Du Mu's "Apan Gong Fu" ancient poem original meaning appreciation

"A Fang Gong Fu" is written by the Tang Dynasty literary scholar Du Mu. The full text of the poem is as follows:

【Preface】

"A Fang Gong Fu" is a fu style essay created by the famous poet Du Mu of the Tang Dynasty that borrows from ancient irony and modern times. By describing the construction of the Afang Palace and its destruction, Du Mu vividly summed up the historical experience of the rulers of the Qin Dynasty who were arrogant and extravagant, issued a warning to the rulers of the Tang Dynasty, and showed the feelings of an upright literati in the feudal era who was worried about the country and the people, and Kuang Shi Ji customs.

【Original】

Six kings, four seas and one. ShuShan Wu, A Fang out. Covered for more than 300 miles, isolated day and day. Lishan mountain is structured in the north and turned west, going straight to Xianyang. The two rivers dissolve and flow into the palace wall. Five steps on the first floor, ten steps and one pavilion. The porch waist is back, and the eaves teeth are high. Each holds the terrain and fights with its heart. Pan pan, pan, pout, hive water vortex, I don't know how many tens of millions of fall. Long bridge lying wave, not cloud he long? The road is empty, not To Ji He Hong? High and low, do not know the west and east. The song stage is warm and the spring light is melting. The dance hall is cold sleeved, and the wind and rain are miserable. Within a day, between one house, and the climate is uneven.

Concubine Concubine, the prince and grandson, resigned from the lower hall and came to Qin. ChaoGe Night Strings, for the Qin Palace people. Star screen, open makeup mirror also. Green clouds disturbed, comb xiaoyi also. The wei flow is swollen and greasy, and the fat water is also discarded. Smoke slants and fog, and burns pepper orchids also. Thunder was startled, and the palace car passed by. Listening from afar, I don't know what it is. One muscle, one face, all the best. Standing far-sighted, and looking forward to the good fortune, there are thirty-six years of unseen people.

The collections of Yan and Zhao, the management of Han and Wei, and the elites of Qi and Chu have been plundering their people for several years, relying on mountains. Once you can't have it, you lose in between. Jade, gold nuggets, discarded throws. The Qin people did not pity it.

Woohoo! The heart of one person, the heart of millions of people also. Qin loves luxuries, and people also miss his home. Take it all, use it like mud and sand! Make the pillar of the negative building more than the farmer of the southern acre. There are more rafters on beams than there are workers on board. The nail head phosphorus is more than the millet grain in yu. The tiles are jagged, more than the wisps around the body. Straight bars run across the sills, more than the City of Nine Earths. The orchestra is dumber than the words of the city people. Let the people of the world dare not speak and dare to be angry. The heart of a single husband is becoming more and more arrogant. Shu shouted, Hangu lifted. The Chu people were torched, poor scorched earth.

alack! Those who destroy the Six Kingdoms, the Six Kingdoms also, not Qin Also. The qin of the clan, qin also, not the world also. Woohoo! To make each of the six kingdoms love its own people is enough to reject Qin. Those who love the Six Kingdoms of Qin Fu will be given the third generation to become a king in all lifetimes, and whoever gets it will be destroyed. The Qin people did not have time to mourn themselves, and the descendants mourned. Posterity mourns, but does not learn from it, so that future generations will mourn the future generations.

【Notes】

(1) Six Kings Bi: The Six Kingdoms have perished. The kings of the six kingdoms of Liuqi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, and Wei refer to the Six Kingdoms. [Bi] End, refers to the destruction of the Qin state.

(2) One: unification.

(3) Shushan Wu, Afang out: The mountains of Sichuan are bare, and the Afang Palace has appeared. Vulture, the mountain is high and flat. It describes the mountain as having been cut down. Out, appears, meaning built. Shu, Sichuan.

(4) Covering more than 300 miles: (from Weinan to Xianyang) covers more than 300 miles of land (the mile is an area unit, not a length unit. In ancient times, five households were one neighbor, and five neighbors were one mile. More than three hundred miles, about 7500 households. 300 miles, that is, 150 kilometers, modern people can not do it, exaggerated excessively, difficult to convince). This is to describe the palace pavilions one after another, covering an extremely large area. Overmolding, covering (overmolding: should mean "layered").

