The Xiongnu alone in the head man city to examine
Liang Jian
The Xiongnu were a nomadic people in the steppes of northern China during the Han Dynasty, according to records; Around 300 BC, the Xiongnu arose in the middle of the Yin Mountains north of present-day Baotou City, and for more than 600 years after that, the Xiongnu traveled across Eurasia, exerting a profound impact on the history of China and the world.
The early Xiongnu; "Biography of the Xiongnu" says: "From Chunwei to Touman, there are more than a thousand years, when they are large and small, do not disperse and separate", the Xiongnu have been separated since the beginning of Chunwei to the beginning of The Headman, and the settlements are large and small, and sometimes the nations are not separated.
During the Warring States period; the Xiongnu were not strong, and the territory was sandwiched between the steppe nomadic Peoples Donghu and Yuezhi, the historical records; during the Warring States period, the Xiongnu invaded the border of the Zhao state and were defeated by Li Mu, according to the "Biography of the Xiongnu"; "The Xiongnu did not dare to approach the Border City of Zhao".
Qin Dynasty; In 215 BC, Qin Shi Huang sent Meng Tian to lead an army to attack the Xiongnu in the north, and Meng Tian drove the Xiongnu north of the Yin Mountains. The Book of Han records that "the Xiongnu lost the Yin Mountains, and did not cry without weeping", "The Xiongnu did not dare to go south and herd horses, and the soldiers did not dare to bend their bows and complain". Later, the Qin Dynasty built the Great Wall of Qin to block the Xiongnu in the Yin Mountains, in the territory of present-day Guyang in Baotou, 3 kilometers north of the Xiongnu Stone City, and Attacked the Xiongnu in the north, but did not hurt Shan Yu's HeadManCheng.
In 210 AD, "the princes rebelled against Qin... The Xiongnu were wide, and then crossed Henan slightly."
The Qin army only stayed in the Yin Mountains for about five years, and the Xiongnu returned to the Yin Mountains.
Han Dynasty; At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu rose, Liu Bang was invincible to the powerful Mao Dun Shan Yu, and the Han Dynasty made peace with the Xiongnu every year, and paid tribute to the Xiongnu such as gold, silver and silk in exchange for the taiping of the border.
By the time of Emperor Wu of Han, he began to fight back against the Xiongnu
In 127 BC, Emperor Wu sent Wei Qing to lead an army to retake the Hetao and Yinshan areas occupied by the Xiongnu, and Wei Qing hit the "Zhicheng" which should be the middle of the Yin Mountains north of Baotou City, and the capital of the Xiongnu, "Touman City", also known as "Dragon City", laid the foundation for Emperor Wu of Han's determination to defeat the Xiongnu.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty marched from Weiqing to "Dragon City" and besieged the Xiongnu's "Dragon City" within the Great Wall of Han for 25 years in the first three years, during which time the Xiongnu were forced to move their capital to the northwest to "North Dragon City".
"History of the Xiongnu" "In the third year of the first month of the Taichu Dynasty (102 BC), the Han envoy Guanglu Xu made himself hundreds of miles out of the Five Plains, more than a thousand miles away, and built a barrier pavilion to LuQu"
In 102 BC, Emperor Wu sent Xu Ziwei to build a road hundreds of miles north of Wuyuan Commandery (now measuring 170 kilometers) and thousands of miles from east to west, blocking the Xiongnu's Great Wall of Northern Han.
According to the "Book of Han and Geographical Chronicle"; "Wuyuan County" and "Liyang" County bet: "The north out of the Shimen barrier to guanglu city, the northwest to the city of Zhizhi, the northwest to the city of Manchester, the northwest to the city of Yuhe, and the west to the city of Suyu."
It can be seen from this account that the connotation of "gain" is.
1) North out of the stone barrier, "get", "and northwest get", "and northwest get", etc., have to be the meaning of obtaining, indicating that Zhicheng City, Touman City, Yuhe City, Suyu City is not Seoul, it is the Han Dynasty to obtain the Xiongnu city. Guanglu City was built on the territory of the Xiongnu, so it is also known as "Get".
2) Meng Tian attacked the Xiongnu in the north, but only built the Great Wall of Qin to a place 3 kilometers away from the Xiongnu Stone City, and did not seriously damage the Xiongnu. The Great Wall of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was built about 140 kilometers north of the Yin Mountains (north of present-day Baiyun Ebo). Many of the Xiongnu's stone cities were surrounded, including the Xiongnu capital "Touman City".
The location of Touman City is widely disputed, and people have been looking for it, and the historical record is in Guyang County, Baotou City, Inner Mongolia.
