In recent years, the voice of smoking cessation has spread all over the world, and many addicts who have smoked for many years have also responded to the advice of doctors to eliminate their addiction and resolutely quit smoking. However, some people say: "Smoking is ancient, and I have never heard of much harm in the past." "I only heard about quitting opium, not paper smoke." Is smoking "ancient", and has China quit paper smoking in the past? It seems that it is not superfluous to talk about this matter.
Before the Ming Dynasty, there was no tobacco in China, and of course there was no such thing as smoking. In ancient dictionaries, the original meaning of smoke was "fire gas", and the original meaning of tobacco was "wilting", that is, withering. The word "Ye Yan" was once found in Song Yu's Nine Debates, but the whole sentence is "Ye Yanyi is colorless and colorless, and the branches are troubled and crossed." Obviously, the "leaf" here refers to the leaf, and the word "菸邑" should be used as a word, so Zhu Xi explained in the "Notes on the Collection of Chu Ci": "Tobacco, hurt and bad." Therefore, Song Yu's "Ye Xuan" is by no means the Leaf Tobacco that is abundant in Shifang, Jintang and other places today.
Tobacco was only introduced from abroad around the time of the Ming Dynasty (1573-1619). Tobacco originated on the island of Tobago in the Small and Medium-sized Antilles of the Caribbean Sea and now belongs to Trinidad and Tobago. After the Europeans arrived in the Americas, they learned to smoke from the local indigenous peoples, and brought tobacco back to Europe, and then gradually spread it to all parts of the world (among them, one of the French people who played an important role was called nicotine, and later called the toxic nicotin contained in tobacco nicotine, which is named after this gentleman). According to Mr. Wu Han's research, there are three ways to introduce tobacco into China's Fujian from Luzon (that is, the present-day Philippines); The second is to introduce it from Korea to northeast China; The third is to introduce it from Nanyang to Guangdong in China (detailed "Under the Lamp Collection tobacco"). In the above three ways, With Fujian as the main body, most of China's provinces and regions have grown tobacco from Fujian. Therefore, in the Qing Dynasty, there were still some places that called tobacco "jian tobacco".
After the introduction of tobacco into our country, the original names are transliterations, according to the name of its place of origin Tobago, according to the european name, called Tambagu, Tamba, Dan No Return, Light Flesh Fruit, and according to its color, it is called Golden Silk Tobacco, Golden Silk Lavender, in addition to the names of Southern Grass, Southern Wild Grass, Acacia Grass and so on. Later, it was renamed tobacco, tobacco, and leaf tobacco (according to Lai Shihong's "Notes on Renshutang", the name "smoke" was imported from Japan), but until liberation, some factories still called cigar smoke Tamba.
Although tobacco is indeed not a "national essence", and our ancestors did not smoke, there are always people who do not believe that they always want to quote the scriptures on smoking to prove that smoking has existed since ancient times and is the elegance of the literary land. Quan Zuwang, a famous scholar of the Qing Dynasty, was one of them. He wrote a "Tampa Fu Fu" (see "The Collection of The Pavilion of the Gong Qi", Vol. III), in which he praised tobacco, "There will be wine for the relief of worries, and tea for quenching thirst. The best wood is made of Sturgeon. "This is the earliest record of wine, tea and tobacco in Our country to be regarded as a full foot and praised." Then, according to the practice of sinologists who must call three generations, he explored the basis for smoking in ancient times, from the books of "Li Ji", "Erya", "Chu Ci", "Shuowen", and "Guangyun", "I want to examine the first to discuss the ceremony, but I don't know what it is", and he has to admit, "Now Tampa's travels are all over the world, and Mo can not test his own self-emergence; With its prosperity, there is no reason to be true. From this small episode, we can also see the depth of the mud of some sinologists in the Qing Dynasty.
