Photo by Chen Lupeng, Shacheng Harbor
Shacheng Port, known as Shaguan in ancient times, is located in the northeast of Fujian Province, in the territory of Fuding City, and is a natural port. Its harbor entrance is located at the junction of Fujian and Zhejiang, between the Nanzhen nose in Fujian and the tiger head nose in Zhejiang, and there are two islands outside the bay mouth, Beiguan and Nanguan, forming a natural barrier. The harbor is narrow and curved, extending inland for up to 36 kilometers. Inside the harbor, the hills on both sides of the river face each other, and the peaks stretch out. The water in the harbor is deep and flat, and the giant ship is moored in the middle, and anjodo Ao. On the north bank of the bay mouth is the town of Shacheng, 45 kilometers away from Fuding City, and the Qing "Chronicle of Fuding County" says: "Shacheng is in the southeast of the county, with the sea on three sides, the merchants and the people are spoke, facing the south town, connecting the Guanshan Mountain, and the lower is connected to the beacon fire, which is the throat of the county's governance of the sea." After passing through the "throat", it entered the Liujiang River and the Luo Lip Sea. Qing Guangxu's "Zhejiang Coastal Map" describes it as "a deep and wide waterway, dozens of large ships can be berthed, the two sides of the strait can still choose to open a dock, the two mountains at the mouth and gate are arched, the pass is natural, and if it is defended with strong ships and cannons, it can be a place for the navy to gather."
Shacheng Port has a long history as a military stronghold, especially in the nearly 20 years of the Southern Ming Dynasty from 1644 to 1662, it was an important anti-Qing stronghold.
I. Zhu Yihai and others "moving the sands"
Photo by Chen Lupeng
On July 18, the second year of Qing Shunzhi (1645), Zhang Guowei and Qian Sule of the anti-Qing clique in eastern Zhejiang supported Zhu Yihai (1618-1662), the king of Lu, as the overseer of the state. In June of the following year, the Qing army defeated the Luwang clique in Shaoxing, and Zhu Yihai fled to the Zhoushan Islands, and in November, he reached Xiamen. Beginning in 1647, many anti-Qing forces in Zhejiang and Fujian used Lu Jianguo as the banner of resistance to the Qing Dynasty and regained the Ming Dynasty, and achieved some victories. In July, Lu Jianguo personally enlisted and called for troops to rise up in various places, and responded for a while. In August, Lianjiang was conquered; in October, changle, Yongfu, Minqing, Luoyuan, and Ningde counties were captured. Liu Zhongzao, a scholar of the Southern Ming Longwu Dynasty University, also raised an army in Fu'an County and conquered the county seat. By 1648, the Southern Ming forces occupied twenty-seven counties in the three prefectures and one prefecture (Fuzhou, Jianning, Xinghua and Funing prefectures) in northeastern Fujian.
According to Xu Nai's "Xiao Xi Ji Nian Supplementary Examination", in October 1647, Li Xiangzhong, the Shangbao Secretary of the Southern Ming Longwu Regime of the Lu Dynasty, was appointed as a soldier and patrolled Funing. Li Xiangzhong (1611-1651), courtesy name Leopard Wei, Li Zhai, Hubei Zhongxiangren, Chongzhen thirteen years (1640) jinshi, after being appointed by the Lu Jianguo military department waiter, inspector Funing, came to Shacheng as the overseer of Liu Zhongzao's troops stationed in Shacheng. The "Little Shy Chronicle Supplementary Examination" records:
“...... After the fall of the Min Dynasty (referring to the fall of the Longwu regime), his parents lived on the seashore; Liu Zhongzao recruited the same dynasty to supervise the state, and was given the post (i.e., the soldier's attendant), and the prison was the commander of the Zao army. When the soldiers were victorious in battle, and many were not broken, the sea residents rumored: "The long-haired general soldiers, the Qianmian Imperial History, and the sharp-headed Chinese army are like sealing the fengfeng." My Father and My Son, cross arms and die! Xiang Zhong: "Right and wrong are great things!" Zhongzao said: "It is for the duty of supervising the army, and it is not a matter of public suspicion!" Xiang Zhongnai summoned the generals to behead them; the Chinese generals sued Zhongzao, and Zhongzao said: "Ru Jin Nai met Duan Taiweiye!" 'Since he was a sergeant, he began to fight. In the middle of the line, the short back of the clothes, the folds, traversing the various boats, comforting the laborers, and encouraging the friendship of the homeland, so that the strength of the strength is lost, and there is nothing to plunder. The funing area is like a father's cloud. ”