The Book of Han records that "the Yin Mountains are more than a thousand miles from east to west, the grass and trees are luxuriant, and there are many animals and beasts, and Ben Mao Dun made bows and arrows in it, and came out as a Kou, which is his garden."
This passage records that the "Yin Mountains" (now the Ula Mountains north of Baotou) are lush with vegetation and have a lot of wild animals, and are the places where Mao Dun lived and grazed.
Mao Dun is the second generation of shan yu recorded in history, during his reign unified the northern steppe, his father was the founder of the Xiongnu state, Touman Danyu, tou Mandan yu in the Yinshan Mountains, built the capital of the Xiongnu state, Tou Mancheng.
The "History of the Xiongnu" records: "When it was, the Eastern Hu was in the east and the Yue clan was prosperous", in the last years of the Warring States, the Xiongnu people at that time had a strong Eastern Hu in the east, a strong Shengyue clan in the west, and a south side across the Yin Mountains, and across the Yellow River was the border city of the Zhao State, Jiuyuan. The early Huns should have originated in the City of Touman in the Yin Mountains.
Touman City is named after the first Xiongnu Shan Yu, tou Man, is the first Xiongnu capital recorded in the history books, also known as "Dragon City", the city has a Commanding Xiongnu department of Shan Yutai.
To find and verify the "Head Man City", it is necessary to first find the locations of "Wuyuan County", "Liyang", "Shimen Barrier", "Guanglu City", and "Zhizhi City" recorded in the Geographical Chronicle, and it should be within the scope of Xu Ziwei's construction of the Great Wall outside the Han Dynasty.
"Wuyuan County"; the site is the ancient city of Machi on the southern outskirts of Baotou City, which is found in the Warring States Yan Kingdom, and in 300 BC, King Wuling of Zhao expanded the land to Jiuyuan. See the author's "New Examination of Jiuyuan County".
"Liyang" continues to use the Warring States City of Guyang, and the ruins are the ancient city of Ao Tao Yaozi located in the north of Gongqing Farm Village in Baotou City. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, when transferring to "Butai Ancient City", see the author's "Analysis of the Ancient City Under the Jurisdiction of Wuyuan County, Baotou in the Han Dynasty"
The "Stone Gate Barrier" is located 2.5 kilometers north of the mouth of the Kundulun Ditch in Baotou City, on a hill inside the ditch, which is a small barrier to guard and transmit information in the ditch.
"Guanglu City" is "Guanglu Sai", in the third year of the first year (102 BC), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Guanglu Xun Xu to build a great wall to defend the Xiongnu, "out of the Wuyuan Fortress hundreds of miles, thousands of miles away, build a barrier pavilion", that is, out of Wuyuan County's Shimengou Ancient Road, starting from Guanglu City, including a number of Xiongnu cities in the northwest, about 170 kilometers north of Wuyuan County, built the Great Wall and city barriers in the east-west direction of thousands of miles.
Guanglu City was the starting point of Guanglu Xun Xu's own self-made, encompassing xiongnu city in the northwest direction. It is also the key to this article's examination of the location of the Xiongnu head Manchester City.
The author discovered Guanglu City in 2012 and was widely recognized by scholars.
Located in Kundulungou (Shimen Ancient Road), known locally as Taolu Trench, on the southwest slope of the three-fork intersection intersecting with Kundulungou, there is an ancient ruin, the existing city wall is 450 meters from east to west, 300 meters from north to south, (1) There are many remnants of pottery fragments on the surface of the city, and there are high-specification 18 cm large cloud tile fragments, pottery pieces with the word "solid" stamp. The author believes that the ancient city of Taolu Trench is the Guanglu City that people have been looking for for a long time.
The location of Guanglu City should conform to the following historical records;
1) "The North Exit Stone Gate Barrier to Guanglu City", Geographical Chronicle
2) "There is the ancient city of Huaishuo in the northeast of the city", "Tongjian Geographical Interpretation"
1) The ruins of the ancient city of Taolu Trench are the first larger ancient city with a north stone barrier, 450 meters from east to west and 300 meters from north to south.
2) The northeast direction of the ruins of the ancient city of Taolu Trench is the ruins of Huaishuo Town in the Northern Wei Dynasty.
The ancient city of Taolu Trench conforms to the above two historical documents, and is also a necessary barrier for the north out of Shimengou Ancient Road to enter the Nuqigou Ancient Road, leading to the Desert North Grassland and the Great Wall outside Saiwai.
Out of the taolu trench ancient city is the vast area of the Yinshan Northern Leave, of which there are also several ancient cities in the North Leave, which some scholars call "Guanglu City". The author believes that no matter which of the ancient cities is designated as "Guanglu City", it is not in line with the historical record to position the ancient city of Taolu Trench as "Guanglu City".
