The two interests take the heavier, and the two evils take the lighter.
In the third year of Jian'an (198), the Han court of Xu County sent Pei Mao to lead the guanzhong generals and destroy the Chang'an separatist forces represented by Li Dai. Dong Zhuo's political legacy has since ceased to exist.
The Liangzhou Army had an important influence on the Eastern Han Dynasty, but its related records were extremely crude.
The Liangzhou clique, represented by Li Dai and Guo Feng, held the Han Emperor hostage for three years (192-195); if you count from Dong Zhuo Shangluo, the Liangzhou Army controlled the Eastern Han court for six years (189-195). However, all kinds of historical materials are vague about the beginning and end of the overthrow of the Liangzhou clique, and only have a rough overview in the "Records of Emperor Wu" and "The Biography of Dong Zhuo", which has to be said to be a pity.
This article wants to discuss the collapse of the Liangzhou Legion. Since this article focuses on the exploration of microscopic events, it is no longer a background introduction, but directly discusses specific issues.
This article totals 5700 words and takes 11 minutes to read
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="8" > why Pei Mao, Ding Chong, and Zhong Xuan were reused</h1>
The initiator of the Jian'an Third Year (198) Crusade against Guanzhong was Cao Cao, in which Pei Mao, Ding Chong, and Zhong Xuan played an important role.
(1) Pei Mao
Pei Mao was the commander-in-chief of the campaign, and his status was that of the Gurudwara Servant, the aide-de-camp of the Gurudwara.
In the third year of Jian'an, Pei Mao led The Gurudwara (according to the Book of Wei as a servant of the Gurudwara) led Duan Simmering Duan to li dai and yi three tribes. --Book of the Later Han Dynasty
Note: According to the "Biography of Dong Zhuo in the Book of Wei", the crusade against Guanzhong was in the second year of Jian'an. The Zizhi Tongjian and the Book of the Later Han Dynasty were taken from Jian'an for three years.
The Han court sent Pei Mao (裴茂), a gurudwara, to lead the Guanzhong generals to curry favor with Li Dai
Gurudwara belonged to the three eastern Han dynasties (Shangshutai, Yushitai, and Gurudwara), and it can be known that Pei Mao was one of the figures who followed Liu Xie to move east from Chang'an.
Pei Mao's place of origin is more noteworthy, his ancestral home was yunzhong in the prefecture, and later moved to Wenxi, Hedong, and was less involved with the Guanzhong generals from Liangzhou. Pei Mao's son, Pei Qian, was living in Jingzhou at that time and had nothing to do with the Han Dynasty.
Liuhuang Taishou Pei Zun (裴遵), from Guangwu (Liu Xiu) Pinglong and Shu, moved to Hedong'anyi. On the occasion of An and Shun, the east of the river was happy. - "Lineage"
Pei Qian's characters are written and written, and Hedong wen is also happy. To avoid chaos in Jingzhou, Liu Biao treated him as a courtesy. --"Book of Wei, Biography of Pei Qian"
After the Han court moved to Xu County, Cao Cao had wantonly killed Han officials and weakened Liu Xie's wings. Pei Mao was spared the disaster and was able to be appointed, probably related to his neutral origins.
(2) Ding Chong
Ding Chong was a lieutenant appointed and dismissed by Cao Cao. The lieutenant of the division, known as the Gyeonggi Assassin, was responsible for supervising the seven counties of the Beijing Division (三助, 三河, Hongnong), and held a very high position of power.
When Taizu obtained his book, he led the army to welcome Tianzi Dongyi Xu and made (Ding) Chong a lieutenant. - "Wei Luo"
According to the records, Ding Chong was once a Yellow Gate Attendant, and his function was to "hold the attendants left and right, and pass through China and foreign countries". It can be seen that like Pei Mao, he was also an old han courtier who followed Liu Xie to move east.
Yang Qi, Huangmen Waiter Ding Chong and Zhong Xuan, Shang Shu Zuo Lu Chong, Shang Shu Lang Han Bin, together with the dai general Yang Feng and the military official Yang Shuai plotted to kill (Li) Dao. --Yuan Hong, "Later Han Dynasty"
Ding Chong was able to gain Cao Cao's trust because he and Cao Cao were both from the State of Pei in Yuzhou and had relatives in the countryside.
