Shandong Zizi is a local opera genre of Han Chinese that is popular in the southwest and luzhong regions of Shandong Province. Also known as "high-profile zi", referred to as "high-profile" or "high-profile". Because of its high and agitated characteristics, it is called "sacrificing life". It is mainly popular in most counties and cities in Heze, Jining, Tai'an and other places in the southeast and west of Shanxi, as well as the vast towns and villages in Liaocheng, Linyi and other areas. Due to the different endemic areas, the masses also call them differently. For example, those centered on Heze are called "Caozhou Zizi"; those centered on Jining and Wenshang are called "Wenshang Zizi" or "Lower Road Tune", collectively called "High Tone", to distinguish it from the "Flat Tone" that is popular in southwest Lu and southern Ji. In 1952, it was collectively named "Shandong Zizi". On June 7, 2008, Shandong Zizi was approved to be included in the second batch of national intangible cultural heritage list.
Yao Yuezhi (1923-2006) is a famous Shandong Yizi performance artist. One of the eight famous Dans, launched by the "Shandong Zizi Art Research", the other seven lists are: Liu Guirong, Liu Guisong, Meng Yuqin, Hao Ruizhi, Li Yuling, Kai Fengqin and Yin Aiju.
Originally from Juye, Shandong, he later settled in Jiaxiang, Shandong. He learned Hebei Zizi and Dagu Shu in his early childhood, and later changed to singing Shandong Zizi, Gong Qingyi, Hua Dan, Dao Ma Dan, and was also good at playing Lao Dan, with a wide play path and strong plasticity. Her voice is wide and bright, her words are clear, and her singing is both euphemistic and delicate, but also explosive, which is well received by the masses. Its representative plays include "Flower Gun", "Fan Lihua", "Leprosy Girl" and modern dramas "Red Coral" and "Bridge Longbiao". In 1956, she participated in the second opera performance in Shandong Province, and she played Jiang Guizhi in "The Flower Gun", which won the second prize of the actor's award. Before his death, he served as the head of the business group of the Shandong Wuzi Opera Troupe in Jiaxiang County, Shandong Province, and a deputy to the People's Congress of Jining City.
Mr. Yao Yuezhi, a famous Shandong Zizi performance artist, unfortunately died of illness on the evening of October 15, 2006 at the age of 83. Mr. Yao Yuezhi is a well-known person engaged in the performing arts of Shandong Zizi, and the performing arts she pioneered are unique and can be established; she is of noble character, self-denial and public service, and can be a model for future learning. She is both virtuous and artistic, regardless of fame and fortune, and content with poverty. With her noble character and excellent art, she quietly cultivated the fertile soil of Pear Garden.
Yao Yuezhi: Founder of Jiaxiang County Shandong Zizi Theater Troupe!
Author:Wang Ruohe 2014-05-09 09:47
On October 15, 2006, when we learned of the news of Elder Yao's death, our family was deeply saddened. On the 18th, I attended the memorial meeting of Elder Yao, and my superiors gave Elder Yao a high evaluation, and I agree with the truth that Yao Yuezhi in the eulogy was "one of the founders of the Shandong Zizi Theater Troupe in Jiaxiang County", and she devoted her life's energy and efforts to Shandong Zizi. Looking back on the days when I worked with Elder Yao, the grief is filled with deep nostalgia and infinite reverence for Elder Yao.
In April 1950, I accompanied Yao Lao and more than a dozen old artists from Jinxiang County people's drama club to Jiaxiang County to establish the Jiaxiang County Mass Drama Society. At that time, she was the main actor of the troupe, but she never put up the main role frame, no matter where she performed, no matter how poor the performance conditions, she overcame all difficulties to perform the play well and satisfy the audience. She has no fame and fortune in her heart, only art, and when she performs, no matter how big or small the role is, she studies it carefully and never sloppily on stage. And she is modest and studious, in 1956 we went to Jinan to participate in the second provincial opera performance, she had time to learn from other brother dramas, even young actors, as long as there are good things, she also humbly learn the strengths of others. It is this spirit of modesty and prudence that makes Yao Lao's art more and more perfect, and gradually form his own unique artistic style.
Yao often speaks slurredly in rap plays, which is equivalent to killing people with blunt knives, so her singing voice is loud and clear, and every sentence can be heard clearly by the audience. She acts very seriously and hard, no matter how large the audience, she is meticulous and never sloppy. I have been playing with Yao Lao for nearly thirty years, and I have only seen her acting mistake once, and I am still very impressed. It was 1956, and we went to the Shandong Theater in Jinan to study Chang Xiangyu's Mulan, and after returning to the troupe, we worked overtime to rehearse overnight, and we were tired and tired. Immediately after the official performance the next day, Yao Lao played Hua Mulan, because of overwork, when Mulan dressed as a man to register with Marshal He, she mistakenly reported "Hua Mu Li" to "Mulan". Elder Yao cried when she returned to the background, and she felt remorse for this, and she didn't eat anything that day. In terms of the seriousness of the performance, other actors cannot be compared.
Elder Yao was subjected to all kinds of oppression and suffering in the old society, and felt extremely happy and satisfied with today's life. She was the first veteran comrade to join the party after the establishment of the party organization in Jiaxiang County, and the party gave her a lot of honors, provincial and county people's congress deputies, labor models, and so on.
Although she has never given birth to children, her children are full of children, and the children are all raised. After they grew up, once, Elder Yao called them together and explained the origins of each of their children clearly, without concealing anything. These children are very contentious, obedient, and very filial. The children have worked hard in their work, and their careers have been successful, some have become state cadres, and some have achieved fruitful results in the arts.
Her beloved apprentice Wang Sujuan was a former star of the Qufu Shandong Zizi Theater Troupe, and was also a deputy to the Qufu People's Congress, a member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, and a member of the Standing Committee of the People's Congress. All this shows that Elder Yao is also good at teaching his children. Elder Yao's life was a revolutionary life, she was approachable, united comrades, never quarreled with others, and was an old senior with high morals. Her death has caused us to lose a good elder and a good teacher, which is an irreparable and irreparable loss of Shandong Zizi Drama.
