During the Chongqing negotiations, Mao Zedong and Chiang Kai-shek invariably brought with them this copy of the Zizhi Tongjian, and Chairman Mao was stunned to read through the Zizhi Tongjian 17 times.
In the field of historiography, the status of Sima Qian's "Records of History" is almost unshakable.
However, in the eyes of some people, Sima Guang's "Zizhi Tongjian" is not inferior to the "History", why is this?
As we all know, "Shi Ji" is a history book, written by the father and son of the literary family Sima Qian, which can basically be said to be a history book, and "Zizhi Tongjian" is written by a writer and politician, and it is specially written for the emperor to govern the country, so the emperors of all generations have great respect for the "Zizhi Tongjian". Sima Guang wrote the Zizhi Tongjian in order to consolidate the feudal regime at that time, which determined that the content of this book was mainly political history.
Zizhi Tongjian (often simplified as Tongjian) is a multi-volume chronicle edited by the Northern Song Dynasty historian Sima Guang, with a total of 294 volumes, which took nineteen years to complete. Mainly based on the outline of time and events, from the twenty-third year of King Weilie of Zhou (403 BC) to the sixth year of Emperor Xiande of Zhou Shizong (959 AD) to stop writing in Huainan, covering the history of the Sixteenth Dynasty in 1362.
In this book, the editors summarized many lessons for the rulers to learn, and Song Shenzong believed that this book "in view of the past, has the resources to govern the Tao", that is, to strengthen the rule with historical gains and losses as a lesson, so it was named "Zizhi Tongjian". The Zizhi Tongjian is a total of 294 volumes, about three million words, and there are thirty volumes of "Examination Difference" and "Table of Contents".
The content of the Zizhi Tongjian is mainly based on political, military and ethnic relations, as well as the evaluation of economic, cultural and historical figures, and the purpose is to warn future generations through the description of the policies of the ruling class that affect the rise and fall of the country and the rise and fall of the nation.
"Zizhi Tongjian" is a general history of chronicles, while "Shiji" is the first general history of the chronicle, "Spring and Autumn" is the earliest surviving chronicle of history, and "Zizhi Tongjian" recounts historical events sequentially according to time, often using the technique of recounting and finalizing, explaining the causes and consequences of historical events, and it is easy for people to get a systematic and clear impression. Its content is mainly based on political and military historical facts, so as to show the traces of chaos, success and failure, and safety and security of the monarchs and subjects of all generations, as a reference for history. The lives and struggles of the peoples of all ethnic groups are described.
The Tongjian was composed by Sima Guang, and the assistant cultivators were Liu Shu, Liu Shu, and Fan Zuyu. Liu Shubo heard and wrote strongly, from the "History of History" to the following histories, side and private notes and miscellaneous, everything, the discussion of the "General Commentary", the most forceful. Liu Shu in the history of Han, Fan Zuyu in the history of Tang, both have specialized and in-depth research. They have worked together and made important contributions. Finally, Sima Guang revised and polished it and wrote it into a final draft.
Sima Guang compiled a fragment of the Zizhi Tongjian
Since the zizhi tongjian was written, successive emperors and generals, literati and dignitaries from all walks of life have been competing to read it. The emperors, sages, hongru, and modern politicians, thinkers, and scholars who commented on the Zizhi Tongjian are numerous and numerous. As a textbook for kings of past dynasties, the praise of the Zizhi Tongjian is almost incomparable with the Zizhi Tongjian except for the "Records of History".
In addition to politics, the Zizhi Tongjian has been recorded in culture, science and technology, economy, and military. In terms of culture, as far as academic thought is concerned, the representative figures and academic propositions of the five schools of Confucianism, Legal Names, Yin and Yang, and Zongheng in the pre-Qin Dynasty, the Huang Lao Thought in the lower and early Han Dynasties, the Confucianism of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and the prevalence of Wei and Jin metaphysics are all recorded. There are also accounts of the origin and development of Buddhism and Taoism, as well as the struggle between Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism. There are more systematic statements about the development of scripture since the Western Han Dynasty, the schooling of classics, the engraving of stone scriptures, and the engraving and circulation of the Nine Classics. Famous literati and their works are also documented.
Chairman Mao Zedong claimed to have annotated the Zizhi Tongjian 17 times and commented: "Seventeen times." Every reading is very rewarding. A rare good book... There are two great books in China, one is the "Records of History" and the other is the "Zizhi Tongjian", both of which are written by talented people in the context of political disillusionment... The "Tongjian" writes about war, which is really written with vigor and vigor, very expressive, and full of dialectics. ”
The Zizhi Tongjian is suitable for everyone to read, no matter what kind of social position you are in now. Zhou Shan wanted to use two words commonly found in modern texts to further explain this problem. These two words, one is "style", the other is "pattern".
Liang Qichao praised zizhi tongjian as the most successful political textbook in Chinese history. Sima Guang is always guiding people that everything must follow the right path. Crooked ways and cleverness sometimes bring people a little immediate benefit, but in the long run, it is bound to fail. This coincides with the Tao Te Ching, which requires everyone to take the right path and the road, and must not take shortcuts, because shortcuts are often wrong. The Zizhi Tongjian uses countless examples in the long river of history to prove this point, and there is only one way to bright and permanent success: that is, the right path. What is the right path? Everything cannot be mercenary, from personal behavior to national principles and policies, it must conform to public and public non-public, and so on, and its connotation can be very rich.
In his later years, Chairman Mao Zedong's parlor was full of books, including, of course, the Zizhi Tongjian.
