(Written in the front, because this article comparing domestic and foreign pig breeds is too long, it was split into two to send, please forgive me)
China's vast territory, complex terrain, different climate, the survival of a large number of wild boar, coupled with the differences in agricultural production conditions and farming systems in various regions, the difference in social and economic conditions to the formation of pig breeds provide different conditions and requirements. Through the selection and breeding of working people, many excellent pig breeds and types have been formed.
According to the statistics of the national pig breed census, there are more than 100 local breeds in China, of which 68 are famous local breeds, which is the country with the largest number of pig breeds in the world.
Common good pig breeds are as follows:
<h1>(1) Folk pigs</h1>
The folk pig belongs to the North China type pig breed. Distributed in the northeast region, there are three types: large (large people pigs), medium (two people pigs), and small (poached pigs).
The whole body of the pig is coated with black hair, the head is medium-sized, the face is straight and long, the ears are drooping, the back and waist are straight, the limbs are thick, the back body is obliquely narrow, and the body is fluffy in winter, and the bristles are good.
Adult boars weigh about 200 kg, sows about 150 kg, and fattening pigs weigh up to 136 kg at 300 days old, with a slaughter rate of 71.5%.
Advantages of the pig:
High fecundity, obvious estrus, strong adaptability, especially adaptable to severe cold climate, tolerant to rough feeding, good meat quality, strong disease resistance.
The disadvantages of the pigs are low feed utilization, excessive skin thickness, and imperfect muscles.
The positive and negative crossbreeding of folk pigs and other pigs shows a strong hybrid advantage. The Ha white pig, the new golden pig, the Sanjiang white pig and the Tianjin white pig, which are bred on the basis of the people's pigs, can retain the advantages of the people's pigs.
Folk pigs have the characteristics of strong cold resistance, strong physique, large number of litters, strong fat deposition ability and good meat quality, suitable for grazing and relatively extensive management, and hybridize with other breeds of pigs in two varieties and three varieties, and the hybrid offspring obtained show significant hybrid advantages in reproduction and fattening. Folk pigs have a high fat rate, thicker skin, underdeveloped hind leg muscles, and slower weight gain.
<h1>(2) Taihu Lake pigs</h1>
Taihu pig is the pig breed with the largest number of litters in the world, and it is also a famous local breed with strong fecundity and large number of piglets in China, enjoying the reputation of "national treasure".
Taihu pig belongs to the Jianghai type pig breed, produced in the Taihu Lake Basin of Jiangsu and Zhejiang regions, and Suzhou is the key production area of Taihu Lake pigs.
Among them, the "Meishan Pig" produced in Jiading District of Shanghai, the "Fengjing Pig" in Songjiang District, the Jiaxing Black Pig in Jiaxing and Pinghu in Zhejiang Province, the "Jiaoxi Pig" in Wujin, Jiangsu Province, the "Lishiqiao Pig" in Jingjiang City, and the "Shahu Head Pig" in Chongming, Qidong and Haimen all belong to this category.
Taihu pigs are large in size, loose in physique, with a large forehead, a slightly concave face, and wrinkles in the forehead. For example, Jiaoxi pig can be divided into large flower face and two flower face according to the number of wrinkles and the depth. The ears are thick in skin and soft and droopy at the roots of the ears. The back and waist are wide and slightly concave, the chest is deep, the abdomen is large and droopy, the hips are wide and oblique, the thighs are under-plump, the skin of the hindquarter is wrinkled, the whole body is sparsely hairy, the coat color is all black or bluish gray, and the limbs and nose are white. Nipples are generally 8 to 9 pairs.
Strong reproductive ability, generally the newborn sows produce more than 10 live litters per pig per litter, more than 14 live litters are produced by sows, more than 12 are weaned and bred, the newborn weighs 0.7 kg, the 45-day-old weaning nest weighs about 100 kg, and the 2-month-old weaning weighs about 9 kg. At 6 months of age, it weighs about 65 to 70 kg. The suitable slaughter weight is about 75 kg, and the slaughter rate is 67%. Adult boars weigh 140 kg and sows weigh about 110 kg.
One of the characteristics of Taihu pigs is good reproduction, especially the erhua face and Meishan pigs are the highest, with an average of 12 initial production, an average of more than 16 sows, more than three litters, 20 heads per litter, 26 litters per litter, and the highest record has been 42.
Taihu pigs mature early, and the quality of boar sperm 4 to 5 months old reaches the level of annual pigs. Sows are in heat at 2 months of age. It is reported that 75-day-old sows can be fertilized to give birth to normal piglets.
Taihu pigs have strong calving, high lactation, and cautious lying, which can reduce the pressure on piglets. Piglet feeding rate and fertility rate are high.