In order to express my reverence for Elder Yao, I personally sent her to the Jinxiang County cemetery and let her be buried in the ground. Although Elder Yao has left us, her artistic achievements, her character and artistic virtues are always worthy of our study and admiration. We must turn grief into strength, carry out Yao Lao's unfinished business to the end, and carry forward and grow the Shandong Wuzi drama. Elder Yao, rest in peace.
Part of Yao Yuezhi's "Flower Gun" lyrics:
Play a big flag (pull ya) in the camp
The gold letters on the flag are written in unison
It says that my name is Jiang Guizhi
Luo Song's mother, old Luo Yi's wife
Underneath is my little grandchild named Luo Huan
Twelve years old, good martial arts
The flower gun of Jiang Men who does not know
With the son boy I left the Jiang family set
There was an old body in the South Camp I only sighed
Crying old man, old Luo Yi my old husband
Cry my old husband where are you
My family lives in this Nanyang land
There is a former residence in the Jiang family set
Daddy's surname is Jiang, which is called goodness
The old mother of the Wang clan is virtuous in temperament
I don't have a sister or a sister in my old age
No brother and no brother, I am myself
Forty years ago, on The Day of the Ming Dynasty
When the old father left the hall and left the door
I was running out of the house and I was meeting a patient
Lying on the street panting and dying
The old father ordered his family to carry them to his house
He brought the hometown to tears
He was frozen and gasping for breath here
The surname Luo Mingyi is also twenty-one
Just because I went to Beijing to catch the exam
Seriously ill to bring down the Jiang family set
Please heal his illness
At my house he continued to study and read
Daddy loves his literary prowess
Only then did I promise him to be a couple
On that day, the couple went to the garden to play
See the guns and swords swinging together
Royef asked me at that time
Whoever uses these blades can use them
That's when the old man told the truth
The flower gun of The Ginger Gate is ancestral
From then on, Luo Yifu abandoned literature to study martial arts
Standing up and forcing the old man to teach him martial arts
I taught him the flower gun seventy single two ways
He still had thirty-two routes he hadn't learned
Jiaxiang County is one of the main birthplaces of Shandong Zizi. In 1950, Yao Yuezhi, a famous actor in Shandong Wuzi, led a cadre of people from Jinxiang County to Jiaxiang, merged with several local opera classes, and established the country's first county-run Shandong Zizi Theater Troupe, with nearly 60 actors, and the staged "Flower Gun", "Leprosy Girl" and so on caused a sensation, Yao Yuezhi's main worker Qingyi, singing beautiful and unique, clear and true words, acting into reasonable, doing drama and sound, enjoying a high reputation in Shandong, Jiangsu, Henan, Hebei and Anhui generations. While immersing herself in the study of Shandong Zizi singing skills, she has dabbled in many kinds of dramas such as Yu Opera and Hebei Zizi, drawing on the strengths of all, and being creative, enriching and perfecting the artistic style of Shandong Zizi. Yao Yuezhi's "Gun to the Flower" has also become a classic play of Shandong Zizi.
In 1956, the number of county-run Shandong Wuzi Troupes reached three, with 200 professional actors, as well as a large number of amateur troupes. In 1958, the Jiaxiang County Shandong Zizi Troupe merged with the Jining Shandong Zizi Troupe. In 1962, the entire merged troupe was assigned to Jiaxiang County, at this time, the Jiaxiang Shandong Zizi Troupe had a neat lineup, each industry had famous characters, becoming a professional troupe that was famous in the southwest of Zhenlu and resounded throughout several provinces, and a number of high-level Shandong Zizi performing artists such as Zhang Jiai, Li Yunpeng, Ma Jinlan, and Li Yuling were favored by the majority of opera fans. Li Yuling, known as the "golden voice", is the main worker Hua Dan, who sings with pure tone, free voice, high-pitched and bright. Among them, a large section of Hei Jingzhi in "Three Provinces Zhuang" called "Quack General" slow board play, which epitomizes the artistic charm of Shandong Zizi, through her dashing and free singing and the beautiful and harmonious accompaniment of the band, it has reached the realm of reverberating, the audience is not tired of listening, every performance, the audience not only frequently applauds the actors, but also applauds the accompaniment band many times.
In the late 1980s, a number of rookies emerged, and in September 1988, he participated in the Shandong Provincial "Taishan Audio-Visual Cup" Shandong Zizi Middle and Young Actors Grand Prix, Liu Jinlan won the first prize for actors, Du Yuzhen won the second prize for actors, and Yang Xiaoqiao won the third prize. In October 1989, at the Second Shandong Provincial Culture and Art Festival, Du Yuzhen won the first prize for actors, Liu Jinlan won the second prize, and Li Yuping won the third prize.
Jiaxiang County Shandong Zizi also continues to radiate to the surrounding areas with its own advantages. In 1956, a troupe of Shandong Zizi in Jiaxiang County performed in Tai'an Feicheng, and was formed by Feicheng County as the Feicheng County Shandong Zizi Troupe. In 1959, the second troupe of Shandong Zizi in Jiaxiang County was assigned to Zaozhuang City to form zaozhuang Shandong Zizi Troupe, and the third troupe of Shandong Zizi in Jiaxiang County was assigned to Teng County to form the Tengxian Shandong Zizi Troupe. In 1962, the young Shandong Zizi Troupe of Jining City (a drama school during the merger of Jiaxiang and Jining City) was transferred to Qufu to become the Qufu Shandong Zizi Troupe, and some Shandong Zizi actors trained by Jiaxiang County became the protagonists of the nearby city and county troupes.
Traditional repertoire
The traditional repertoire of Shandong Zizi is extremely rich. The content of the repertoire is mainly based on historical themes, mostly cost dramas. Among them, the repertoire depicting resistance to rape, great loyalty and adultery, killing the rich and helping the poor, and hoeing violence and peace and well-being occupies a considerable proportion, reflecting the fierce personality of the people of southwest Lu who dare to struggle and strive for freedom.