(5) Isolation day and day: covered the day. This is to describe the tallness of the palace pavilions.

(6) Lishan mountain is built from the north side of Lishan mountain and folded to the west, straight to Xianyang: (Afang Palace) is built from the north side of Lishan Mountain, folding to the west, and leading to Xianyang (ancient Xianyang is in the northwest of Lishan Mountain). Go, tend.

(7) Erchuan dissolved: Erchuan, referring to Weishui and Fanchuan. Dissolve, the appearance of the river flowing slowly.

(8) Corridor waist man back: the corridor is long and tortuous. The porch waist, the corridor that connects tall buildings, resembles the waist of a man, so say so. Man, haunting. Back, twists and turns.

(9) Eaves teeth high pecking: (protruding) eaves (like a bird's beak) plucked upwards. Cornices, eaves protruding, like teeth.

(10) Each holds the terrain: each follows the terrain. This is the state of the writing pavilions built with the height of the terrain and the back.

(11) Hook heart bucket angle: refers to the jagged structure of the uterine chamber, exquisite workmanship. Hook hearts, which mean that various buildings are gathered towards the central area. Fighting horns refer to the corners of the house facing each other. Now it means that each of them is doing their best to exclude each other.

(12) Pan Pan Yan, 囷囷 (囷囷) 囷 (囷囷), Beehive Water Vortex: Circling, Buckling, like a hive, like a water vortex. 焉, which is equivalent to the "awe-inspiring" and "glad" "ran", means the look. The pavilion is built on the mountain, so it is like a hive, like a water vortex. Coiled, coiled look. Hey, flexed, meandered.

(13) I don't know how many tens of millions of them fall: there are tens of millions of them standing. It describes the way a building stands tall. The following "杳" for "杳" is used in the same way. Falling, equivalent to "seat" or "what".

(14) Long bridge lying wave, unclouded He Long: The long bridge lies on the water, how can there be a dragon without clouds? The I Ching has the phrase "the cloud from the dragon", so people think that if there is a dragon, there should be a cloud. This is a pretentious question to describe the long bridge as a dragon.

(15) Compound road: a passage made of wood between the pavilions. Because there are passages up and down, it is called a compound road. Ji: The sky is clear after the rain

(16) Meditation: Indistinguishable.

(17) The song platform is warm, and the spring light is melting: This means that people sing on the stage, and the song music sounds as if it is full of warmth. Blend like spring light. Harmony, harmony.

(18) The dance hall is cold sleeved, and the wind and rain are miserable: This means that people dance in the temple, and the dance sleeves flutter, as if to bring cold, as if the wind and rain are as cold as the wind and rain.

(19) Concubine (pín) 媵 (yìng) 嫱 (qiáng): Refers to the palace concubines of the six princes. They have their own ranks (concubines are of higher rank than concubines and concubines). A concubine is a dowry maid, and can also become a concubine or concubine. The following "princes and grandsons" refers to the daughters and granddaughters of the six princes.

(20) Resign from the lower hall of the temple, and niǎn comes to Qin: bid farewell to the pavilion palace (of the Six Kingdoms) and come to the Qin Kingdom by car.

(21) Star screen, open makeup mirror also: (light such as) star shining, is (palace people) open the makeup mirror. Screen, bright look. The four sentences in the following series have the same sentence structure.

(22) Greasy: (a layer) of grease paste ("fat water" containing rouge and incense powder for washing the face) has been raised.

(23) Pepper orchid: two spice plants, burned to smoke clothing.

(24) Rutting and far-reaching: The more you hear the car, the farther away you hear. Rumble, the sound of traffic.

(25) 杳: There is no trace of it.

(26) One muscle and one appearance, all the best: any part of the skin, any kind of posture, is very feminine. State refers to the beauty of posture. Beautiful, beautiful.

(27) Manli: Kuritsu. Man, pass "slow"

(28) Luck: In the feudal era, the emperor went somewhere and called "lucky". Concubines, concubines were favored by the emperor and called "lucky".

(29) Thirty-six years: Qin Shi Huang reigned for a total of thirty-six years. According to qin shi huang twenty-six years (221 BC) unified China, to thirty-seven years (209 BC) died, became the emperor for twelve years, here say thirty-six years, refers to its reign years, described as Afang Palace is very large, there are 36 years did not see the emperor's palace daughter.