Ding Yizi zhengli, Pei County people also. Father (Ding) Chong, Su and Taizu are friendly. - "Wei Luo"
Peiguo Cao, Ding, and Xiahou clans have been married for generations, and in terms of their place of origin, Ding Chong should be Cao Cao's original clan with Lady Ding.
Note: From the 1970s to the 1980s, nearly 20 Eastern Han Tombs were cleared and excavated in the south of Bozhou City, southwest of the city and north of the Vortex River. The tomb belongs to three families, mainly the Cao family, followed by the Ding family and the Xiahou family. See Ma Yanru's article "Appreciation of Jade Pigs Unearthed from Cao Cao Clan Tombs".
Among the Han courtiers who moved east, Ding Chong had the closest relationship with Cao Cao. Ding Chong praised Cao Cao for "having the ambition of Kuang Zuo", and Cao Cao praised Ding Chong for "being a well-dressed man, and learning materials, and I love him".
(Ding Chong) saw that the country was undecided, but it was with the Taizu Shu: "Foot Shita often has the ambition of Kuang Zuo in his life, and now it is time." --Wei Liu
Xi Wu (referring to Cao Cao) had Ding Youyang (Ding Chong zi Youyang) in the same county, and his people were well-dressed and well-dressed, and they also learned material tools, and I loved them. --Taiping Imperial Records
It can be seen that Cao Cao's reuse of Ding Chong is similar to Liu Bei's reuse of Mi Fang, both of which belong to nepotism.
(3) Zhong Xuan
Zhong Xuan was the successor lieutenant of Ding Chong, and it is known that he was also a figure trusted by Cao Cao.
The generals Ma Teng and Han Sui in Shi Guanzhong each supported strong troops and fought with each other. Taizu Fang had something to do with Shandong, and guan right was worried. Nai -- (钟) 繇 is a lieutenant of the Shogunate of the Shōjo Shōji. --The Biography of Wei Shu and Zhong Xuan
Like Ding Chong, Zhong Xuan was an old han courtier who moved east. In the context of Cao Cao's attack on Han Chen, he was able to be reused, indicating that he had already fallen to Cao Cao.
Zhong Xuan was born in Yingchuan, and was "in the township" with Cao Cao's conspirators Xun Yu, Guo Jia, And Xi Zhicai, and with this relationship, he naturally made it easier for him to integrate into the Cao clique.
Zhong Xuan character Yuan Chang, Yingchuan Changshe people also. --The Biography of Wei Shu and Zhong Xuan
At the same time, Zhong Xuan is also an inflammatory person. He once sang harmony with Cao Pi's poetry, exchanged gifts, and his words were quite fleshy, and he was more attentive in the eunuch drilling camp.
In the Eastern Palace, Emperor Wen gave (Zhong) Five Ripe Kettles, for which he inscribed: "Yu He has Wei, as an assistant to the Han Dynasty." The bell is good, and the heart is hardworking. "--The Biography of Wei Shu and Zhong Xuan"
In the Taizu Conquest of Han, the crown prince (referring to Cao Pi) was in Mengjin, and Wen (Zhong) had Yu Jue... Send it. - "Wei Luo"
Zhong Xuan sang harmony with Cao Pi poetry
In the first year of Jian'an (196), among the ministers who followed Liu Xie to the east, Zhao Yan, Shangshu Feng Shuo, and Shizhong Taichong, who were killed by Cao Cao; Dong Cheng, Fu Quan, Zhong ji, and others plotted to rebel, which was obviously not reused by Cao Cao; Liu Ai and Yang Zhong were stripped of their official positions; Luo Shao, Zhao Rui, and Han Bin annihilated the annals of history; and Zhong Xuan was the only one who was found to be the third duke of Wei. This fully shows that he was an early figure who changed the court and defected to Cao Cao.