According to old artists, there are as many as 600 plays often staged in the Dacao class of Wenshang County. Mr. Xie Xiaopin's traditional repertoire of Shandong Zizi that he has copied and mastered over the years is counted as follows: 25 yin dynasty story plays, 40 Zhou Dynasty story plays, 6 Qin Dynasty story plays, 34 Han Dynasty story plays, 65 Three Kingdoms story plays, 12 two Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties story plays, 120 Sui and Tang dynasty story plays, 19 five generation story plays, 125 Song Dynasty story plays, 9 Yuan Dynasty story plays, 76 Ming Dynasty story plays, 49 Qing Dynasty story plays, 102 unknown dynasties and folk story plays, a total of 682.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Shandong Provincial Opera Research Office excavated a total of 437 records, of which the "Old Eighteen Books" commonly known as artists were: "Spring and Autumn Match", "Plum Snowfall", "Qianliju", "Quan Zhongxiao", "Jiangdong", "Warship", "Cosmic Front", "Jade Tiger Pendant", "Hundred Flowers", "Old Bianting", "Jintai General", "Rich And Noble Figure", "Dragon Gate Array", "Bergamot Orange", "Double Jade Bracelet", "Tiger Hill Mountain", "Tianqilu", "Ma Longji".
The "Seventeen Mountains" are "Laoyang Mountain", "Tiger Hill Mountain", "Tielong Mountain", "Shanhaiguan", "Qishan Cape", "Tiantai Mountain", "Two Wolf Mountains", "Longevity Mountain", "Sima Yi Exploration Mountain", "Rolling Drum Mountain", "Erlong Mountain", "Leopard Head Mountain", "Cuiping Mountain", "Hongluo Mountain", "Orchid Mountain", "Big Buddha Mountain".
The "Twelve Passes" are: "Anti-Zhaoguan", "Passing Five Passes", "Anti-TongGuan", "ChaotongGuan", "Jinyang Pass", "Chudi Pass", "Three Shangguan", "Playing Three Passes", "Nanyang Pass", "Yangping Pass", "Gaoping Pass", and "Tianshui Pass".
The "five arrays" are: "Five Thunder Array", "Green Dragon Array", "Yinmen Array", "Yellow River Array", and "Meilong Town".
The "six states" are: "Anti-Xuzhou", "AnleZhou", "Pinghuo Prefecture", "Touji Prefecture", "Erji Prefecture".
These plays left a deep impression on the masses, so the folk made up some very popular slip-ins, such as "Tou Ji Prefecture, Er Ji Prefecture, Yao Gang Zhengnan, to catch the hook", "hit the golden branch, scold the Golden Temple, Cao Zhuang killed his wife, shepherded the sheep pen" and so on.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the modern dramas successively created include "White Haired Girl", "Father-Son Marriage", "Little Son-in-Law", "Lao Wang Selling Melons", "Wan Zi QianHong", "Wan Jia Xiang", "Frontier People's Home" and so on. The traditional repertoire of collation and adaptation includes "The Record of the Wall" and "Cheng Bites The Golden Kiss" and so on. Among them, "The Record of the Wall" was filmed in color by the Central News Documentary Field in 1982.
Four signs
There are "four major marches", namely "Mu Guiying Zhengdong", "Qin Ying Zhengxi" ("To Songguan"), "Yao Gang Zhengnan" ("Double Gun Edge"), "Lei Zhen Hai Zhengbei" ("Three Passes of Sword Splitting").
In fact, "Zhengdong" also has "Xue Li Zhengdong" ("Dragon Gate Array"), "Liu Lian Zhengdong", "Ma Sanbao Zhengdong".
"Zhengxi" also includes "Mulan Female Zhengxi", "Lei Zhenhai Zhengxi", "Fan Lihua Zhengxi" ("Three Shangguan"), "Lu Ming Zhengxi" ("Sleepy Snow Mountain"), "Di Qing Zhengxi" ("Fire Flag"), and "Vulcan Lord Zhengxi".
"Zhengnan" also has "Lei Zhenhai Zhengnan" and "Li Bingzhengnan".
"Zhengbei" also includes "Su Yun Makeup Zhengbei" ("Qingshiling"), "Luotong Sweeping North", "Yan Wang Zhengbei" and so on.
Big set drama
Many of the plays in Shandong Zizi are large sets of cost repertoire, which can be performed for more than ten hours in a row, such as the drama "Jiangdong", including "Jingzhou", "Ganlu Temple", "Hui Jingzhou", "Luhuadang" and so on. "Warship" is a drama, including "Lu Su Crossing the River", "Tongue Battle Group Confucianism", "Jiang Gan Stealing Books", "Grass Boat Borrowing Arrows", "Fighting Yellow Cover", "Borrowing the East Wind", "Burning Warship" and so on. "Xue Gang's Anti-Dynasty" includes "Playing the Golden Crown", "Yanghe Excerpt", "Changing Sons in the Law Field", "Juding Guan Painting", "Xu Ce Running City" and so on. "Huilong Pigeon" includes "Cai Lou Match", "Three Highs", "Throwing Army Kiln", "Hongyan Carrying Book", "Catching Three Passes", "Wujiapo", "HuilongGe", "Dadeng Temple" and so on. "Yang Jiajun" includes "Breaking into Youzhou", "Two Wolf Mountains", "Yanmen Pass", "Holding the Imperial Seal", "Yanmen Excerpt", "Ti Kou Zhun", "Trial PanHong", "Dense Pine Forest" and so on.
Legendary story drama
In the traditional repertoire of Shandong Zizi, many legends and stories of not being afraid of violence and daring to resist have been preserved. Some plays often use "anti", "beating" and "scolding" to reflect the theme of the repertoire. The names of the plays with "Anti" are "Anti-Five Passes", "Anti-Tong Guan", "Anti-Xiliang", "Anti-Yang River", "Anti-Xuzhou", "Xue Gang Anti-Dynasty"; "Fight" as the title of the play are "Li Gang Fighting Chao", "Chen Ping Fighting Chao", "Hua Da Chao", "Black Fighting Chao", "Ma Tianguan Dachao" ("Qianqiu Lantern"), "Fighting City God", "Fighting Inspector Post", "Fighting Baofu", "Jingde Fighting Tiger", "Hitting Jinzhi", "Erda Jinzhi", "Daluan Driving", "Hitting Zhuangyuan", "Hitting Nanyang", etc.; "Scolding" as the title of the play are "Scolding Pang Juan" ("Maling Road"), "Beating drums and scolding Cao", "Beating the Drum and Cursing Cao", "Beating the Drum and Cursing Cao", and so on. Xu Mu scolded Cao", "He Hou scolded the temple", "Hu Di scolded Yan" and so on. In addition, the bao zheng followed the law to judge the case, and the title of the play was "Xia Chen Zhou", "Bao Mian Kneeling Hanpu", "The Case of Gong Mei", "King Zhao Zhao", "Guo Huai" ("Finger to the Dragon"), "Guo Song", "Erheng of The Field", and "Lao Ge", "Gong Xi Gong", "Lower Nanjing", "Governor hui", "Shuang Kai Gong", etc. with Liu Yong as the protagonist.