The folk song written in the text is the dissatisfaction and satire of the coastal residents of Funing, including Shacheng, about Liu Zhongzao's army's behavior of disturbing the people, and when Li Xiangzhongcha, as a supervisor, heard about this folk song when he visited the people's feelings, he relayed to Liu Zhongzao that after receiving Liu Zhongzao's explanation that "it is the responsibility of the supervising army", the Chinese army that held the festival summoned Liu Zhongzao would want to behead him. Since then, the harassment behavior of non-commissioned officers in Liu Zhongzao's troops has somewhat relented. Fish people refer to a type of "untouchables" who live scattered on the water, take boats as their home, are not allowed to live on land, are not listed in household registration, engage in fishing, pearl mining and other labor, and were discriminated against and persecuted at that time, and during the shacheng period, Li Xiangzhong was able to take the initiative to get close to them and comfort them, so he was able to obtain their support and help. This point is worth affirming in the history of the Southern Ming Dynasty. At that time, there were frequent wars, military expenditure was huge, and where the troops passed, the people in the state capital were extremely burdened, and even there was a predatory grain collection, and Li Xiangzhong was stationed in Shacheng, and it was indeed valuable that Li Xiangzhong was able to "make the strength lose and help, but did not plunder".
In October 1649, Li Xiangzhong, a squire of the Jin Dynasty of the Lu Dynasty, was made a Shangshu. The "Little Shy Chronicle Supplementary Examination" records:
"Xiang Zhong and Xun Wu Bo Zhang Yi defended ShaCheng, Wang Shi attacked Fu'an, and Xiang Zhong's soldiers were few and could not help. The city was broken, and Zhen Wei Bo Tu Jue broke through the sand with his troops. Xiang Zhongnai was the second general of the division, guarding the prison state into Zhejiang, second to the three plates; from Zhang Mingzhen to the Jian Jumping House, Jin Shangshu and Du Cha Yuan. When the sails and waves are strong, from the dead ministers are more haggard and colorless, and to the middle of the abundance as ever. ”
It seems that this Hubei man is fully adapted to life at sea and is not seasick at all. Li Xiangzhonghou followed Lu Jianguo to Zhoushan, and when the Zhoushan army was defeated, he was held by the Qing soldiers, unyielding, scolded the Qing commander, and then sacrificed.
Facts have shown that the people in various parts of Fujian and Zhejiang were forced to be tyrannical by the Qing Dynasty and set off a rebellion struggle in full swing, and Zhu Yihai, the governor of Lu Province, did not lose time in organizing the resistance to the Qing Dynasty. However, the various factions of the Restoration faction fought with each other and fell on each other, allowing the Qing army to break through each other. In 1648, the anti-Qing situation deteriorated, and Lu Jianguo drifted on the sea and had no fixed place to live, during which he "moved to the second shacheng" and "in November, Wang Zhou withdrew from the Hu River". In the first month of 1649, Lu Jianguo once again moved to Shacheng on the border of Fujian and Zhejiang. It was not until the summer of that year, when Zhang Mingzhen, the Marquis of Dingxi, conquered the Jianjiao in Linhai, Zhejiang, that Lu Jianguo moved to that place. The "XiaoYi Chronicle Supplementary Examination" records that Lu Jianguo jumped at the second jumping house on the fifth day of the first month of July 1649, accompanied by Shen Chenquan and Liu Yichun, Li Zhongluan of the Rebbe Shangshu, Li Xiangzhong of the Bingbu Shangshu, and Zhang Huangyan, the Right Governor of the Imperial History, "every day towards the Water Temple".
"The one who is in the water temple, the slightly larger of the royal boats, is named Hejiao; that is, its roof is the court house." The sunset is fierce, the crown is opposite; the subject is difficult, and Yu Si is the pole. ”
According to the topography of Shacheng, it is estimated that Lu Jianguo and a group of his followers also used the "Water Temple" as a temporary headquarters, and its conditions were harsh and life was difficult, which can be imagined. But they may also use the limited land of the sand as wartime command posts and battalion garrisons. Some of the small place names of the current Shacheng Market Town, such as "Yushi Cave", "Bingbu Ridge", "MaDaotou", "Flagpole Gang", etc., are likely to be the historical imprints left at that time.