Officials who smoke dry cigarettes
The exact date of the introduction of tobacco to China has been lost, and most records say that it was during the Ming Dynasty, such as Fang Yizhi's "Little Knowledge of Physics" Volume 9, and Zhang Jiebin's "Jingyue Quanshu". But there are also said in the early Ming Dynasty, such as Yang Jialin's "Shengguo Wenzheng" Volume III said: "Hongwu chu customized, all smokers killed without forgiveness." It can be seen that at that time, it was really used as a poison. "There is no circumstantial evidence for this claim, and it should not be substantiated. Tobacco was first introduced to Fujian, planted in Zhangzhou, Putian, Quanzhou and other places, and gradually developed elsewhere. By the time of the Apocalypse (1621-1627), it had spread to Guangxi, Guizhou and other places. The earliest smoking methods, such as smoking leaf cigarettes today, all contain long tubes, ignition and swallowing" ("Physics Knowledge", Vol. 9), "with a fire at one end, with one end to the mouth. Smoke enters the throat from the tube" (Yao Lu's Book of Dew, vol. 10). Because the ignition has to bend over, sucking for a long time to spit, so Dong Han in the "Three Oka Zhiluo" sarcastical smoker said: "Recently, guests and hosts have met, as a respect, pitching and spitting, evil state." In addition to "containing long pipes", several ways of smoking today have appeared in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, such as "dry and dry, knife batch like silk" (Tan Qian", "Jujube Forest Miscellaneous Tricks" collection), that is, today's silk smoke; Such as "a thousand silks, oil wires, there are incense mixed in, the name of cigarettes; Those who mix orchid seeds with orchid seeds are called orchid smoke" (Liu Tingjie's "In the Garden Magazine", vol. 3), which is a high-grade silk cigarette (press, today the Yi people in liangshan area also smoke orchid smoke. is a variety of tobacco, which is similar to the ancient orchid smoke in name and reality); For example, "Luzon people eat the method, use paper rolls like pen tubes, the name remains for several generations, and then the fire sucks and eats" (Cao Sidong's "Barnyard Seller" volume VIII). In the Qing Dynasty, a kind of snuff was also prevalent, "with smoke and miscellaneous incense flower dew grinded fine powder, sniffed into the nose" (In the Garden Magazine, vol. 3). Today, you can no longer see snuff smokers, but you can still see many exquisite snuff bottles in cultural relics shops or museums, which are relics of snuff smelling in the past.
Lacquered screw snuff bottle
Grandpa selling tobacco on the street
Due to the increasing number of smokers and the increasing number of smokers in the early Qing Dynasty, which caused many people to worry, Li Shihong had the following sigh in the "Notes of Renshutang": "The name of smoke began in Japan and spread to the stone horse of Zhangzhou. The prohibition between Heaven (Qi) and Chong(Zhen) is very strict, there is no forgiveness for those who commit crimes, and now there is no land and no planting, no one does not eat, about the world, the cost of one year old, tens of millions, the number of gold silk cover dew, equal to the purple shoots first spring: the sign of the Guanshi tithe, equal to the silk and linen silk: the strategy of day and night, the syrup of the corn. I wonder if hundreds of years later, there will be a time for this to subside? I don't know if hundreds of years later, what kind of things are new and surprising, such as smoke and so on? The rivers are falling day by day, the games are endless, and the thousands of years are vast, which can really be thought of. Li Shihong's words were written in the twentieth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1681), and the "competition for novelty" that he lamented and worried about soon appeared, that is, paper cigarettes that are now everywhere in urban and rural areas, that is, mechanism cigarettes. This new gadget was also imported from abroad, and the earliest record is the "Jinmen Miscellaneous Records" written by Zhang Tao in the tenth year of Guangxu (1884): "Guangdong trade was the earliest, the foreign qi was the first, and the multi-master Fa Taixi also did it." Taste a cigarette and eat it. Therefore, Feng Baihua's poems: inch-by-inch paper roll wrapped in cigarettes, finger clip Xin taste fresh taste. If the prolonged burn is close to the mouth, the lips are burned and the tongue is burned. "Since smoking paper cigarettes is simpler than various other smoking methods. Therefore, it became increasingly popular, according to the Guangxu Donghualu in August 34: "The Minister of Taxation played Yushi Changwei to ask for a piece of paper cigarette taxation regulations for the meeting, which was called a paper cigarette, which was not sold much in the past, and now no one is dissatisfied." Based on the daily average box per person, it can be sold for 400 trillion boxes a day. Of course, this calculation method of "one box per person per day" is exaggerated, but from this folding, it can also be seen that the speed of paper cigarette circulation at that time was growing. The rapid circulation of paper cigarettes has a lot to do with the vigorous propaganda of Britain and France in our country. When paper cigarettes first arrived in coastal cities such as Shanghai, foreign businessmen hired some people to carry a paper cigarette trademark that was as tall as the human body on their backs, and walked along the street, and anyone who asked questions gave a pack of cigarettes and prayed for propaganda. Soon, paper cigarettes were welcomed in coastal cities and gradually penetrated into the interior provinces.