The second characteristic of Taihu pig is that it has strong hybrid advantages. The genetic performance of Taihu pigs is relatively stable, and the combination of hybridization with lean pig breeds has strong advantages, and it is most suitable as a hybrid mother. At present, Taihu pigs are often used as long-term females (the first generation of sows crossed between long white boars and Taihu sows) to carry out ternary hybridization. Practice has proved that in the process of hybridization, the ternary hybrid combination types such as Du Changtai or About Changtai maintain the characteristics of large number of parental litters, high lean meat rate and fast growth rate. Due to the high fecundity of Taihu pigs, many countries in the world have introduced Taihu pigs to cross with domestic pig breeds to improve the fertility of domestic pig breeds.
The third characteristic of Taihu pig is that the meat is delicious and unique. Taihu pigs are precocious and easy to fatten, with a carcass lean meat rate of 38.8% to 45%, a muscle pH of 6.55, and a meat color score of nearly 3 points. The content of muscle protein is about 23%, the content of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, methionine and threonine in amino acids is higher than that of other varieties, the content of intermuscular fat is about 1.37%, and the muscle marbling score is 3 points.
<h1>(3) LuChuan pigs</h1>
Luchuan pig is a South China type pig breed. It is named after Luchuan County, which originates in the southeast of Guangxi, and is now mainly distributed in Yulin, Qinzhou, Wuzhou and other places, with different groups of Luchuan pigs, Gongguan pigs, Bayberry pigs, Taiping pigs and so on.
Its body shape can be described by five words: "short, short, fat, wide, and round". The coat color is black and white, the head, ears, shoulders, buttocks, and tail are black, the nose, lower cheeks, shoulder blades, chest and abdomen and limbs are white, and there is a "halo" of 4 to 5 cm of white fur and black skin at the junction of black and white. Lu Chuan pig skin is thin, the coat is short, thin, sparse, the head is short, the mouth is medium long, the face is slightly concave or straight, the forehead is wide with horizontal stripes or diamond-shaped stripes, the ears are small and flattened outwards, the chest is deep, the back and waist are wide and concave, the abdomen is large and mopping, the hips are short and inclined, the tail is thick, the hind legs are wrinkled, the limbs are thick and short, and the nipples are 6 to 7 pairs.
Sows have high fecundity, with an average litter of more than 12 litters, and good motherhood and stable pig genetics. Luchuan pigs grow slowly, feeding remuneration is low, under general feeding conditions, the average daily weight gain during the growth period is 321 grams, and the feeding remuneration is 4.13:1 (Luchuan pigs consume high materials, the main
The reason is that the Luchuan pig grows slowly and the feed nutrient level is low). The average slaughter rate of adult pigs is 76.3%. Raising pigs according to the scale, the growth and development are significantly accelerated. Luchuan pork skin is thin and tender, the meat quality is good, and the carcass lean meat rate is 36.7%.
<h1>(4) Jinhua pig</h1>
Jinhua pig is a medium-sized pig breed, produced in Yiwu, Dongyang and Jinhua in Jinhua region of Zhejiang. Jinhua pigs have the characteristics of "two black pigs", also known as "two black pigs in central China".
Jinhua pig's coat color heritability is relatively stable, characterized by the middle white, two heads of black, pure coat color, black fur at the top of the head and buttocks, the rest of the many places are white skin white hair, at the junction of black and white there is a black skin and white hair in the band of "halo". Jinhua pigs are small in shape, with a slightly concave back, a rounded and slightly droopy abdomen, and a more inclined hip.
Adult boars weigh about 140 kg, sows about 110 kg, the average number of litters is more than 14, fattening pigs weigh 63 to 76 kg at 8 to 9 months old, and the slaughter rate is 72.6%.
The main advantages of Jinhua pig are good quality, bright red muscle color, strong hydraulic power, tender and juicy; Thin skin and fine bones, thin head and small limbs, low proportion of skin and bone in the carcass, more edible parts; High fertility, with an average of more than 14 litters per litter, a long breeding life, and high yield of excellent sows
It can last for 8 to 9 years, and the final production of about 20 litters; Large number of nipples, strong lactation, good motherhood, high feeding rate of piglets; Sexual maturity is early, and the sows begin to develop in heat at 70 to 80 days of age, and reach sexual maturity at about 105 days of age. Male and female pigs can generally be bred and produced at about 5 months of age;
Good adaptability, strong cold and heat resistance, resistant to coarse feeding, can adapt to the climate environment in most parts of China, and has been exported to Japan, France, Canada, Thailand and other countries for many times.
The disadvantages of Jinhua pigs are that they are not large in size, small in birth, grow slowly, and their hind legs are not full enough.
Jinhua pig is precocious and easy to fatten, has the characteristics of more plate oil and less subcutaneous fat, and is suitable for pickling ham.
(To be continued)