg, deducting the loss of about 280 kg, the sales income is 1006950 yuan, the profit is 202890 yuan, and the average profit per mu is 5072 yuan, which has achieved good economic and ecological benefits.
Pond cultivation of madder
2.2 Rice and shrimp co-cultivation
Australian freshwater lobster can be co-cultivated with rice shrimp, requiring fresh water quality in rice fields, high dissolved oxygen in water, and weak light, which can refer to the breeding technology of crayfish. Shrimp fry are usually released after rice planting in May, and lobsters can be harvested after rice harvest in mid-September. Australian freshwater lobsters are between 1-7 cm, almost no delamination, once more than 7 cm, the delamination is extremely strong. When the lobster is not destructive, the rice field can raise the water level and let the lobster grow in the rice field, if the lobster reaches a very destructive time, the rice field will lower the water level and let the lobster grow in the ditch around the rice field, so that the cycle solves the problem of lobster destroying the rice. As a new model of modern agriculture, it has the characteristics of promoting rice quality and safety with fishing, stabilizing grain efficiency and increasing efficiency, and plays an important role in implementing the strategy of rural revitalization and helping precise poverty alleviation.
2.3 Lotus pond nursery
Australian lobster in the lotus pond set, lotus pond water quality is relatively clear, lotus leaves can be lobster shade, lotus root cultivation application of ecological fertilizer or organic fertilizer, in order to meet the growth and development of lotus root at the same time also for the lotus pond in other aquatic animals and plants to grow to provide superior natural conditions, lobster can make full use of the lotus root field water environment and bait resources, lotus root field in the floating plants, lotus root buds and branches and young leaves can be used as lobster bait, not only greatly reduce the cost of lobster farming, but also improve the quality of lotus root and crayfish, The production of crayfish has been greatly increased, and the effect of increasing production and income has been achieved.
It has been reported that the production of crayfish under this mode can reach 75 kg / mu, the yield of lotus is 2000 kg / mu, to achieve the overall efficiency increase of 40% to 50%, the use of lotus shrimp rotation breeding mode, the planting industry and aquaculture industry organic combination, to achieve ecological breeding, fully tap the production potential of lotus field, so that the breeding benefits increase, so as to achieve the purpose of doubling the comprehensive agricultural benefits, the future will have a large space for development.
3 Market outlook
Since the crayfish market is relatively mature, small-sized Australian freshwater lobster can replace the crayfish market, so the consumer market is relatively mature. As a high-grade ingredient, large-scale Australian freshwater lobster mainly supplies high-end hotels and clubs, and the demand of the catering industry drives the development of the aquaculture industry, and the Australian lobster industry market prospects are better. The demand for freshwater lobsters in Australia will rise, especially for high-quality ones.
Many areas in China have the conditions for large-scale expansion of aquaculture, which can meet the needs of rapid consumption growth and expansion of the lobster market. Taking Sichuan as an example, related reports pointed out that in 2019, the consumption of crayfish in the four provinces and cities of Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan and Guizhou alone was about 200,000 tons, and the local gap was more than 150,000 tons. Roughly estimated that by 2022, the total output value of the crayfish gap in the entire southwest region is at least 10 billion yuan, and although the Lobster industry in Sichuan started late, it has the largest fishing paddy field in the entire western region, and the demand in surrounding provinces and cities is strong, and there is a geographical advantage and great potential space in the western market. It has been reported that australian freshwater lobsters are fully farmable in seawater with a salinity of less than 2 ‰, which means that more than 50% of the culture ponds in China's coastal areas meet the conditions for breeding Australian freshwater lobsters. Australian crayfish farming technology is the same as protocrayfish, its economic value is higher, more and more attention, therefore, the market prospects are broad.
4 There is a problem
4.1 Subject to geographical and seasonal restrictions
The seasonal effect of Australian freshwater lobster is obvious, and it is only fully listed in October every year, only as a "substitute" for the empty window period of crayfish, and the spring and summer are the "drying period" of Australian lobster. We have done a test in chengdu, Sichuan, the water temperature at 9 ° C Australian lobster will die, if there is no winter shed, can not overwinter The Chengdu area before the end of October, it is best to put it all on the market, otherwise the loss is heavy.
4.2 The quality of seedlings is uneven
At present, Australian freshwater lobster shrimp fry mainly come from Fujian, Guangzhou, Zhejiang and other places, large-scale, standardized seed production bases are few, and limited by the introduction of seeds, small-scale breeding base inbreeding germplasm degradation is more serious, resulting in uneven seed quality.
Australian freshwater lobsters have a small amount of eggs, generally about 300 grains, and due to many reasons such as cannibalism, aquatic predators stealing, improper breeding environment, etc., the actual number of seedlings is only half or even less than the number of eggs [17]. As a result, there are fewer seedlings and they cannot meet the huge industrial demand.
4.3 Backward breeding technology and low management level
Australian lobster was introduced to China in the 1990s, due to the high cost of breeding, large investment, fewer farmers, generally using earthen pond culture, less use of artificial greenhouses or other modern facilities to breed lobster. In the management and operation of breeding, a complete technical system and operating norms have not yet been formed, and the law of reproduction has not yet been fully mastered. There are also many farmers who are catching up with the boom, and they are even more unclear about the selection and release of fry, the density of shrimp fry, the release of bait and other breeding technologies, resulting in a low survival rate of shrimp fry.
4.4 Weak disease control technology
Australian lobster is mainly farmed in Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan and Zhejiang coastal areas of China, and small-scale trial culture in a few inland provinces. The culture method is mostly based on the freshwater crawfish (crayfish) and the culture model of fish. There are many successful breeding customers, but the breeding experience is not much. Supporting breeding animal protection inputs, has not yet formed a special series, the overall level of disease prevention and control is low, the real encounter with major diseases can only be resigned to fate, the overall breeding survival rate is not high, the unit mu yield is low.
5 Conclusion
At present, the crayfish market is sluggish, in urgent need of high economic benefits of product substitution, Australian lobster life habits and crayfish similar, its strong disease resistance, high economic value, will become a new favorite of breeding. However, Australian lobsters can not survive the winter in many places, how to overcome the wintering technology without building a winter shed? Problems such as seed degradation, brand promotion, and product sales have yet to be solved.