In order to stimulate the effective forces of the anti-Qing Dynasty, Lu Jianguo indiscriminately issued edicts and awarded official titles, and as long as the original official titles of those who came to surrender were retained, their original official titles were retained. In 1649, during the period of Lu Jianguo's shacheng, he was knighted a lot. It can also be seen from this that the importance of Shacheng in terms of geographical location and military strategy at that time.
In September 1649, Lu Jianguo moved from Jianjiao to Zhoushan to reorganize the government. From this time until 1651, the Zhoushan Islands became the center of anti-Qing armed activities in eastern Zhejiang under the leadership of Lu Jianguo, containing a large number of Qing troops in the southeast and creating favorable conditions for Zheng Chenggong's expansion along the Fujian coast. In 1651, Zhoushan fell, and Lu Jianguo took Zhang Mingzhen and others to Shacheng again. "The south of the sand pass is the Minyang Sea Road, which is not familiar to the Zhejiang Water Division." The Qing court sent troops to block the road, Lu Jianguo sent some of his generals to surrender to the Qing side, Zhang Mingzhen led other soldiers to protect Lu Jianguofu and then took a boat to Haitan Island (that is, Pingtan Island) and entered Zheng Chenggong's sphere of influence. In March 1653, Zhu gave up the name of supervising the state in hai and placed himself in zheng chenggong's forces.
II. Zheng Chenggong's Army "Stationed in Shaguan"
The "official city" is rumored to have been built by Chen Lupeng by Zheng Chenggong's garrison
On May 18, 1655, the twelfth year of Qing Shunzhi (1655), Zheng Chenggong's chen hui, Zhou Jiazheng, Chen Qi, and others led more than 300 ships and more than 10,000 soldiers to surprise the Qing army guarding the Shacheng Tubao, annihilating 28 enemies, capturing four Hongyi small cannons, seven hundred cannons, and one camp cannon, and the defender Zhang Guozhong, the general of ShachengQian, was wounded and escaped. Later, the "Later Fujian Inspector Yi Yonggui Fragment Inscription" stated: "The local wave floating isolated island, on three sides of the sea, but the northern line only passes through Tongshan Mountain." There is no city to defend, and the collapsed earthen fort is difficult to support. [5] The Battle of Shacheng shook the Qing court.
The Translation and Compilation of the Manchu Archives of the Zheng Chenggong Family in the Early Qing Dynasty contains the "title of Zheng Jun's capture of Pumen and the closure of tun grain under the town" by Chen Yingtai, the inspector of Zhejiang in the Qing Dynasty and the right deputy capital of the Duchayuan. According to this "inscription", Zheng Chenggong himself was stationed in the sand capital of Ningde and built ships here, and a large number of his troops were stationed in important coastal ports at the junction of Fujian and Zhejiang: "Zheng rebelled against the bays around Sansha, Shacheng, and Qianqi, and the soldiers were accumulating grain in order to think that it was a long-term solution"; "Now the thieves' land and water camps, one blocking my way to attack and suppressing, and the other wanting to take advantage of the opportunity to spy on the criminals, is actually his treacherous heart." Zheng Chenggong used the above places as his troops, on the one hand, to carry out maritime trade, on the other hand, to confront the nearby Qing army, but there were many soldiers and few grains, and often launched some large and small battles aimed at plundering grain and wages. As listed in this "inscription", during The Fourteenth Year of Shunzhi (1657) in February and March, there were the following wars, all related to the port of Shacheng:
"On the eighth and ninth days of the first month of February, hundreds of thieves' ships were moored at Shacheng, and on the fourteenth day they boarded the attack along the pu, and Li and Sun Er flooded to defend the army against the enemy, and the thieves were defeated and retreated."