1) Other ancient cities do not have evidence of the location of a series of ancient cities that conform to the historical records of "Wuyuan County", "Liyang", and "Shimen Barrier".
2) Other ancient cities are either far away from "Wuyuan County", or are in the northern holiday of Yinshan Mountain, and there is no natural barrier to the dangerous position.
3) In the northwest direction of other ancient cities, there may be no ancient cities only mountains, let alone the northwest in the northwest.
4) Other ancient cities do not conform to the two key articles recorded in the Geographical Chronicle and the General Interpretation of Geography.
5) There are high-specification 18 cm large cloud pattern tiles and large barrel tiles found in the ancient city of Taolu Trench, which are suspected to be high-specification houses built by the Han Dynasty for the Han Dynasty. "In February 51 BC, in February 51 BC, he was sent back to China. Shan Yu asked himself, "I would like to stay in the shogunate under the Kwanglu Plug."
The above five points are only in line with the ancient city of Taolu Trench, and the ancient city of Taolu Trench is "Guanglu City". See Guanglu Sai Examination.
Branch to the city
"Zhiyi" should be the Hun language. Zhicheng should meet the northwest direction of the ancient city of Taolu Trench, and those who meet this condition are xiaozhaomenliang ancient city and Fengwan ancient city. These two ancient cities are only the Han city barrier guarding the south entrance of the Ancient Road of the Nuqigou, not the city of the Xiongnu, which does not conform to the meaning of "northwest again".
In the northwest direction of Xiaozhaomenliang Ancient City, located in the northwest of Dawulan Village, Xidoupu Town, Guyang County, 3 kilometers south of the Qin Great Wall, there is a city site, the city site is built with stone blocks, an irregular shape of the stone city, known as the Great Ulan Ancient City, the city is 1140 meters widest from north to south, 2200 meters from the widest point to the east and west, with an area of 1.6 million square meters.
Panorama of the satellite of the ancient city of Dawulan (Zhizhicheng).
On the outskirts of the city site, there are a number of stone building sites similar to Ao Bao. There are no remnants of brick and rubble in the city. The architectural style of the city is significantly different from that of Seoul, and should have been built by the Huns, but not a castle inhabited by the Huns.
According to the "Biography of the Xiongnu", the Xiongnu "migrated from water to grass, and the city was often in the business of cultivating the land, but each of them also had its own land." This record shows that the Xiongnu migrated with the grazing water and grass, and had no city, no long-term residence, and no farming business. However, each has its own vast territory.
Those magnificent stone enclosures halfway up the mountainside are fences that prevent their horses, cattle and sheep from running away, and have no defensive function. However, it can be proved that the surrounding area of the stone circle is a settlement of the Huns, and the Han people call it a city.
According to the article "The Past of Dawulan Village" written by Woye Yuyan; "Before liberation, from the Shimen Valley in front of Baotou to the Ulaanbaatar in Outer Mongolia, there was an ancient post road, known as Taidao or Tailu" "In the mountains behind the village, there is a grand stone ancient city hidden." The author believes that the legend of the hometown is not unreasonable, and "Tai Dao or Tai Lu" may be the road from the ancient city of Dawulan to "Shan Yu Tai".
The ancient city of Dawulan conforms to the location characteristics of the "branch city" recorded in the "Geographical Chronicle", and the ancient city of Da wulan should be a branch city.
Head Manchester City
To the northwest of the ancient city of Dawulan is the ancient city of Shilong, which corresponds to the history books of Touman City.
"Touman City" is the base of the Xiongnu Head Mandan Yu and Mao Dun Shan Yu, and it is also the place where the Xiongnu originated and rose. According to records, there were "Shan Yu Tai" who sacrificed to the heavens and issued orders to the Xiongnu departments, and "Shan Yu Ting" who lived in Shan Yu.
"Touman City" is also known as "Dragon City", under the counterattack of Emperor Wu of Han, the Xiongnu lost the "Dragon City", and a new "Dragon City" was built in Outer Mongolia called "North Dragon City", and in Baotou territory it was called "South Dragon City".
In the northwest direction of the ancient city of Dawulan, located in The West River Township of The United Banner of Maoming'an, Darhan, on the north side of Shilong Village, a small stone city was found on the top of a hill about 20 meters high, and the local name "Chengshan" is "Shilong Ancient City".