The Zhendong general Cao Cao (曹曹) was a lieutenant of the Zhendong General and a retainer of the Shang ShuShi. Cao Cao killed Zhongtai Chong, Shangshu Feng Shuo, and others. --Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Chronicle of the Ling Emperor
In the first year of Jian'an, the Fengwei generals Dong Cheng, the Fuguo general Fu Quan, Shi Zhongzhong Zhiji, Shangshu Servant Zhongxuan, Shangshu Guopu, YushiZhongCheng Dongfen, Peng Chengxiang Liu Ai, Zuo Feng Yi HanBin, Donglai Taishou Yang Zhong, Luo Shao, Fu De, and Zhao Rui were made marquises. --Yuan Hong, "Later Han Dynasty"
To sum up, in the military campaign against the Chang'an regime, Cao Cao had to appoint Liu Xie's old department on the one hand—because they had lived in Chang'an for a long time and had a better understanding of the situation in Guanzhong; on the other hand, Cao Cao's appointment and dismissal of Liu Xie's old department was also selective.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="146" > the role played by Ma Teng and Han Sui in the incident</h1>
During the war against Li Dai, the Liangzhou thieves represented by Ma Teng and Han Sui cooperated with Cao Cao, and they were called "Guanzhong Generals".
Pei Mao, a servant of the Gurudwara, led the Kansai generals (i.e., the Guanzhong generals) to The Three Tribes of Yi (李) Dai --The Biography of Dong Zhuo
The Guanzhong generals here are a confusing concept that needs special explanation.
Guanzhong is the "four passes", that is, the area between Tongguan, Sanguan, Wuguan and Xiaoguan. Guanzhong is also sometimes written as "Guan Right" or "Kansai", the area west of Hangu Pass (or Tongguan), referring to Yongliang.
In terms of geographical concepts, Li Dai, Guo Feng and other figures who were born in Liangzhou and occupied Chang'an are undoubtedly among the "generals of Guanzhong".
In terms of regional background, the overthrow of the Li Dai clique is essentially the infighting of the generals in Guanzhong. In short, the Liangzhou people represented by Han and Ma attacked the Liangzhou people represented by Li and Guo.
This can also echo the question of the previous section, that is, Cao Cao's crusade against Guanzhong, why not send his own confidants, but to appoint and dismiss Pei Mao, Ding Chong, Zhong Xuan and other former Han courtiers- this is because the old Han courtiers have long lived in Chang'an (190-195), and they have old with the Guanzhong generals and can recruit Han Sui and Ma Teng; while Cao Cao's Yan and Yu old departments cannot do this.
(D) Chong was made a lieutenant colonel. The last few will be drunk (Guanzhong). - "Wei Luo"
(Zhong) Went to Chang'an, moved the book (Ma) Teng, (Han) Sui, etc., for Chen Fufu. --The Biography of Wei Shu and Zhong Xuan
Zhong Xuan went to Chang'an and moved ma teng and Han Sui
In the campaign against Guanzhong (197-198), the main force was the Liangzhou thieves army of Han and Ma. According to records, Guo Feng died in Guo County, and Li Dai was surrounded and annihilated by Zhang Heng and Liang Xing under Huangbai City.
(郭)汜 was attacked by his general Wu Xi and died in Guo. --The Biography of Dong Zhuo
Li Dai moved to Baohuangbaicheng. Liang Xing, Zhang Heng, and others broke it and sent it to their heads. --The Canon is quoted from the Taiping Imperial Records
West of Chang'an, GuoXian is the seat of Dong Zhuowu (郿武), which is also the former garrison of Ma Teng.
Shi (in the first year of Xingping) rebelled against the western general Ma Tengtun, and (Liu) Yan and (Liu) Fan conspired with (Ma) Teng to lead troops to attack Chang'an. --Book of Shu, Biography of Liu Yan
HuangbaiCheng is located in Chiyang County, northwest of Chang'an, where Li Dai's food is located.
Huangbaicheng was in Chiyang, and when Li Dai was enfeoffed as the Marquis of Chiyang, he wanted emperor Huangbaicheng to be lucky. --"Examination of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms"
As for Zhang Heng and Liang Xing, who surrounded and suppressed Li Dai, they were all Guanzhong chiefs, and they participated in the Ma Chao Rebellion in the sixteenth year of Jian'an (211).
In the sixteenth year of Jian'an, (Ma) Chao and Guanzhong Houxuan, Cheng Yin, Li Kan, Zhang Heng, Liang Xing, Cheng Yi, Ma Play, Yang Qiu, Han Sui, etc., all ten parts, all reversed, and their people were 100,000. --"Dictionary"
It can be seen from this that the campaign to pacify Li Dai and Guo Feng was actually Cao Cao's use of the old Han courtiers who "once served in Chang'an" to plot against the Guanzhong generals who were not at peace with Li and Guo, so as to achieve the purpose of driving away tigers and swallowing wolves and reaping profits.