Folk life drama
Among the 437 existing manuscripts, there are also some small plays that reflect folk life, such as "Three Persuasions", "Three Fears", "Wang Xiao's New Year", "Strange Mistakes", "Playing sticks and mallets", "Playing sand pots", "Hanging door numbers", "Borrowing Wives", "Drilling Urn Circles"; mythological plays include "The Legend of the White Snake", "Tianhe Match", "Heavenly Immortal Match", "White Lotus" and so on. In addition, there are also some plays with unhealthy content, such as "Iron Crown Diagram", "Capture Fang la", "Double Open" and so on.
Flute and Luo opera
In addition to the repertoire sung in the vocal cavity of The Sonata, Shandong Zizi also preserved a part of the flute opera and Luo opera (大笛羅羅). Flute plays include "Six Kingdoms Sealing Phase", "Restaurant Sealing Official" ("Snow Night Visiting Pu"), "Tiantai Mountain", "LianshengDian", "Hanako Offender Phase", "Sanyi Mai", "Huang Guixiang Pushing Mill", "Bergamot Orange", "Fengbo Pavilion", "Poke Brother-in-law", "Annunciation" and so on. In addition, in dramas such as "Cosmic Front" and "Kaleidoscope", some flute plays are inserted. Luo opera includes "Noodle Bowl", "Hundred Grass Mountain", "Abducted Concubine" ("Shazhou Migrant"), "Hu Xiao Herding Sheep", "Fighting Stove King" (sandwiched with "running doll" tune) and so on. There are also a few Kunlu repertoire, such as "Blessing Changchun", "Jiujiangkou", "Yao Period", etc., which have been lost.
Shandong Zizi is a traditional local opera genre popular in the southwest and luzhong regions of Shandong Province. Also known as "high-profile zi", referred to as "high-profile" or "high-profile". Because of its high and agitated characteristics, it is called "sacrificing life". It is mainly popular in most counties and cities in Heze, Jining, Tai'an and other places in the southeast and west of Shanxi, as well as the vast towns and villages in Liaocheng, Linyi and other areas. Due to the different endemic areas, the masses also call them differently. For example, those centered on Heze are called "Caozhou Zizi"; those centered on Jining and Wenshang are called "Wenshang Zizi" or "Lower Road Tune", which is collectively called "High Tone" to distinguish it from the "Great Flat Tone" that is popular in southwest Lu. In 1952, it was collectively named "Shandong Zizi". On June 7, 2008, Shandong Wuzi was approved by the State Council to be included in the second batch of national intangible cultural heritage list.
A brief history of the genre
History goes on
Shandong is one of the main channels of trade and transportation in the past, Shanxi people came to Shandong to do business very early, Jining, Heze, Liaocheng in the Ming Dynasty already had a large-scale Shanxi guild hall. These Shanxi merchants, operating pawnshops and money banks, have a strong economic strength in Shandong, they have settled in Shandong for a long time, in this form, in this case, Shanxi's opera and banshe naturally flowed into the southwest generation of Shandong Lu, and many plays also reflected the situation that Shanxi merchants went to Southwest Lu and other places to do business at that time. Such as "Strange Mistake", "Wife Swap" and so on. Therefore, one of the four ancient drama genres, "Xi zi", after its early influx into Jining, Heze and other places in southwest Lu, was influenced by local culture, dialects, customs, and local and other forms of opera. It also gradually evolved into today's Shandong Zizi.
According to the Qianlong (1736-1795) qing Dynasty scholar Yan Changming's "Qin Yun's Sketch of Ying": "After the yuan ben, it was played as a man and a string. ...... The strings flow to the north... The Shaanxi people sing the Qin cavity. ...... As for Yan, Jing, Qi, Jin, and Zhongzhou, although the sound is changed, it is rarely changed for those close to them. Among them, "Qi" refers to Shandong. According to Wu Changyuan's "Yanlan Xiao genealogy" printed in the fiftieth year of Qianlong, among the "forty-four people in the flower department", Yu Yongting (Jimo people) and Meng Jiu'er (Licheng people) were Shandong people. Among them, Meng Jiu'er was subordinate to the Dachun Department," "played the Princess of Hundred Flowers, the end of the rong dress, and the show was quite heroic...). The other miscellaneous departments are in the Zizi Cavity, and most of them are from the Jingban faction. In the appendix poem later, there is also the sentence "Zig Nguyen tune high frog leakage, step on the shaking mother bitter moon three more", it can be seen that at that time, it was accompanied by plucked instruments such as zither and ruan. The so-called "Jingbanbei faction" of the "Zizi Cavity" is mostly a mountain Shaanxi Zizi. According to the "Jin Qing'er" article of the LiuqingGe Xiaoshi "Listening to the Spring New Wing West" printed in the fifteenth year of Jiaqing (1810): "The surname jin name Yuanqing, the character Juren, also the character Xiuqing, the fifteenth year, Shandong Yanzhou people (Da Shunbu). The appendix of the article says: "Qi Qi does not sing The sound of Qin, and is timid and timid. It shows that after Shandong artists entered Beijing, they did not sing "Qi Qi" instead of singing ShanShanzi, and also used plucked instruments (kites) to accompany them. The accompaniment instruments described in the two books are also consistent with the accompaniment of Shandong Zizi with large strings (Eight Dragon Moon Qin) in the early days.
The above-mentioned written materials can prove that at the latest during the Qianlong period, there were already local zizi in Shandong, and there were Shandong actors who performed in Beijing. This point is closer to the time in the recounting of the old artists in Shandong Zizi.