"Chengshan" means that the ancient city is on the mountain, and the ancient city of Shilong is on the top of the mountain
Shilong Ancient City is an irregular triangle, the longest is about 128 meters, the widest is about 97 meters, the center of Shicheng has many stones scattered in the north, it should be the location of an altar, and there is a row of stone foundation sites in the southwest of Shicheng. The gates open to the southwest.
Standing in the distance of Shilong Ancient City, the west is a gentle slope, and the other three sides are hilly grasslands, and you can't see the winding stone walls like other Xiongnu stone cities.
The south side of Shicheng along the gentle slope of 1.5 kilometers should be the city's mountain gate, the mountain gate is flanked by naturally formed cliffs, the east side of the cliff mountain shape is very peculiar, the local Dong surname and Hu surname of the villagers said; "ancestors call it Shilong."
The South Gate of Shilong City A cliff shaped like a stone dragon (blog photo of the Three Tigers)
Satellite view of the south gate of Shilong City A cliff shaped like a stone dragon guards the city gate
Inferring that the ancient city of Shilong is the xiongnu head man city;
1) Inferred from the order of the ancient city ruins in the Geographical Chronicle, the ancient city of Shilong should be the head man city.
2) The author Liang Jian believes that this place is Shilong Mountain Shilong Village, and there is a natural stone dragon guard at the gate of the ancient city, and it is not surprising to call the ancient city "Dragon City". The name "Dragon City" should be named after the natural stone dragons in this area. Touman City was the capital of the early Xiongnu, also known as the "Dragon City".
3) Inferred from the location of the ancient city, the ancient city of Shilong is surrounded by Xiongnu Cities, the ancient city of Tabu Ao Bao in the east, the ancient city of Naren Baolige in the northwest, the ancient city of Dawulan in the south, and the ancient city of Shaolin House in the northeast. Shilong Ancient City is in a central position, and the possibility of being the capital is high. The terrain around Shilong Ancient City is relatively flat, there are more grasslands, and there are geographical conditions of "May, Conference Dragon City".
Under the ancient city of Shilong is a hilly grassland
4) Why is there no stone fence around Shilong Ancient City?
In these Xiongnu cities, only the shilong ancient city around the big fence, the role of the stone wall is to circle the horses, cattle and sheep, and the head man city is the capital city, the Xiongnu have no habit of building a city wall, the thousands of meters of grassland around the "single yutai" are the territory of the single, is the single garrison and training site, no stone wall, perhaps more proof, this place is the military-oriented head man city.
Many of the stones in the walls of the ancient castle have been moved to the sheepfold
5) Fellow villagers said; the previous "ancient city wall was originally more than 3 meters high, and later the stones were moved to the Lei Sheep Pen.". The wall more than 3 meters high should be a defensive castle, measured by a satellite map, the longest point is about 128 meters, the widest point is about 97 meters, and there is an altar in the north of the center. This castle is the largest and only inhabitable and sacrificial castle in the surrounding area. The author believes that the Shilong Ancient Castle is the famous "Single Yu Tai", and the address on the platform may be Shan Yu.
Site and gate on the southwest wall of the castle, location of the altar to the north (satellite view)
Shan Yu's residence is also known as; "Shan Yu Ting", "Ting" and "Ting" sound the same, "Shan Yu Ting", "Ting" is a house above the ground, Shilong Ancient Castle is about 20 meters above the ground.
Shilong Ancient City "Chengshan" Xiongnu "Shan Yu Ting" and "Shan Yu Tai" ruins (Three Tigers blog photo)
According to the "Biography of the Xiongnu"; "In the first month of the year, the chiefs and children will be in the court and the temple." Every year in the first month of the year, the senior leaders of the Xiongnu gathered to sacrifice "Shan Yu Ting". This shows that the "Shan Yu Ting" has a place of worship, which is in line with the facilities of the Shilong Ancient Castle.
According to the Biography of the Xiongnu, "And Shan Yu went out of the camp, worshiped the beginning of the sun, and worshiped the moon at night." It sits, long to the left and facing north". This passage shows that the perimeter of "Shan Yu Ting" is a military camp to protect Shan Yu, and the direction of his seat is to face north, which is exactly the opposite of the Han Dynasty emperor's habit of "facing south and back to north". The row of houses on the southwest wall of Shilong Ancient Castle is just in line with the design of "facing north".
Combining the above points, the author believes;
Shilongcheng Castle is a castle that can be inhabited and sacrificed, which should be the ruins of the Xiongnu "Shan Yu Ting" and "Shan Yu Tai",
The territory of thousands of meters around "Shan Yu Tai" is called Head Man City.
The name "Dragon City" comes from the fact that there is a naturally formed stone dragon-like hill here.
The ancient city of Shilong should be the head man city of the Xiongnu.