"On the nineteenth day, the group of thieves rebelled against tens of thousands, rushing all the way from Jinxiang and Cheling, and attacking all the way from Shacheng Town to the west, and besieging on all sides. Our flood prevention officers and men joined forces to block the palace, and in the end, because they were outnumbered, many officers and men were killed. Thieves swarmed to attack the city, and the situation was overwhelming, the city fell, the flood was bound by thieves, the gentlemen were shelled, and the grain and grain were robbed. The thieves transported the grain and rice they had plundered to Qianqi, Shacheng, Zhenyu, Tongshan, and other places, where grain and rice were stored in the city, and soldiers were stationed outside the city, and they plundered everywhere, leaving no chickens and dogs behind. ”
Pumen is located at the junction of Fujian and Zhejiang, known as a key place to defend, Ming Hongwu seventeen years (1384) to prevent the Wokou and the city, after three years of completion changed to "Pucheng", and set up a thousand households. Pucheng and Zhenxiaguan, the southernmost point of the zhejiang coast, are each other's horns, which together constitute the gateway to southern Zhejiang. Zhenxiaguan and Shacheng are across the water, connected to the land of Shacheng, and the two are more than ten kilometers apart, so Zheng Chenggong tunbing Shacheng Port, want to go north to conquest, Pucheng is its important goal, but also an important object for its "grain collection".
Zhou Ruiguang's article "Shacheng Port" held that Shacheng Port was an important economic and trade port on the southeast coast of China during the Ming and Qing dynasties, and it provided a large number of military and economic supplies for Zheng Chenggong and the "anti-Qing and restoration" movements such as Zhang Huangyan and Liu Zhongzao at the same time, and played a great role. Because, since the Zheng clan took control of the southeast coastal islands, in order to solve many difficulties such as "the multitude of soldiers and soldiers, the narrow and narrow localities, the lack of equipment, and the shortage of grain and wages", we have actively promoted trade at home and abroad. Yu Yonghe of the Qing Dynasty commented in the article "Pseudo-Zheng Yishi": "Successfully using the land of overseas projectiles, raising more than 100,000 troops, armored and arrowy, recklessly not strong, warships in the thousands, and traffic in the interior, buying people's hearts everywhere, and those who do not have money to use it, in order to have the benefit of going through the ocean." [7] The Cheng Kung Group is committed to the development of foreign trade, and Shacheng Port has become one of the distribution centers for merchants from all over the world to trade.
In 1658, Zheng Chenggong led his army north to expand the anti-Qing base in the southeast. During its northern expedition, the port of Shacheng remained an important supply point and anti-Qing stronghold. In May of that year, The Lieutenant Governor Gan Hui led the former army to enter Shacheng by boat and collect grain in the Tongshan area on the twenty-seventh day. Zheng Chenggong personally led his main force to Reach Cen Yu, which was thirty miles away from Shacheng, and then continued north. Zheng Chenggong's ministry recorded yang Ying's "Records of The Expedition" that Zheng Chenggong personally supervised the division, and on the fourth day of June, "from the former Qi Port to the shore to advance, from the water division to Pingyang County, in front of the big creek Dajin Township wei sea, the water is turbulent, the shilling small boat crossed the river." From the beginning of June 10, Zhang Huangyan, Gan Hui and others concentrated their forces to attack Ruian County. In July, driving to Zhoushan, on August 10, a typhoon suddenly encountered in Yangshan, turning back, "On December 15, I gave my surname to drive to Shaguan". Also "Hehai, in the first month of the sixteenth year of Shunzhi (1659), was given the surname of Shaguan" (沙關)." [8] Gu Cheng's "History of the Southern Ming Dynasty" says that, roughly speaking, for more than half a year from the setback of the First Northern Expedition to the attack on Nanjing in May of the following year (1659), the main force of the Zheng army had been stationed in the coastal area of Zhejiang, and successfully traveled between Panshiwei in Yueqing, Wenzhou, and Shaguan in northern Fujian. In the spring and summer of 1659, Zheng Chenggong and Zhang Huangyan once again led a large army north to attack Nanjing. After the defeat, Zheng successfully retreated to Xiamen, turned his attention to Taiwan, and recovered Taiwan from Dutch colonists in 1662.
THIRD, Zhang Huangyan "Three Degrees of Fujian Pass"
Old Time Shaguan Profile Picture
Zhang Huangyan did not approve of Zheng's successful recovery of Taiwan, so after losing the Battle of Nanjing, he retired to the Zhejiang Navy. After receiving the news that the Yongli Emperor and his crown prince had been captured by the Qing army, Zhang Huangyan reconsidered his support for Zhu Yihai to organize the imperial court and continue to resist the Qing. Unexpectedly, Zhu Yihai died of illness in Kinmen on November 23, 1662, the first year of the Qing Dynasty (1662), at the age of forty-five.