Of course, the political purpose of the Zizhi Tongjian is the first, and there are certainly its shortcomings, such as:
1. The "Zizhi Tongjian" focuses on political and military ink, and there are not many records of economic aspects, such as the "rent and yong modulation" only "the initial rent, the yong, and the adjustment method, and the rent of two stones per ding, two horses of silk, and three or two of cotton, except for zizi, there must be no horizontal adjustment." "Twenty words or so, the "General Records of the Last Book" contains only two historical materials related to the economy, and even less about culture, art, and religion.
2. Xiang Yu's song of The Fall, Liu Bang's Song of the Great Wind, etc., are not taken in the Tongjian, but they are adopted for those who "have ridicule in poetry", such as volume 14 Zhao composing songs, and volume 134 people composing songs for Yuan Yue. A character like Du Fu is even only mentioned once, and it is still involved through other people, you say funny and funny? Liu Zongyuan was a political figure, and although his literary status was less than that of Du Fu, Sima Guang included his two masterpieces, "The Biography of ziren" and "The Biography of Guo Qihu who planted trees".
3. The Zizhi Tongjian also specifically records the translation of the Kumarosh, but does not record the Xuanzang translation, and also records in detail the three large-scale bans on Buddhism and destruction of Buddhism by Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei, Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou, and Emperor Wuzong of Tang; it records Chen Qun's Nine Pins Zhongzheng System, but does not record the Sui Dynasty Kaijin Shike, and those who have nothing to do with politics are not admitted. Gu Yanwu said: "This book is governed by capital, what is the record of the record and the literati?" ”
Therefore, if you look at the "Zizhi Tongjian" from a literary point of view, although it has reference significance, it can only be hehe!
Sima Guang Profile:
Sima Guang (1019–1086) was a politician, historian, and writer during the Northern Song Dynasty. A native of Xiashui Township (present-day Xia County, Shanxi) in Xia County, Shaanzhou, Northern Song Dynasty, he was born in Guangshan County, Henan Province, the original character Gongshi, later changed to Junshi, the original name of The Detour, the later changed to the Roundabout, the world known as Mr. Shushui. Sima Guang has been fond of learning since childhood, and he is particularly fond of the "Spring and Autumn Zuo Clan Biography". Sima Guang wrote a lot. In addition to the Zizhi Tongjian, there are also eighty volumes of the Tongjian Juju Calendar, twenty volumes of the Records of the Ancient Records, and six volumes of the Table of Hundred Officials and Secretaries of the Imperial Household. In addition, he has studied and written in literature, scripture, philosophy and even medicine, and his main representative works are "Hanlin Shicao", "Zhugu Literature Classic", "Yi Shuo", "Zhu Tai Xuan Jing", "Zhu Yangzi", "Shuyi", "Youshan Xingji", "Continuing Poetry", "Medical Question", "Shushui Chronicle", "Class Chapter", "Sima Wenzheng Gongji" and so on. Historically, Sima Guang was once enshrined as one of the Three Noble Fathers of Confucianism.
Here, Zhou Shan Xiaobian gave you the six golden words of the "Zizhi Tongjian". You can roughly understand the "Zizhi Tongjian", if you want to know more about it, only read the original text, this, this, is really ashamed, Zhou Shan Xiaobian really has not read through it.
1, I am far away
In life, there should be something to pursue, to have a clear goal in life, and to continue to strive for it. The old man has a saying called not to fight for steamed bread, because people live in the world, for decades, they must have a clear sense of faith and be willing to make continuous efforts for it.
2, the sincerity of admiration, the double of the fierceness of the latter!
The deepest connection between two people is interest, and when the interests are the same, they can become confidants and friends; when the interests dispel knowledge, they become enemies of hatred. Now many people feel very confused in the face of interpersonal communication, knowing that they have paid their hearts, why can't they get the same return? If you can see the interaction between two people as an equivalent exchange of benefits, then everything can be explained.
3, the sage of man is not like a rat, in the ear of the self!
What kind of results can be achieved in the final life of a person, what kind of life height can be reached, in fact, it does not have much to do with the ability of the individual, and the ultimate factor that affects these final factors is the environment in which they are located. "Meng Mother Three Moves", Meng Mother can even move several times for her children to learn, just to find a good learning environment for her children. If you want to develop your life, you must also find a suitable soil.
4, peach and plum do not speak, the next into their own.
People of high moral character do not need to say too much, they tend to attract people around them because of their noble character and good character. When we choose a friend who is truly worthy of contact, we can start from his inside, unnecessarily superficial, confused by the gorgeous appearance of the other party, and some people are often outside the gold and jade, and they are defeated. Good friends will have a positive effect on you, while bad friends will even bring you into boundless darkness. If you want to make people develop in life, then to create a positive atmosphere for yourself, start by choosing good friends.
5, lost a millimeter, the difference is thousands of miles.
A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step, and anything inconspicuous can affect the pace of development of things. Small things seem very inconspicuous in the overall situation of things, but if you do not pay attention to and do not solve small contradictions first, then how can you expect things to develop and have the desired ending? Why not sweep a house to level the world.
6, desire and do not know, lose what is there.
Desire can promote people's progress, but when desire is too strong, if you can't control your desires well, then this time is also the edge of your destruction. If God wants to destroy a person, he must first let it swell, know how to properly restrain his desires, not only do you not get what you want to have, but you will also lose what you already have. Desire is a double-edged sword, but it depends on how you use it.