According to the data, the high-profile old class "Wufu Class" of Jining Caishen Pavilion was founded by Li Hanlin before the Ming Dynasty Wanli Emperor ascended the throne (1573), and has a history of more than 400 years. In order to confirm this history, in 1957, the Shandong Provincial Opera Research Office specially investigated and visited Duan Guangcai (stage name Duan Heng, born in 1889), an old artist in Shandong Zizi, who said: "Listen to my teacher Zhang Enpu (Jining people, flower faces), the high-profile Wufu class of Jining Caishen Pavilion was founded by Li Hanlin before the Wanli Emperor of the Ming Dynasty ascended the throne, and has a history of more than 380 years, and this class has collapsed for only fifty or sixty years." According to Yao Baoyuan, the last generation of the Juye Yao class, "Yao Ban was founded in the Qing Dynasty, yao Kongqi is the first generation of descendants, and I am already the ninth generation. Yao Ban has a history of more than 280 years." Combining some other information, we can know that Shandong Zizi was quite popular around the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, and its production can be traced back to the late Ming Dynasty.
It can be seen that today, the high-profile Wufu class of the Fortuna Pavilion in the East Gate of Jining, the Dacao class and the Chongshengfu class in Wenshang County, the Tianjia class and the Dayao class in Juye County have been in classes for more than 300 years, and their activities cover heze and Jining areas, as well as many towns and villages in Tai'an, Liaocheng and Linyi areas. In the past, many professional classes and famous actors often performed in the areas of eastern Henan, northern Jiangsu, northern Anhui and southern Hebei.
Shandong Zizi originally had no actress. Around the twenty-sixth year of Guangxu (1900), the first batch of actresses appeared, such as in the "female class" in Juye County, Xiao Leng'er (Dan) and Xiao Jing'er (Dan) were all actresses who were welcomed by the masses. Since then, other classes have also successively absorbed actresses to play Danxing, the more famous ones are Wang Delan, green coat, red coat (small ring) of the fourth class of Shan County, Li Cuixi of Kong class in Juye County, Wu Taiyun of Xuanlou class in Wenshang County, and Dajin of Shenzhuang in Xinxian County, among which Dajin can sing blackface. Wang Shaoming (red-faced, black-faced) and Sun Zhiping (Dan) had produced records labeled "Shandong Zizi" at The Shanghai EMI Company.
At the same time, there have been some Shandong Zizi artists who have performed in other provinces, such as Wei Er (red face), Mo Wu (Xiaosheng), Li Er Heixin (black face), Tang Jingong (stage name Santo, Dan), Zhang Keming (stage name Yishu Onion, Dan) and other places in Jiangsu, Henan and other places. Until around 1930, eastern Henan (including Kaifeng) still often went to the southwest of Lu to invite the corner. At that time, the more outstanding actors were Wang Xitang (stage name Osmanthus Oil, Cao County Cao Jia Ban Outke, Qingyi Hua Dan), Liu Derun (Red Face King), Huang Ruxiu (stage name Huang Wa, Dingtao County East Sanyi Hall Out of the Branch, Wenwu Xiaosheng), Sun Zi Gao (Sun San, Cao County Cao Jia Ban Out of the Branch, BlackFace), Zhao Yiting (Cao County Vulcan Tai Class Out of the Branch, Xiaosheng), Cui Yunfang (female) and so on. However, during this period, the rise of Henan Zizi (Yu Opera), while the southwestern Lu area was affected by years of war and social unrest, and the development of Shandong Zizi was hindered. By the early 1940s, some Henan Zizi actors, such as Li Jin'e, Xu Fengyun, Chen Suhua, Ma Jinfeng, etc., had performed in the Heze area, so that the Shandong Zizi singing voice was influenced by the Henan Zizi. According to a survey by the Opera Working Group of the Shandong Provincial Bureau of Culture in 1953, many of the singing voices of the forty-three Zizi Troupes in Shandong Province absorbed the components of the Yuxi tune, making the singing voice of Shandong Zizi more abundant.
Modern evolution
In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, there were still many professional theater troupes in the province performing on the move. Amateur theater troupes are also common, and there are more than 100 amateur theater troupes in Heze County alone. According to the statistics of the Opera Working Group of the Shandong Provincial Bureau of Culture in 1953, there are still forty-three Zizi troupes in the province. In 1958, the Shandong Provincial Bureau of Culture organized the "Shandong Zizi Repertoire Task Force" to excavate and sort out the traditional repertoire, singing voices and song tablets in Shandong Province. In the same year, based on the Heze Special People's Theater Troupe and mobilizing famous old artists such as Dou Chaorong and Lu Shengkui from the Jining area, the Shandong Provincial Zizi Troupe was established in Jinan. The Shandong Provincial Xiqu School has also set up a Zizi Section. Through the collation of traditional plays and the creation of modern plays, on the basis of inheriting traditions, there have been reforms and innovations in singing, performance, and musical accompaniment.
In 1960, when the Shandong Provincial Zizi Theater Troupe went to Beijing to report on the performance, plays such as "The Record of the Wall", "Wan JiaXiang", "Jade Tiger Fall", and "Two Wolf Mountains" were well received. Since then, he has successively choreographed and performed some modern dramas, such as "Three Return Boats", "Frontier People's Home", "Lao Wang Selling Melons", "Iron Horse Hongtu", "Liuxia People's Home" and so on.
In 1982, during the Shandong Provincial Theater Performance Month, the Provincial Zizi Theater Troupe's performance of "Cheng Biting Golden Beckoning Relatives" won the Excellent Script Creation Award, the Director Award, the Music Design Award, and the Band Accompaniment Award, and the main actors in the play won the Performance Award. By 1983, in addition to the Shandong Provincial Zizi Troupe, there were still professional troupes touring Liangshan, Yuncheng, Juye, Tai'an, Feicheng, Xintai, Qufu, Jiaxiang and other places.
The Shandong zizi, which has been sung for more than 300 years, has now become an "endangered species". As of 2005, there were only three remaining troupes in the province, namely the Tai'an Shandong Zizi Troupe, the Heze Local Drama Theater Shandong Zizi Troupe, and the Yuncheng Shandong Zizi Troupe.