Ding Chong's actions of "counting the generals to drink", Zhong Xuan "holding the festival to supervise the Guanzhong army", and Pei Mao 'supervising the Guanxi generals" were actually the execution of this task.
If you dig deeper, you will find that this incident has another hidden plot.
Ma Teng, Han Sui, and Cao Cao had no contact, and had been separated and independent for a long time, so why should such a figure obey Cao Cao's orders, pay for grain and people, and fight against Li Dai and Guo Feng? What benefits do they get?
Judging from the records of the "Biography of Zhong Xuan", Han, Ma and others initially refused to send their sons into hostage, and zhong xuan was required to "be blessed for Chen". It can be seen that the two sides are cooperative relations, not superior and subordinate relationships.
(Zhong) went to Chang'an, moved the book (Ma) Teng, (Han) Sui, etc., for Chen Fufu, Teng, and Sui sent their sons to serve. --The Biography of Wei Shu and Zhong Xuan
Judging from the records of the Biography of Wei Qi, after Li Dai's death (198), Cao Cao's attitude toward Guanzhong was extremely restrictive, and he even ignored the bad behavior of guanzhong generals competing with him for population, allowing Ma Teng and Han Sui to act arbitrarily.
(Wei Qi) stayed in the town of Guanzhong. When the four sides have great returns to the people, the Guanzhong generals will often cite them as parts. (Wei) Qishu and Xun Yu said: "The anointed land of Guanzhong was desolate, and the people flowed into Jingzhou with more than 100,000 families... The generals will compete for the part. The counties (referring to Cao Cao's jurisdiction) were weak and could not compete. "--The Biography of Wei Shu and Wei Qi"
Guanzhong Zhu will lure the four parties to return the people, and lead it into a part
Until the seventh year of Jian'an (202), Zhong Xuan was still saying that "Yuan Shi Fang Qiang, Guan Zhongyin communicated with it, so he did not know the traitor, Gu Wuwei's name was old".
(Zhong) Xuan Yue: "Yuan Fang Qiang, (Guo) came to the aid, Guan Zhongyin communicated with it, so the rebels were not known, Gu Wuwei was famous." "--The Biography of Wei Shu and Zhong Xuan"
Zhong Xuan's statement of "Gu Wuwei's name" is pure self-boasting, of course, unbelievable, but the arrogance of the generals in Guanzhong can be seen.
From this point of view, I am afraid that Cao Cao had made a private agreement with the generals of Guanzhong in the past, and the generals of Guanzhong were responsible for appalling Li Dai and Guo Feng, and Cao Cao recognized the vested interests of the generals of Guanzhong on behalf of the Han court.
This can explain why Han and Ma dared to openly plunder the population of Zhongxuan's jurisdiction, and why Cao Cao said, "The generals of Kansai, who are in danger and horses, will be chaotic."
Taizu said of Xun Yu: "The generals of Kansai, who are in danger and on horses, will be chaotic." "--The Biography of Wei Shu and Du Qi"
This also explains why when Cao Cao used the excuse of "conquest of Zhang Lu" to carry out the "false road and cut down the qi" in Guanzhong (211), the generals in Guanzhong "rebelled against each other in ten parts, and their people were 100,000". Because Guanzhong was originally an independent kingdom of Liangzhou generals, Cao Cao had no right to interfere in legal matters.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="161" > duan simmering and Jia Xu's role in the incident</h1>
When Pei Mao led the Guanzhong generals to attack Chang'an (198), Dong Zhuo's old forces were significantly divided. Some of these members not only refused to aid Li and Guo, but even turned to Cao Cao.
This is the Wuwei people represented by Duan Simmer.
In the third year of Jian'an, Pei Mao (裴茂), the official of the Han Dynasty, led The Zhonglang general Duan to simmer Li Dai (李傕) and yi san (夷三族). --Book of the Later Han Dynasty
Duan Shengtun was stationed in Hongnong Huayin County, and when Liu Xie moved east (195-196), he participated in the action of welcoming The Son of Heaven, but due to Duan Simmer's discord with Yang Feng and Zhongji, he was eventually unable to accompany him to Luoyang.