Golden tobacco leaves
With the spread of tobacco throughout the country, the number of smokers is increasing, and the number of smokers is increasing. Li Yukui in the early Qing Dynasty recalled: "Yu Yu did not know what smoke was. At the end of Chongzhen, the three-foot boy must not eat smoke" ("Worm An Trivia"). Wang Yuyang, a famous scholar of the Qing Dynasty, also said: "In this world, there are all those who love tobacco. The Tian family has made a lot of profits from the continuous cultivation of the trees" (Xiangzu Notes, vol. 2). In particular, women from rich families are in small buildings in deep courtyards, and most of them use smoking to relieve their boredom. Ruan Kwai Sang said in volume 9 of the "Tea Yu Ke Dialect": "The young bridesmaid, the golden pipe bag, and the mirror tooth ruler are weighed together." Smoking enthusiasts are so widespread, it is natural that some people who are known for their addiction will emerge, such as the famous Ji Xiaolan is one of them. According to the Fifth Book of the Bamboo Leaf Pavilion Miscellaneous Records: "Ji Wenda is good at eating cigarettes. Its tube is extremely long, and its pot is very large, which can hold smoke to three or four pairs. Every time it is served, from the Yuanmingyuan to the home, it is inexhaustible. They are all jokingly called Ji Da Cauldron".
In the late Qing Dynasty, the people of Sichuan planted tobacco, and they were sorting out the tobacco they planted
However, smoking is harmful to the human body, which is also clearly recognized by many people in China since the beginning of smoking. Tobacco once had a name in China, called "dry wine", because "smoking can be intoxicating" (see Ye Mengzhu's "Reading the World" volume VII). Fang Yizhi, a famous scholar at the end of the Ming Dynasty, clearly pointed out: "If you take it for a long time, your lungs will be scorched, and many medicines will not be saved, and your symptoms will vomit yellow water and die" ("Physics" Volume 9). Guangdong Mao. The leaves are dried like gold silk and have the most intense sex. Take one or two that belong to the bamboo tube, suck it in your mouth, and smoke from your mouth and nose. Take it to resist rheumatism, take it alone for a while. However, the face of the long-term service is yellow, the lungs are dry, and there is no one who has not died. Foolish people obey each other, like moths to fire, and they must not be strict. ”
It is precisely for the above reasons that the day when Chinese people began to smoke, almost when they began to quit smoking, as early as the middle of Chongzhen (1628-1644) at the end of the Ming Dynasty, several times strictly banned smoking. "Thirteen years after chongzhen, he has been forbidden to pass on an edict, and the offender shall be condemned to death." Gengchen, there are people who will try to lift people who do not know that they have been forbidden, and their servants take them into the capital and sneak out of the dragon, so that they are obtained by the people who are in charge. Yue Ri, and the servant died in XishiYi" (Yang Shicong's "Yutang Huiji", vol. 4): "Chongzhen sixteen years, forbidden smuggling, to death" ("Zaolin Miscellaneous Tricks" collection): "Tobacco leaves out of Fujian, Chongzhenzhong ordered it to be forbidden, and the folk privateers asked for apprentices." The law is heavy and the law is light, and the people are forbidden as before. From these records, it seems that the late Ming Dynasty killed tobacco growers and smokers, and the punishment was quite severe.