In 2006, Shandong Province carried out the declaration of provincial intangible cultural heritage, and Shandong Zizi was successfully selected into the first batch of provincial intangible cultural heritage list, which injected new hope into the revival of this ancient opera art.
In 2007, under the influence of intangible cultural heritage, the party and the government attached importance to the development of Shandong Wuzi and restarted the restoration of this genre, and there were professional troupes in the province: Tai'an Shandong Zizi Troupe, Jining Shandong Wuzi Troupe, Heze City Local Drama Theater Shandong Wuzi Troupe, Wenshang County Wenshang Zizi Troupe, Yuncheng County Shandong Zizi Troupe, Juye County Shandong ZiZi Troupe, etc., including Wu Lanxiang of Tai'an Shandong Wuzi Troupe, Li Hong, and Liu Taihua of Wenshang County Wenshang ZiZi Troupe. Liu Xiuyun of Juye Shandong Zizi Theater Troupe was shortlisted for the finals of the National Red Plum Blossom Opera Competition and won the Golden Flower Award. In December 2007, the Shandong Zizi Professional Committee was established, which brought the drama back to life.
Artistic features
Performance features
The traditional performance program of Shandong Zizi is one of the traditional performance programs of Chinese opera, and like other ancient dramas in the southwest of Luxi, such as Liuzi opera, large string drama, large flat tone, etc., the performance action is rough and exaggerated. For example, when the black face appears on the field, the hands are raised above the head, and the five fingers are separated; when pushing the circle to walk in the circle, the right hand pushes the circle, and the left arm swings rhythmically; when expressing anger, impatience and other emotions, there are actions such as blowing beard, staring at the eyes, taking the cheek, shaking the shoulders, stomping the feet, and holding the arms. In other professions, when "pushing the circle", the action is not the same.
In terms of facebook, it changes according to the age of the characters, and there is a character who constantly changes faces with the changes in the plot in the same play. For example, in "The Legend of the White Snake", Xiaoqing is played by Hua Face and changes three times in a row: first for the flower face, then into half of the flower face, half of the handsome face, and finally into the shape of the Danjiao face.
Singing chamber plate type
The singing music of Shandong Zizi is a variation of the plate type. Various plate styles are mainly seven-character sentences and cross sentences. The basic plate styles in its singing cavity are [slow plate], [flow board], [two eight plates], [one drum and two gongs] and so on. Auxiliary plate types include [lifting plate], [planting board], [non-board], [a string of bells], [inverted dial], [hyper-ordering] and so on. In the use of the plate, there are two main forms, one is the application of a single plate, that is, according to the plot and character emotions in the play, a basic plate style is selected as an independent singing segment, which is mainly suitable for singing lyrics with a relatively single mood. Another form is through the organic combination and transfer of different plates, forming a large set of singing chambers with obvious rhythm changes and sharp melody contrasts, which is the main expression method of Shandong Zizi singing cavity music. The special tunes are [Kill Yourself Tune] ("Crying Sword"), [Flowing Water Twister] ("Orchid Mountain"), [Called Gate Plate] ("Cosmic Front") and so on.
Shandong Zizi - "The Record of the Wall"
The commonly used singing chamber type can be divided into four categories:
(1) Slow plate. Including [slow plate], [middle slow plate], [broken word slow plate], [golden hook hanging], [upper five tones] and derived from it [erfan], [one sentence positive], [one sentence falling] and so on.
(2) Flow board. These include [flow board], [slow flow board], [fast flow board], [a string of bells], and [one gong cut], [warehouse], [reverse board] and so on derived from it.
(3) Two eight plates. It is divided into [Two Eight Plates], [Slow Two Eight Plates], [Middle Two Eight Plates] and [Tight Two Eight Plates], as well as its derivatives of [One Drum and Two Gongs], [Quack Mouth], [Reverse Dial], [Toot Hammer] and so on.
(4) Loose plate. It is divided into [flying board], [planting board], [rolling white], and [starting plate].
In addition to the above four major plate categories, there are also [guide plate], [crying sword], [calling board], [three crying chambers] and [blowing chambers] used in performing divine dramas.
Singing voice features
Shandong Zizi sings passionately, high-pitched and robust, and is rich in local characteristics. The industry takes red face and black face as the main foot color, sings passionately, high-pitched and strong, rough movements, exaggerated frames, and the stage is full of majestic and bold masculine beauty. In the past, it was sung in the "big voice" (real voice), and the dan horn tail tone was changed high, but later gradually changed, and more often used the "second voice" (false voice) to sing. There are also words with "big ben voice" (real voice), "two voice" to throw the cavity. Among them, the pronunciation of the net line is with sand and fried tones, making the singing voice rough and unrestrained. Female vocals in all walks of life, all use a combination of true and false singing methods, pronunciation with oral resonance, rounded voice, wide range.
Accompaniment instrumental music
Accompaniment instruments
The original accompaniment instruments used by Shandong Zizi are: large strings, two strings, three strings. The large strings are plucked instruments, resembling a moon harp, with eight edges on the abdomen, no product, four axes, four strings, all leather strings. According to its shape, artists commonly call it "Old Turtle" (the large string used in the early days of flat tuning, Eight Pins, also known as the Eight Ridge Moon Organ). The second string rod is shorter, the barrel is larger, the distance between the jack and the barrel is closer, the leather string, played with a bow, the pronunciation is sharp and high-pitched. The three strings are the same as those common today. Later, Shandong Zizi artists gradually improved, updated to the chestnut shell scoop, that is, the current use of banhu, dating back to 150 years, there are leather strings changed to steel strings (and then through Kaifeng spread to all parts of Henan), so that banhu, erhu became the main accompaniment instruments, large strings, two strings have been used for a long time. Recently, musical instruments such as Sheng, Nguyen and Pipa have been added.