(30) Collection: refers to the collection of gold and jade treasures and other objects. The "management" below also refers to gold and jade treasures and other things. "Elite", the adjective as a noun, fine, also has the meaning of gold and jade treasures and other things.

(31) Piāo plunders his people: snatched from the people. Folding, looting, plundering. People, people. Tang avoided Tang Taizong's li shimin and changed the people to people. The following "people also remember their homes", "each of the six kingdoms loves his people", "Qin Fu loves the people of the six countries", the same is true.

(32) Stacking: Accumulation.

(33) Chēng jade, gold nuggets: think of Baoding as an iron pot, jade as stone, gold as earth, and pearls as stones. Bells, a shallow pan with a flat bottom.

(34) 逦迤 (lǐ yǐ): Continuously. Here it means "connected" and "everywhere".

(35) The heart of one man, the heart of millions of people: heart, heart, will

【Translation】

The monarchs of the Six Kingdoms perished, and the whole country (for Qin) was unified; The mountains of Shudi (the trees were cut down) were bare and the Afang Palace was built. It (a vast area) covered more than three hundred miles of ground, and (the palace towered) isolated the day and day. It built north from Lishan Mountain, then turned west, and went all the way to Xianyang. Wei Shui and Fan Chuan were mighty and flowed into the palace walls. Five steps a building, ten steps a pavilion, corridors like silk ribbons, teeth-like cornices like birds pecking high. The pavilions are built according to the height of the terrain, and the (low corners) hook the (high) center of the house, and the corners of the house (side by side) fight each other. Intertwined, zigzagging, (bird's eye view from a distance,) the complex is like a dense hive, like a swirling water vortex, towering high, not knowing that it has tens of millions of seats. There is no cloud, why are there dragons? It turned out to be a long bridge lying on the waves. It's not raining, why the rainbow? It turned out to be a sky bridge walking in the air. (The house) is high and low, deep and confused, so that people cannot distinguish things. The song stage is full of warmth due to the loud singing, like the harmony of spring light; The dance hall is full of chills due to the fluttering sleeves, like wind and rain. In one day, in the middle of a palace, the climate is different.

Princess and princess of the Six Kingdoms. Bid farewell to the palace building of the Six Kingdoms, walk down the palace of the Six Kingdoms, and take a car to the Qin Kingdom. They sang in the morning and played music in the evening, becoming palace people of the Qin Kingdom. Bright stars twinkle, this is the palace concubines open the mirror of the dressing; Emerald green clouds are disturbing, this is the palace concubines combing the bun of morning makeup; Wei shui rose a layer of grease, which was the rouge water abandoned by the palace concubines; The smoke rises obliquely, and the clouds and mist traverse the sky, which are the spices made of pepper and orchid in the palace; Thunder suddenly rang out, and this was the palace car driving by; The sound of the rutted car was heard farther and farther away, without a trace, and I didn't know where it went. Every piece of skin, every kind of face, is incredibly beautiful and delicate. The palace concubines stood for a long time, visiting from a distance, looking forward to the arrival of the emperor. Some palace ladies did not see the emperor for thirty-six years.

The gold and jade collected by Yan Zhao, the treasures of Han Wei's camp, and the essence of Qi Chu were plundered from their people for many generations and years, stacked like mountains. All of a sudden, they could not be saved, and they were all transported to the Afang Palace. Baoding was used as an iron pot, jade was used as a stubborn stone, gold was used as a piece of earth, pearls were used as gravel, discarded everywhere one after another, and the Qin people did not look like a pity.

Alas, the will of one man is the will of millions of people. The Qin Emperor liked to be prosperous and luxurious, and the people also cared about their own homes. Why is it that when looting treasures, even every hammer and baht is swept away, and the treasure is consumed like mud and sand. (The Qin Emperor was so extravagant and wasteful, so that there were more pillars to bear the beams than the farmers in the fields; More rafters on beams than women workers on looms; The nails on the beams and pillars are dazzling, more than the grains of millet in the granary; Corrugated in length and length, more than the silk strands of the whole body; Straight or horizontal railings, more than Kyushu castles; The sound of the orchestra was noisy, more than the words of the citizens. Let the people of the world dare not speak in their mouths, but dare to be angry in their hearts. The thoughts of Qin Shi Huang, who had lost the hearts of the people, became more proud and stubborn day by day. Chen Shi and Wu Guang shouted, Hangu Pass was captured, and Chu Xiangyu set a fire, but unfortunately (the gorgeous Afang Palace) turned into a scorched earth.