At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the policy of smoking cessation was still implemented, "Kangxi Zhong, patrolling Dezhou." Transmission: I am not good at drinking wine in my life, and I can drink a pound, but I don't use it. The most abominable is the use of cigarettes. The courtiers were in the paddock, serving all day long, had they ever used cigarettes? Every time I saw the courtiers privately eating cigarettes in the patrol tent, it was really disgusting. Smoke is the most exhausting thing. But not only the decay is not used, but the saints are not used" (Yu Zhengxie, "The Surviving Manuscript of the Decay", vol. XI). The Qianlong Emperor also opposed eating tobacco, and although he did not use capital punishment, he made a point. The "DonghuaLu" contains Qianlong's edict in August of the fifth year: "Recently, the consumption of geographical advantages is like planting tobacco. In the first year of Qianlong, the bachelor Fang Baotiao was smoking a smoking ban, and the ministry was not allowed to discuss it, so when he knew that the so-called smokers had nothing to do with hunger and clothing, he should try to check and prohibit it. However, inside the castle, in the land of idleness, and outside the city, there is no need to show prohibition. Where its soil is unfamiliar, it is forbidden to plant. "Throughout the Qing Dynasty, although the ban on smoking was not as strict as in the Ming Dynasty, smoking was never included in the etiquette note, and smoking could not be listed with tea and wine.
In addition to the government's ban on smoking, many families also strictly prohibit smoking, and violators are heavily responsible. Quan Zuwang once recorded such a thing in the tomb table written for Qian Wenqing: "It was the beginning of the tambar, and it was useless to recommend gentlemen. Wen Qing was good at first sight. Taibao (referring to Qian Wenqing's brother Qian Sule) was furious when he saw it and whipped him. Emperor Wenqing. FuFu Thank You" (鲒琦亭集, vol. 5, "Tomb Table of the Eight Generals of Ming Qian"). The story of this kind of whipping was written in the serious and prudent tomb table, most likely at the request of the Qian family.
Of course, since smoking will become popular, there will inevitably be a group of people who advocate smoking and oppose smoking cessation. According to the fourth volume of the "Yutang Huiji", Hong Chengzuo, a great figure in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, was one. According to the Records of Emperor Renzong of the Li Dynasty (1646), the famous regent Dolgun of the early Qing Dynasty was also "a great addict." Because many people advocate smoking, like to smoke, and in ancient times, it was impossible to use scientific reasons to clarify the harm of smoking, so the anti-smoking order and the idea of quitting smoking could not always be implemented; For example, before the Manchu Qing entered the customs, Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty imposed a heavy sentence on those who violated the ban on smoking, but the result was ineffective, and he had to take back his life. For this matter, see the "Eastern Hualu" Chongde Sixth Year (1641) contained: "February PengShen, the Ministry of The Imperial Household: The pre-establishment ban on smoking orders, the use of its seeds, repeatedly practiced Shen Rao. The ministers and other ministers still used it, so that the small people did not follow suit, so they banned it. Whoever desires to use a cigarette, he is allowed to plant it and use it himself, and if he buys it out of the way, he shall be put to death.
About four hundred years after the introduction of tobacco into our country, and now it is advocated to quit smoking, today's smoking cessation is not punished, the second is not whipped, but with scientific reasoning for propaganda and persuasion, by the smoker consciously, has achieved obvious results. The author finally completely quit smoking after twenty years. I believe that more smokers will embark on the path of quitting in the future. If so, it is fortunate.