Continuing from the above, we talk about the Sheng Tang dynasty from the Western Zhou Dynasty, from the invasion of the Western Zhou Dynasty by the Dog Rong to the baidi south to the Yellow River; we write about the invasion of the Xiongnu and the humiliation of Gaozu; and then to the Wuhu Chaohua, the Xiongnu, the Qiang, the Qiang, and the Xianbei successively entered the Central Plains, and established many separatist regimes in the Central Plains and the Northwest; and then later, the Turks rose up and fought successively with the Sui Dynasty, and a generation of strongmen Tang Taizong Li Shimin were also attacked by Turkic soldiers; later, there was a rebellion at An Lushan, and Li Tangsuzong and Daizong borrowed troops to return to Qi, and were able to recover Jiangshan.
However, after the Tang Dynasty, because of the climate and temperature decline and other reasons, the northern nomads going south is even more difficult to curb, several major nomads are more long-term south to sit in the country and mountains, after the Tang Dynasty, except for the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the rest of the time in the treatment of northern nomads are somewhat inadequate, and even many times are at a disadvantage.
Next, we will continue to talk about several major ethnic minority invasions in China's history.
Pinnacle Tubo and Huiyi
6. The rise of Tibet and the loss of the Tang Emperor
After the Anshi Rebellion, the Tang Empire no longer returned to the glory of the year, entered the decadent Middle Tang Dynasty, gradually lost control of the Hexi Corridor and the Western Regions, and when the Tang Dynasty declined, Tubo on the plateau began to rise, began to expand eastward and northward from Qinghai, in 763 AD, Tubo took advantage of the Tang Dynasty's lack of preparation, raided the Tang border, the eunuch Cheng Yuanzhen concealed it, and Li Yu, the tang emperor who had recently succeeded to the throne, knew nothing. In more than a month, the Tubo army broke through Gansu, and the army went straight into the Qin River for three hundred miles.
Emperor Daizong of Tang learned of this at this time, and hurriedly reactivated the old minister Guo Ziyi, making Li Shi the Prince of Yong (later Tang Dezong) the Marshal of Guannei Province and Guo Ziyi the Deputy Marshal, leading the army to Xianyang to resist the Tubo army. With a Tubo army of more than 200,000, it was difficult for the Tang Dynasty to form an army large enough to resist the invading enemy in a short period of time. Subsequently, the Tubo army bypassed Guo Ziyi in Weibei, crossed the Wei River, and directly attacked Chang'an, and Emperor Tang fled in a hurry.
The Tubo army invaded Chang'an, and the world shook. After the Tubo army entered Chang'an, the rebel Gao Hui and the Tubo general Ma Chongying and others plotted to pull out Li Chenghong, the great-grandson of the late Zhanghuai prince Li Xian, and make him a puppet "emperor". Guo Ziyi heard that the city of Chang'an was broken, hurried south, and returned to the Tang Dynasty in the southern mountains. With the cooperation of King Qin's army, Tubo was finally driven out of Chang'an, but the Gyeonggi region caused great disasters to the Tang Dynasty and the people because of the destruction of Tubo.
Tubo conquered Chang'an
After that, the Tubo and Hui armies attacked Chang'an for the second time, and the famous Tang Dynasty general Gugu Huai'en rebelled and led back to the south of Qi, and the army went straight into the Gyeonggi region, fortunately Guo Ziyi was not in danger, and was eventually repulsed at Fengtian. In 765, The servant Gu Huai'en led Tubo and Hui to attack Chang'an for the second time, which was the third attack in history, the main attack was Tubo, attacking Fengtian. In addition, Dangxiang detoured to the southeast and attacked Huayin and Lantian, while tuguhun and Nula armies attacked present-day Zhouzhi in shaanxi from the west. The Hui army was the backup.
Emperor Tang Personally deployed the Jingshi defense, and Guo Ziyi attacked flexibly outside. Subsequently, due to the illness of the servant Gu Huai'en, he subsequently died of illness. The Hui army withdrew, Guo Ziyi took the opportunity to pursue and kill, several large armies were defeated, and then the Hui army, under the grace of Guo Ziyi, immediately abandoned the dark and surrendered to the Ming, and after the Pilgrimage to Emperor Tang, took the initiative to undertake the heavy responsibility of pursuing Tubo, and finally resolved the crisis in Chang'an.