Driving into Huayin, Ning Ji's general Duan Sheng was a general who had the following assets to serve the emperor and the secretary of state, and asked the emperor to be lucky with his camp. --The Book of the Later Han Dynasty, The Biography of Dong Zhuo
Hongnong's geographical location is relatively special, it happens to be between Sanfu (Jingzhao, Feng Yi, Fufeng) and Sanhe (Hedong, Hanoi, Henan), so Pei Mao's western expedition will inevitably encounter Duan Simmer.
The Duan clan "shi is a western indigenous surname", and Duan Sheng is also the brother of Duan Jiao, one of the "Liangzhou Sanming", and has certain feelings for the Han Court. At this time, he turned the tide and cooperated with Pei Mao to attack Li Dai.
In fact, Duan Simmer's position changed, and there were other hidden feelings.
Duan Sheng's cooperation with Pei Mao can be seen as an embodiment of his affection for the Han Dynasty; however, Duan Simmer was also an old subordinate of Dong Zhuo and one of the few "Zhonglang Generals" under Dong Zhuo, initially having a higher status than Li, Guo, Zhang, and Fan (all of whom were originally lieutenants). Therefore, the reasons for Duan Simmer's defection are worth analyzing.
In the past, Dong Zhuo was still alive, and he had been the son-in-law Niu Futun stationed in Hongnong Shaanxi County (present-day Sanmenxia, Henan) to defend against Yuan Shao's Kwantung Coalition Army. It can be known that The Hongnong garrisoned by Duan Sheng was at a critical point and served as a bridgehead to resist the Kwantung.
At the beginning, (Dong) Zhuo's son-in-law Zhonglang (中郎) will be Niu Fu (牛助), a pawn soldier in Beitun Shaan. --The Biography of Dong Zhuo
The change in Duan Sheng's position reflects the general mentality of the Wuwei people in Liangzhou.
Duan Simmer was born in Wuwei, Liangzhou, and was "in the township" with Jia Xu, Zhang Ji, and Zhang Xiu. Zhang Ji was Hongnong's former retainer; Jia Xu was the commander of the Liangzhou Army, serving as an official Shangshu in Chang'an.
Dong Zhuo was defeated, (Zhang) Ji and Li Dai attacked Lü Bu to avenge (Dong) Zhuo... (Zhang) Jitun Hongnong. --"Book of Wei, Zhang Xiuchuan"
(Li Dai) is more worship (Jia) Xue Shangshu, canonical election. --"Wei Shu Jia Xu Biography"
During the Xingping period (194-195), the Three Auxiliaries famine, Li Daiguo Feng fought day and night, zhang Ji's uncle and nephew went to Chang'an to "reconcile the generals", but failed, and then fled to Jingzhou. Jia Xu abandoned his official position and ran away, going to Hongnong to attach himself to Duan Simmer.
In the first year of Jian'an, the Hussar general Zhang Ji went from Guanzhong to Nanyang. --The Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Biography of Liu Biao
(Li) Dai, (Guo) Feng and other Dou Chang'an Zhong... (Jia) is also printed on the ribbon. It was the general Duan Xuantun Huayin, who was in the same county as (Jia), so he went to (Li) To simmer (Duan). --"Wei Shu Jia Xu Biography"
Jia Xu abandoned Li Dai and threw himself into The Simmer of The County
It is conceivable that the departure of Zhang Ji's uncle and nephew undoubtedly brought a huge psychological impact to his fellow villager Duan Simmer; at the same time, through Jia Xu's observations, Duan Simmer must have also learned about the chaos in Chang'an. Therefore, when Pei Mao's expeditionary army came, he naturally made the choice to defect.
Zhang Xiu, who was also from Wuwei, was stationed in Nanyang, Jingzhou at the time, and took command of Zhang Jiyu. Jia Xu was recruited by Zhang Xiu and went to Nanyang.
Zhang Xiu, Wuwei Zuliren, Hun Cavalry General (Zhang) Ziye of the Ji clan. --"Book of Wei, Zhang Xiuchuan"
Zhang embroidered in Nanyang, embroidered with yin knots, and embroidered people to greet him. --"Wei Shu Jia Xu Biography"
From Jia Xu's wandering path and dependent objects, it can be seen that the members of the Liangzhou Group have a rather conservative regional color.