Zhang Huangyan (1620-1664), zi Xuan, cangshui, a native of Yinxian County, Zhejiang, was a famous anti-Qing general who was both literate and martial during the Southern Ming Dynasty. After the fall of Nanjing in the second year of Qing Shunzhi (1645), he and Qian Sule and others rebelled against the Qing. Later, he was entrusted with Lu to supervise the country, and cooperated with Zheng Chenggong, personally leading his troops to more than 20 cities in Anhui. After Zheng successfully conquered Taiwan, Zhang Huangyan contacted 13 peasant armies to persist in the anti-Qing struggle. His deeds are recorded in the Draft History of the Qing Dynasty. In the nearly 20 years of persisting in the anti-Qing struggle, Zhang Huangyan once "passed fujian three times and entered the Yangtze River four times." The so-called "three degrees of Fujian Pass" means that he has been to Shacheng three times and has set up a wartime headquarters here.
"Three times in ten years to FujianGuan, the wind and the stars have not returned."
The lax always came more and more vulgar, and Tu Su had to break his sad face.
Spring Fu Jing paste Huanglong list, the new calendar false title DanFeng class.
I hope that the old mountain style will change, and the heart will continue to grow for years. ”
Zhang Huangyan was once again stationed in Shacheng in the winter of 1661. In the New Year, local residents sacrifice, drink wine, paste Spring Festival in accordance with local customs... It evoked Zhang Huangyan's homesickness. He was born into death, turned to the battlefield, and fought against the Qing soldiers for 17 years, but the anti-Qing situation was becoming more and more severe, the anti-Qing troops were in a difficult situation, and he felt desperate for the future. That one Chinese New Year's Eve, Zhang Huangyan stood on the high ground of Shacheng, looked at the gushing water of Shacheng Port and the vast East China Sea, and then headed in the direction of his hometown, thinking that the great ambition of resisting the Qing Dynasty was difficult to achieve, and his heart was surging and he wrote the above poem "Xin Ugly Chinese New Year's Eve Xingying Shaguan". Zhang Huangyan also wrote a poem "Three Passes of Sand":
"Five years is really like a dream, Qin Chuan hates the old tour."
The land is divided into mountains and fujians, and the sky is wide and the water is sinking and floating.
The birds are difficult to bind, and the dragon is empty.
Bao Xuxun guoshi, Fu Yin resigned. ”
In addition, Zhang Huangyan also wrote another poem in Shacheng, "Xin Ugly Autumn Prisoners Moved to the Coastal Residents of Fujian and Zhejiang, Nongyin Chunyu Yu Tianshui Seashore, Spring Swallows Come to Nest in Boats, And Feel And Compose":
"Last year new Yan solstice, new nest in the building. This year, the old Yan came, and the old fortress was defeated. Yan Yu asked the master, and murmured tears. The painting beam is not expected, and the painting boat chats with each other. Su Yu hated Yi Qi, and sighed and fluttered. He said that he resigned yesterday and returned to the Autumn Society, and the North Spring Society added to the evil situation. A patch of mushrooms was red, and Zhu Menna was still unharmed! The most pitiful ordinary people's homes, the barren smoke is always like Wuyi Lane. Jun is gone, the leaves in the Jin Room are chaotic, and the fireworks are depressed for thousands of miles. Spring swallow nest forest, empty mountain crying partridge. Only now Huma Fu Nan Mu, Gangchon Ancient Wood Shrew. Thousands of households and thousands of disciples are surrounded by four walls, and Yan Lai also follows the tree to Wu. Hai Weng Gu Yan and too resting, the wind curtain rain curtain nonsense!"
The poem is tragic and desolate, swinging back to the intestines, expressing the hatred and helplessness of the people who are constantly fighting and the people's livelihood, and its worries about the country and the people jump on the paper. But the hero has no power to return to heaven, and history runs according to its inevitable trajectory, just like the current of the port of Shacheng, which no one can stop.
On October 25, 1664, Zhang Huangyan was killed by Qing troops at the age of forty-five in Bijiaofang, Hangzhou.