However, the rise of Tubo was difficult to contain, and after Tubo took control of the Hexi Corridor, the Return Route of the Tang Dynasty army in the Western Regions was cut off, and eventually it was quickly eaten away by Tubo and Hui.
Emperor Shi Jingyao
7. Five dynasties and ten kingdoms, the rise of the Khitans
In the last year of the Tang Dynasty, the Khitan rose from the northern foothills of the Daxing'an Mountains and gradually began to attack the grasslands, and with the efforts of Yelü Abaoji, the Khitan finally unified the grasslands, during this period, the Khitan began to tentatively go south, dabbling near Youzhou, but in the face of the strong Li Cunxun, the Khitan army could not gain anything. The Khitan successor, Yelü Deguang, became the nightmare of the Central Plains regime during the five generations of chaos.
In the last years of the Later Tang Dynasty, Li Congke and Shi Jingyao were at odds, and Shi Jingyao, in order to avoid being liquidated and jealous by Li Congke, planned to act first and be strong, exposing the intention of rebellion everywhere, and the contradictions between the two could not be eased. However, Shi Jingyao knew very well that as an emissary of Jiedushi, it was impossible for him to fight against Li Congke, the emperor who sat in the world. Therefore, Shi Jingyao thought of the idea of attracting the Khitan army as a backup, and under the condition of promising heavy profits and cutting land, Yelü De guang personally led tens of thousands of troops to the south to support Shi Jingyao.
The Khitan army defeated the Later Tang army at Tuanbai Valley, and then took advantage of the situation to move south and push into Luoyang. The last emperor Li Congke, in the case of the Later Tang Shangneng War, seemed to be frightened by the previous defeat, had no intention of fighting, and could only hide in Luoyang, watching the war deteriorate, and finally set himself on fire in Luoyang and died. While Yelü Deguang was able to enter the Central Plains, Shi Jingyao ceded youyun sixteen prefectures to the Khitan and paid tribute to a large number of treasures and cloth 300,000 horses every year, calling himself a son of the country. Since then, the Khitan has had a natural geographical advantage over the Central Plains.
Khitan went south
However, after Shi Jingyao, his successor Shi Chonggui did not agree, this emperor of average ability, after taking the throne, he no longer claimed to the Khitan and then opened a great war between the Later Jin and the Khitans, but at this time Yelü Deguang was at its peak, and then went south, Du Chongwei surrendered to the enemy on the front line, and another general, Zhang Yanze, led his troops south to Bieliang. Yelü Deguang led the Khitan into Bieliang, and ascended the throne as emperor in Bieliang, and the Khitan achieved a real peak.
Subsequently, the Khitan remained strong, and the Later Han regime was also a puppet regime supported by the Khitans. Only Chai Rong of the Later Zhou Dynasty made many Northern Expeditions that he had a slight chance of being able to recover Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures. However, with the disastrous defeat of Song Taizong's several Northern Expeditions, Song Liao then entered a period of peace that lasted for a hundred years.
Shame on Jing Kang
8. In the last year of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Jurchens went south
In the last years of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Jurchens, who had been oppressed by the Khitan for many years, finally became humiliated, and yan a bone rebelled, and then rose between the white mountains and black waters. At this time, the Liao State, because there was almost no major war with the Northern Song Dynasty for a hundred years, had long been corrupt in the country, political infighting, and the army's combat effectiveness was low.
The Jurchen army then swept through the northeast and took the regional center of the northeast, Huanglong Province, and then, in the great decisive battle with the main force of the Liao army, it was also a series of victories, followed by the alliance with the Northern Song Dynasty, the north and south attacked the Liao state, with the bravery of the Jurchen cavalry, the Jin state quickly destroyed the Liao, and after the initial stability, it had greater ambitions, that is, to rely on the advantages of Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures to launch a thunderous blow against the decaying Song Dynasty.
The Jin army went south from Youzhou and other places, all the way to the Song army's city, as if entering no man's land. In an instant, it hit the edge of the Yellow River, fortunately, the Song army was tenacious, with famous generals such as Seed Shidao and Li Gang, so the Song army withstood the first wave of the Jin army's offensive. But then came a blind operation by Song Qinzong, which opened the door of the Song army, which was already stretched, the city of Bieliang was broken, and the Jurchens entered the Central Plains.