Jia Xu was born in Wuwei, Liangzhou, and successively attached himself to his fellow townsmen Duan Sheng and Zhang Xiu, while Li Dai (Northern Liangzhou) and Guo Feng (Liangzhou Zhangye), although also from Liangzhou, had a much smaller attraction to Jia Xu.
(Li) Dai, a native of the Northlands. (Guo) Feng, Zhangye people, more than one. --Heroes
At the time of the Battle of Wancheng (197), Jia Xu was already Zhang Xiu's mastermind, so it can be seen that Jia Xu left Duan Simmer before Duan Simmer returned to Pei Mao (198).
In other words, Jia Xu inadvertently changed Duan Sheng's political stance and influenced the subsequent historical process.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="175" > summary</h1>
The old department of Dong Zhuo, represented by Li Dai and Guo Feng, once had an important impact on the situation at the end of the Han Dynasty with the power of the Son of Heaven, but their relevant records were extremely sparse, which was a pity.
This article mainly focuses on combing through historical clues and discussing the historical events of the Han Dynasty in Xu County (197-198) in the early years of Jian'an (197-198) against the Chang'an separatist forces.
Cao Cao used the former han courtiers (Ding Chong and Pei Mao) to recruit liangzhou thieves (Han Sui and Ma Teng) and plot against Dong Zhuo's old forces (Duan Simmer) to launch a joint encirclement and suppression of Li Dai and Guo Feng, the essence of which was to drive the tiger and swallow the wolf and reap the benefits.
However, this matter also has a negative impact. Since Cao Cao borrowed the power of the generals, he had to indulge the Liangzhou army for a long time, resulting in Guanzhong gradually falling out, and finally in the sixteenth year of Jian'an (211), the two sides ushered in a decisive battle.
Even so, Cao Cao was able to use external forces to pacify Li and Guo, which was a real bonus. Li Dai and Guo Feng were fierce and brave, and in the eyes of the people of the time, Sun Jian, who was called "Xiao Xi" by Dong Zhuo, was inferior to Li and Guo.
(Dong) Zhuo said of Liu Aiyue, the chief historian: "The Kwantung Army has been defeated several times, and they are all afraid of loneliness and powerless. However, Sun Jian xiaoyi (foolish and straight) is quite capable of employing people. --"Records of the Duke of Shanyang"
(Liu) Ai Yue: "Although (Sun) Jian saw the plan from time to time, he was not as good as Li Dai and Guo Feng. --"Records of the Duke of Shanyang"
Cao Cao was defeated by Xu Rong (189) at Xingyang, and Xu Rong died at the hands of Li and Guo; Cao Cao was defeated by Lü Bu at Puyang (194), and Lü Bu was also defeated by Li and Guo.
From this point of view, at that time (198), even if Cao Cao personally conscripted, I am afraid that it would be difficult to get a bargain on Dong Zhuo's old department.
(Cao Cao) went to Xingyang Anduishui, met (Dong) Zhuo's general Xu Rong, and was unfavorable to the battle, and many soldiers were killed and wounded. Taizu was in the middle of the stream. --Book of Wei, Chronicle of Emperor Wu
(Li Dai) led thousands of troops and headed west in the morning and night. Wang Yunwenzhi sent (Dong) Zhuo to attack Hu Yun and Xu Rong on Xinfeng. (Xu) Rong died in battle, and (Hu) surrendered to the crowd. --The Book of the Later Han Dynasty, The Biography of Dong Zhuo
For Cao Cao, Han Sui and Ma Teng were better at guanzhong than Li Dai and Guo Feng in Guanzhong. It is natural that the two interests should take the weight of the power, and the lesser of the two evils.
Driving away the tiger and swallowing the wolf and killing people with a knife is undoubtedly a historical footnote to this incident.
I am Fat Mi, the original author of the history of the headline number. Talk about historical anecdotes and focus on the history of the Three Kingdoms. From the clues in Shi Hai's sinking hook and the Yoshimitsu katayu, to analyze the hidden meaning behind the unfolding.
Thanks for reading.