Shandong Zizi accompaniment band
Accompaniment cards
There are more than 180 kinds of strings and silk string cards used for Shandong Zizi accompaniment, which are quite rich, and according to different plots and characters, different music cards are used, and the regulations are more stringent. The emperor used the "Son of Heaven" in the upper dynasty, the Hundred Officials Dynasty to see the Yuan Order, the "Baitang Order", etc., each with its own special purposes. Each song card has a "big character" (lyrics), some of which are sung by one person alone, and some are sung in unison by the whole stage. Individual complex music cards (such as the sixty-four plates "Yangzhou" song used in the "Jiangdong" drama when Zhou Yu was repairing books) have been lost due to their complexity and difficulty in learning. Shandong Zizi has also performed Kun Cavity, Flute Opera (similar to "Blowing Cavity", accompanied by horizontal flutes), and DaDi Luo Luo (accompanied by Gong Na).
Shandong Zizi "Wall Head"
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"Baitang Order", "Fall of Horse Order", "General Order", "Victory Order", "New Water Order", "Folding Gui Order" (Shake Double Car), "Wang Eight Order", "Idle Order", "Book Breaking Order", "Nezha Order", "Horse Reporting Order", "Returning horse Order", "Order of Selling Military", "Order of Yuanyuan", "Order of Walking Horse", "Order of the Chinese Army", "Big, Little Palace Flower", "Big, Little Red Peach", "Yunxiao Pavilion", "Ermizi", "Putianle", "Shifanzi", "Golden Hook Hanging Oil Bottle", "Yangzhou", "Yangzhou Open Door", "Oh Na Pi" , "Fighting the Tiger", "Bitter Pleasure", "Fast, Slow", "Front and Back Four Sentences", "Five-Six-Five", "Zizi Doll", "Big Flute Doll", "Red Embroidered Shoes", "Dotted Lips", "Pink Butterfly", "Willow Shake Gold", "Willow Shake Gold Sequence", "Jade Hibiscus", "Climbing Tiger", "Hitting the Golden Bell", "Three Cannons", "Four Gongs", "Out of the Heavenly Son", "Chao Tianzi", "Scattered Chao Song", "Wind into the Pine", "Banquet Driving Order", "Garden Good", "Garden Order", "Harvest Jiangnan", "Qingjiang Introduction", "Qingjiang Introduction", " Dripping Slip", "Jiang Er Shui", "Xiang Liu Niang", "Water Dragon Yin", "A Horse Riding", "Full Of Flowers", "Gu Mei Jiu", "Busy Opening Boat", "To Spring", "Shou Feast Kai", "Thrush Sequence", "Dragon and Phoenix Pavilion", "Purple Golden Ring", "Weeping Yan Hui", "Yiguan Qian", "Chaoyuan Song", "Five Horses", "Second Offender", "Pomegranate Flower", "Goose Falling", "One Branch Flower", "Bubu Jiao", "Dressing Table", "Hillside Sheep", "Descending to Heaven", "Home Lives", "Tight Wind Kai", "Tie Lasu", " Sparsely populated and prosperous", "Night Hammer", "Buckwheat Ear", "Raising the Pavilion", "Bao Gongzi", "Manying Blowing", "Erhu Touching", "Bun Guonan", "Yuanmen Drum", "Positive and Negative Doors", "Little Harmony", "Dog Egg", "Old Kun Cavity", "Epilogue".
String music cards
"Big, Small Money", "Four in Four", "Hundred Birds and Phoenix", "Big Parade", "Ten Dragons", "Ten Banzi Sequence", "Rolling Bamboo Curtain", "Stomach Pain", "Fighting Quail", "Weeping Emperor Heaven", "Wannian Huan", "Peeling The Skin", "Pressing", "Eight Pieces", "Big Peach", "Nezha Ling", "Five Dragon Swinging Head", "Five Dragon Swinging Tail", "Pulling Room", "Small Eight Plates", "Big Rescue" (Tianxia Tong), "Pulling Hands", "Bitter Pleasure", "Ladder to Heaven", "Lookout Door Number", "Yin and Yang Card", "Yin and Yang Card", "Yin and Yang Card", " Sheep Herding Cards", "Playing Books" (Rolling Curtains), "Kowtowing Worms", "Knocking Down the Wall", "Silly Monk", "Prelude", "Opening the Door", "Opening the Door of Shanxi", "Opening the Door of Yangzhou", "Killing Daji", "Breaking Words", "Typos", "Small Garden", "Climbing the Bridge", "Touching the Midnight", "Pulling out the Old Partridge", "Grasshopper Plucking Feet", "Set The Car Order".
Percussion
The percussion of Shandong Zizi is basically the same as that of other Zizi dramas, and four large fans were used in the early days (da cymbals and cymbals, but they were stopped for a long time). Commonly used gongs and drums are:
"Phoenix Three Nods", "Big and Small Starting Board", "Big and Small Two Offenders", "Fast, Slow Planting Board", "Positive and Negative Enlightenment Hammer", "Positive and Negative Rolling Head", "Big, Small Riser Head", "Liancheng", "Baozi Blowing", "Digging Hole", "Head Turtle", "Hanging Four Gongs", "Seven Seven Introductions", "Qiao Eight Gongs", "Ten Big Gongs", "Eleven Gongs", "Twenty Gongs", "Money Flowers", "Small Gong Money Flowers", "One Standard", "Dustpan", "Emergency Wind", "Garlic Hammer", "Raw Edge", "Peeling Scab Scars" , "Four Sides Quiet", "False Two Eight Plates", "Oh Na Pi Head", "Double Stomping Feet", "Fluttering Lamp Moth", "Ghost Pushing And Grinding", "Underwater Fish", "Upside Down Cow", "Hair Stick", "Fire Cannon", "Single Five Gongs", "Three Times Hammer", "Big and Small Closing Heads", "Big and Small Cymbals", "Que Da Mouth", "Lingzi", "Small Gong Spike".
In the past, when "opening up the stage" before the performance, knocking: one into the board, flower opening stage (plus blowing "pickers") and then knocking on the "assortment". Mr. Zhang Yijun, a famous veteran artist of the 35th generation of Shandong Zizi, got the true biography of his teacher Mr. Wang Guiling (the 34th generation of Shandong Zizi), and dug up and sorted out the Shandong Zizi song card - "The Same World".
Role line
The traditional roles of Shandong Zizi have five categories: life, dan, net, end, and ugly. The current foot color industry should be divided according to the four gates of birth, dan, net, and ugly. The last line is classified as the living line, called the "outer foot".