The Jurchens went south
However, the ambitions of the Jin State did not stop there, after the Song clan moved south, the Jin army still pursued it, with a huge military advantage, the Jin army crossed the river under the Jiangnan, the army covered Zhejiang and other places, Gaozong Zhao had no choice but to take refuge in the sea, fortunately, there were famous generals in the early Southern Song Dynasty, Yue Fei, Zhang Jun, Li Gang, Han Shizhong and other tenacious struggles, finally repelled the strongest wave of the Jin army's offensive, and then, after the Southern Song Dynasty gained a firm foothold, it began to negotiate with the Jin army, and finally rowed the Huai River with the Jurchen forces.
The Jurchens were able to occupy the entire Central Plains, and with the joint efforts of the Jurchens and the Northern Han, the Jin Dynasty became the most powerful country in the world at that time.
Battle of Xiangyang in the Song and Yuan Dynasties
9. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Mongolia and Yuan were unified
At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Mongolia, which had a feud with the Jin Dynasty, finally unified Mongolia under the command of Genghis Khan Temujin, and then began to conquer the four sides, after the success of the Western Expedition, it immediately launched a protracted war with the Jin Kingdom, so in 1211 AD, the Mongol army gathered genghis Khan, Muhuali, Torre, Wokoutai and many other super famous generals to attack the Jin Kingdom with the strongest Mongolian elite of less than 200,000.
The Jin Dynasty, with Yan Chengyu and other generals as the main generals, gathered 500,000 troops, almost all of the country's strength, and a major showdown with Mongolia. The Jin army held a dangerous position at Wild Fox Ridge, but because the distance was too dispersed, it was completely unable to show the huge superiority of troops, and finally it was broken by the Mongol army one by one.
Since then, mongolia has taken great initiative in the war against the JinGuo, and finally after twenty years, it has finally encroached on the land of the Jinguo step by step. After the destruction of the Jin Dynasty, the Mongol army did not stop the pace of attack, but continued to move south and attack the Southern Song Dynasty. However, the mighty Mongol army lost its front hoof in Xiangyang and Diaoyu City and was blocked from advancing.
Mongolia went south
The Song-Mongolian War lasted for decades, until Kublai Khan fixed Beijing, after the founding of the New Yuan, the Yuan army achieved practical results in the war to destroy the Song Dynasty, the Yuan army attacked Xiangyang, successively took sichuan and Jianghuai lands, and then attacked Jiangnan, took Lin'an in one fell swoop, and destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty. The army then swept away the remnants of the Southern Song Dynasty, and in 1279, defeated the last navy of the Southern Song Dynasty at the Battle of Yashan.
Lu Xiufu jumped into the sea with the seven-year-old Song Shao Emperor in his arms, and the Southern Song Dynasty was completely destroyed. For the first time in history, a dynasty was established by a nomadic people unifying the country.
The Qing army entered the Central Plains
10. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Manchu Qing Dynasty went south to Dingding
The Ming Dynasty always faced a threat from the north, and in the early stage, because the Ming army led by Zhu Yuanzhang and Zhu Di was extremely strong, it almost swept through the Northern Yuan. However, in the Zhuqizhen period, the Mongol Walla rose up and broke the Ming army at Tumu Fort, after which the Mongolian Wallachian, Tatar and Ming armies confronted each other for nearly two hundred years.
Until, the Jianzhou Jurchen unified the Jurchen departments and rose in the northeast at the end of the Ming Dynasty. Nurhaci endured for half a lifetime, and finally under the indirect support of the Ming Dynasty, he established the Houjin, and in the Battle of Salhu, he used various methods of breaking, defeated the Ming Dynasty's multi-way army, and finally took Shenyang and Liaoyang, and finally became emperor Fengtian.
However, this is not the end of the Jurchens, but the beginning. In the following 20 or 30 years, the Ming Dynasty and the Manchu Qing dynasty faced off for a long time, and although the Eight Banners of Manchuria were extremely strong in combat, they never made a major breakthrough in the Guanning Defense Line. Until the end of the Ming Dynasty, due to the severe drought in Henan for many years, peasant uprisings arose one after another. The Manchu Qing dynasty was able to reap the benefits, and after the fall of the Ming Dynasty, it received Wu Sangui's surrender, and finally successfully entered the customs, breaking the peasant rebel army in one fell swoop, and then settling Beijing.
After the Manchu Qing Dynasty, it opened the road to unifying the whole country, successively breaking the Dashun Army, the Great Western Army, and the Southern Ming. It went south to Jiangnan, swept across the country, and finally destroyed the Southern Ming court. It became the second northern nomadic people after the Mongolian Yuan to unify the whole country and establish a great dynasty.