"River City"
To the northeast of Shilong Ancient City is the Ancient City of Shaolin House, the Ancient City of Shaolin House, located on a hill in the southwest of Xihe Township of The United Banner of Maoming'an, Darkhan, with a stone wall, the longest point in east and west is more than 800 meters, and the north and south are more than 400 meters, and the wall continues to be spectacular in the mountains.
Satellite view of the ancient city of The Ancient City of Xiaolin House
In the northeast of shilong ancient city, it does not conform to the records of The City of The River in its northwest, but the territory of the city should be a vast grassland north of the wall and south of the Aibugai River.
The ancient city of The House of Theoryen corresponds to the "City of the River", the City of the River, which should be named after a river around it, and the north of the ancient city of the House of the House of the Little Forest is the "Mother River" Aibugai River that irrigates the Damao grassland.
The Ebugai River was probably called the "River of Worms" before 2300. The Xiongnu lived by water and grass, and the city next to the "Yu River" was named "YuHe City".
Judging from the corresponding order of the history books, the ancient city of Xiaolin House should be the Xiongnu's Yuhe City.
Suyu City
When the Geographical Chronicle records that when suyu city is recorded, it is not "and northwestern" but "and west" to see that Suyu City and Yuhe City are basically parallel locations, and to the west of the ancient city of Shaolin House, is the ancient city of Naren Baolige. Its city is located in the town of Ming'an, the united banner of Dalkhan Maoming'an, west of Naren Baoli Ge gacha.
There is an altar on the top of the hill west of Narenbaolig Gacha, which is located on a higher hilltop, probably farther from the village, the stone of the altar is not much missing, the wall is still good, but the central altar collapsed badly, and the wall of the altar is basically circular, about 24 meters in diameter. The foundation of the central altar is square in shape, with a side length of about 8 meters. This altar has the form of "outer circle and inner square", which is very rare in the Xiongnu region.
Similar to Shilong Castle, the altar gates are opened to the south, the gentle slope of the west is wide, and the steep view from the east and south is wide.
The difference is that the flatness of the grassland around the stone dragon castle altar is better than the Naren Baoli Gegacha altar. To the northwest of the Naren Baoli Gegacha Altar, there is a stone wall, but there is no wall around the Stone Dragon Castle, which may be the difference between the royal city and the ordinary city.
Naren Boli Gegacha altar and stone pillar pestle
The completeness of the Naren Baoli Gegacha altar was very shocking to the author and tong luggage Jie, and in the middle of the altar, the author found a stone pillar pestle with a flagpole and aperture of about 12 centimeters. It is conceivable that on the altar more than 2300 years ago, a huge Hun flag was fluttering in the wind, which should be a sign of the boundary of the Xiongnu tribe.
Judging from the corresponding order of the history books, the ancient city of Naren Baolige corresponds to Suyu City, "Suyu City"; "Su" has the meaning of storage and detention, "虏" has the meaning of looting and grabbing, and "Suyu City" The author believes that it is the city where the Xiongnu were imprisoned to grab the common people from the Han Dynasty, so that they made daily necessities from the Central Plains for the Xiongnu, as well as various swords, guns, bows and arrows.
The ancient city of Naren Baolige should be the "City of Suyu" of the Xiongnu.
1) Wuyuan County 2) Lingyang County 3) Shimen Barrier 4) Guanglu City 5) Location of the Great Wall of Qin 6) Zhizhicheng 7) Touman City (Longcheng) 8) Tabu Ao Bao Ancient City (not introduced in the history books) 9) Huhe City 10) Suyu City 11) Xu Ziwei built the location of the Northern Great Wall of the Han Dynasty
The above is that xu zi built the Great Wall north of Wuyuan County in the Han Dynasty, within hundreds of miles, including the name and positioning of the xiongnu ancient city.
The origin of the Xiongnu arose in the north of the Yin Mountains in Touman City, which was located in the north of Shilong Village, Shilong Mountain, Xihe Township, Damao Banner, Baotou City.
Represents only Liang Jian's personal views,
2021-7-26
(The above only represents the author's personal views, the original content is not easy to reprint, please indicate the source of some of the pictures from the network map, and then thank you)
About the Author
Liang Jian: A native of Baotou, Inner Mongolia
Vice Chairman of the Council of Jiuyuan Museum in Baotou, Inner Mongolia
Registered art appraiser of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security
Inheritor of intangible culture of bone carving at the municipal level
Reference articles
(1) Introduction of the ancient city of Wulat Qianqi
Book of Han Geography
History of the Xiongnu
Fang Jinliang's "Traces of Yin Mountain"