Raw line
There are three types of students: red face, outer feet, and small students.
Hook the raw feet of the red face, called the big red face. Heavy singing skills, high-pitched and thick pronunciation, pay attention to the body of the work, focusing on portraying the heroic momentum of the characters, such as Zhao Kuangyin in "Crying Head", Qin Qiong in "Lintong Mountain" and so on.
The King of Pure Face is a type of red-faced line, also known as bearded raw because of the black three-haired. Heavy singing skills, smooth and rounded, stable and generous performances, more roles such as emperors and officials. Such as Xu Da in "Anti-Xuzhou", Yu Boya in "Wrestling", etc.;
Running horse sheng, a kind of red-faced line, also known as horse red face, shelf life, because there are often cross horses and a variety of horse riding routines and named, most of the play plays a warrior, such as Lu Junyi in "DamingFu" and so on.
Large outer foot, a kind of outer foot line, commonly known as laowai. The bank often plays the role of general, official, etc., and the style is large, so it is called the big outer foot. The actor's singing voice is high-pitched and passionate, and the daobai is vigorous and powerful. For example, Yang Jiye in "Two Wolf Mountain"; Erwai foot, a kind of outer foot line, mainly plays the role of ordinary people and members in the play.
Wen Xiaosheng, who mostly plays the role of young princes and Confucians, mainly singing, often uses the combination of true and false voices; Shuaisheng, a kind of Wen Xiaosheng, plays more of a young commander-in-chief, pays attention to style and temperament, looks handsome and dashing, and sings often use his voice. For example, Han Xin in "Worshiping Shuai"; guansheng, a kind of Wen Xiaosheng, mostly plays a young civilian official, also known as Guansheng, who requires clear whiteness, round singing, and beautiful work;
BaoTousheng, a kind of Wen Xiaosheng, plays the role of a man dressed as a woman in the play. Her performance imitates the female posture, raises her hands and feet to the same dan foot, sings with a small voice, and acts in a gentle manner;
Relying on the frame, a kind of Wu Xiaosheng, its movements pay attention to crispness, handsomeness, drifting, singing and writing and playing at the same time, and mostly play the role of young and vigorous, mighty and majestic generals. Such as Zhou Yu in "Cutting the River";
Doll sheng, a kind of small student, plays the role of an infant shengxing.
Dan line
Danxing, including Tsing Yi, Hua Dan, Xiao Dan, Shuai Dan, Bomen Dan, Dao Ma Dan, Po Dan, Cai Dan, Lao Dan.
Tsing Yi, named after the characters in the line who often wear plain female draperies. Mostly play middle-aged women. Heavy singers, mostly using a combination of real voice and false voice, singing euphemism and delicacy, the word is round. Such as Qin Xianglian in "The Case of GongMei".
Hua Dan, most of the characters played by young women dressed in red and green. The characters he plays are lively and witty, bold and enthusiastic, sing sweetly, flexible, beautiful in appearance, and light in demeanor. Pay attention to fans, handkerchiefs, braids and other kung fu. Such as Xu Cuilian in "The Edge of the Cabinet".
Xiao Dan, playing the role of a young girl. Most of the characters he performs are ladies of large families or small families of jasper, with gentle and subtle personalities and dignified and quiet demeanor. Such as Hu Fenglian in "Butterfly Cup" and so on.
Shuai Dan, mainly plays a female character who is good at martial arts and commands soldiers to fight. His performance and singing skills are both good at both culture and martial arts. Such as Mu Guiying in "Breaking Hongzhou" and so on.
Boudoir Dan, mostly played a cultured boudoir lady. His performances are white and delicate, the singing voice is euphemistic, and the figure is dignified and quiet or feminine and shy. Such as Su Daji in "Crying Sword" and so on.
Dao Ma Dan, named after the character he plays who carries a knife across a horse. Mostly play heroines, banshees, female village lords, etc. His performances are both literary and martial, and his singing voice is loud. Such as the golden Chan in "Yao Gang Zhengnan" and so on.
Po Dan, more played spicy female characters. The characters of his performances are either vulgar and tough or cheerful and funny. Such as Li Shi in "The Book of the Wall".
Cai Dan, also known as ugly mother-in-law, color mother-in-law. Most of the female characters played are funny or tricky and ugly, such as matchmakers, harems, silly girls, ugly ladies, etc. Sing less and read more white, mainly through white mouth or gimmicks to show the character's personality. Such as Liu Matchmaker in "Double Jade Bracelet" and so on. [4]
Lao Dan, mainly plays the elderly woman in the play.
Net line
Pure lines, there are great purity, adultery purity, hair purity, child purity and other lines.
Dajing, because most of the characters played by the bank have black faces, so they are also called black faces and black heads. The characters he plays are more upright and rough. The work pays attention to the temperament of the frame, the demeanor is calm and sophisticated, and the voice is high and loud. Such as Bao Zheng in "The Case of ZhenMei".
Adultery, because of the outline of the white face, also known as the white face. Mostly play treacherous and insidious and tyrannical roles. Such as Pan Renmei in "Old Bianting";
Mao Jing, named after the rude warrior who plays Mao's hands and feet. Also known as the two-flowered face. The characters he plays are bold and upright. Such as Zhang Fei in "Rolling Drum Mountain";
Tong Jing, playing the role of a young Jingxing in the play. Most of the characters he plays are thick and straight, reckless and fierce. Such as Yang Qilang in "Two Wolf Mountain" and so on.
Ugly
Ugly lines, including male ugly, official ugly, martial ugly, old ugly, doll ugly and other lines.
Gongzi is ugly, and mostly plays a rich man who misbehaves, his appearance is not proud, and he is debauched and lustful. The figure performs pedantic posture, reads white and colloquialism, and sings fancy. Such as Hu Lin in the "Sun and Moon Chart";
Official ugly, named for playing the role of official eunuch; martial ugly, playing a character who is good at martial arts, alert personality, and clever language;
Old ugly, more play the role of male old age. Most of the characters he plays are witty and kind, the language is humorous and vivid, and the atmosphere of life is strong. Such as Lu Wancang in "Scalper Separation".
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