alas! It was the Six Kingdoms themselves that destroyed the Six Kingdoms, not the Qin Kingdom. It was the Qin Dynasty itself that destroyed the Qin Dynasty, not the people of the world. Sigh! If the six countries each loved their people, they could completely rely on the people to resist the Qin state. If the Qin Dynasty loved the people of the Six Kingdoms, then it would be passed on to the third generation and then to the Wanshi dynasty as the emperor, and who could destroy it? (The Qin Dynasty fell too quickly) The Qin people did not have time to mourn themselves, but posterity mourned him; If future generations mourn him but do not use him as a mirror to learn a lesson, it will only make later generations mourn this descendant again.

【Appreciation】

The first paragraph writes about the majesty of Afang Palace.

The opening paragraph is led by four three-word short sentences, the syllables are compact and imposing, and the effect of the first sound is impressive. These 12 words not only write the heroic spirit of Qin Shi Huang to unify the world, but also write the extraordinary construction of Afang Palace, the language is concise enough to not be deleted, and the pen is full of strength. Next, from the panorama to the main body construction, write about the majesty of Afang Palace. "Covering more than three hundred miles, isolating the day and day", outlining the magnificent momentum of the Afang Palace covering a vast area and covering the sun, giving people a general impression. The four sentences of "Lishan Mountain is constructed in the north and folded in the west", writing that Afang Palace was built according to the mountain and the flow of water, still highlights its use of nature and ingenious style. The following is written by the "flow into the palace wall" of Weishui and Fanchuan, which naturally transitions to the architectural characteristics of the Afang Palace. Among them, the pavilions and eaves are actually written, and the depiction is meticulous; Fictionalized long bridges and compound roads, imagining them magically magnificently. Then, using exaggeration and foiling techniques, borrowing the cold and warm of song and dance, describing the strange phenomenon of Afang Palace "within a day, between one palace, and the climate is uneven", foiling its grand and broad.

The second paragraph, writing about the beauties and treasures in the Afang Palace, exposes the extravagant life of the rulers of the Qin Dynasty, and sets an ambush for the following discussion.

First write the origin of "concubine", explain that it is the result of "six kings, four seas and one", and take care of the beginning of the chapter. The author used six groups of comparative sentences such as "star screen, open makeup mirror" in a row, writing about the miserable life of the palace people dressing up and dressing up, "Standing farsighted, and looking forward to luck". The mirror is like a star, the beard is like a green cloud, the "fat is discarded" and the water rises, and the pepper orchid is burned into smoke. These vivid descriptions not only show the tragic fate of the palace women, but also reveal the extravagance and lavishness of Qin Shi Huang's life. "Yan Zhao's Collection" is followed by the humiliation of the writer to the trampling of the writing. Here, the jade golden dings that were originally treasured by the Six Kingdoms were piled up like earth blocks and iron pots, and "the Qin people regarded it and did not pity it."

The third paragraph, which changes from description to discussion, shows the original intention of this essay.

First of all, he sighed with "Oh Hu", compared people's hearts and minds, pointed out that "Qin loves luxuries, and people also miss his home", and then questioned: "Why take all the baht and use it like mud and sand?" Then, six sets of "make... More than ..." The metaphorical sentence comparison fully exposes the deep disaster brought to the people by the extravagance of the Qin Dynasty. After a lot of preparation, the pen sharpened, allowing the "people of the world" who "dare not speak but dare to be angry" to compete with the "increasingly arrogant" rulers, and the result is that the Afang Palace has become a scorched earth.

The fourth paragraph summarizes the historical lessons of the Six Kingdoms and the fall of Qin, and warns the rulers of the world.

The author sighs continuously, and the emotion cannot be forbidden. "Woohoo" is followed by an argument that illustrates the principle of self-inflicted rise and fall; The following argument is stated that loving the people is closely related to long-term peace and stability. Finally, using the euphemism of "posterity" to remind the Tang rulers not to repeat the mistakes of the late Qin, it is of great significance.

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