Nowadays, we can buy fresh fish at any time and anywhere in the wet market, but in the past, this was a fantasy, because there was no artificial breeding technology for fish before, if you want to eat fish, you must go to the river to catch fish, or catch fry in the river, and then breed (these fry can not be bred), artificial plus transportation costs, so that the price of fresh fish has become more expensive, especially for the lack of rivers in the north, ordinary people eat fish become more difficult, fish is pure luxury.
In the third part of "Ordinary World", there is a "fish thorn incident". After the implementation of the co-production contract responsibility system, Tian Haimin and his wife in Shuangshui Village set up a fish farm and gave each family a few fish in the village, causing a "sensation" - most of the people in the village had never eaten fish, believing that "in the past the emperor ate this thing", and some families did not come because they did not dare to eat this vicious-looking monster.
This is actually an image of the past, due to geographical location and distance restrictions, many people have not seen fish, let alone eaten fish. There are even many people in the Midwest who don't even know what fish is. So at that time, many merchants would marinate fish into dried fish and sell them in the north, but the price was also very high.
It can be said that in the past, it was still difficult for fishermen who did not live along the river or who ate the sea by the sea.
Eating hairy crabs is only possible along the coast, and this dress is not a poor child
This is not only China, but also overseas, Japan and Europe after many experiments, have declared failure, the shortage of fry, especially the problem of artificial breeding of fish has not been solved, is the most important reason for the failure, Japan and Europe even announced that it is impossible to complete the complete artificial reproduction of fish.
We are talking about fish here, mainly refers to the four big fish, the family fish originally refers to the relatively natural growth, widely distributed fish, this kind of fish is widely distributed in rivers and lakes, easy to catch, and later is the birth of the "four big fish" statement, respectively, refers to the blue carp, grass carp, silver carp, bighead carp.
China's freshwater aquaculture bighead carp, silver carp, green, grass, carp and other major farmed fish fry are in the Yangtze River, Xijiang and other rivers fishing, fishermen must go to the fry production area to buy, they spend a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources; and the purchase of fish fry survival rate is low, limited by the distance and transportation problems, can not benefit the major regions of the country, many cities in the north with little water and few rivers will not be able to eat such farmed fresh fish.
China began artificial breeding technology for fish very early, and in the 1930s, Chinese scholars began to use the domestic fish in the river to conduct artificial insemination and hatching experiments, which were successful. However, to overcome the problems of long-distance transportation and insufficient supply of fry, it is necessary to achieve complete artificial reproduction of domestic fish, that is, spawning, fertilizing and hatching with pond-raised fish as broodstock.
At that time, this can be said to have deeply troubled a large number of experts and scholars. At this time, an important person appeared, that is, Zhong Lin. Zhong Lin once moved to Hong Kong to participate in the Anti-Japanese Salvation Movement because of the outbreak of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, and at this time, he joined the Fisheries Research Institute of the British authorities in Hong Kong and studied under The Chinese ichthyologist Lin Shuyan. However, because of Chinese status, he was looked down upon by many, and he vowed to revitalize China's fisheries.
In 1935, the Guangdong Provincial Higher Fisheries School was established, and Zhong Lin was the first (1935-1938) student. The picture shows the graduation photo of the first senior fishing class in 1938, and zhong Lin is 3 on the right in the front row. It can be said that Zhong Lin is a pure domestic fishery talent.
After the founding of New China, he established the "Aquatic Products Laboratory of the Fisheries Administration Bureau of the People's Government of Guangdong Province" to carry out subtropical marine resources surveys and freshwater fisheries research.
At this time, Zhong Lin began to solve the problem of complete artificial breeding of domestic fish, and to solve this problem, it is necessary to solve the problem of fish fry.
Under natural conditions, the "four big fish" grow and develop in rivers and lakes with sufficient food to sexual maturity, and then need to enter the river and go back to the spawning ground to reproduce. Their sensory organs feel the stimulation of the temperature of the river water and the water flow when it rises, and through the central nervous system, the hypothalamus produces gonadotropin-releasing hormone, which enters the pituitary gland to induce the production of gonadotropin, which further induces the gonads to secrete steroid sex hormones and promote the development and maturity of germ cells. After spawning and fertilizing, their fertilized eggs drift downstream with the water, hatch, and the juveniles return to the lake to grow and develop.
At that time, Chinese and foreign experts generally believed that pond culture did not have a natural environment in the river, and the gonads of domestic fish could not develop to meet the requirements of aphrodisiac, and did not have the conditions for artificial reproduction.
At that time, some experts proposed to simulate the natural environment of the pond to rivers and lakes, stimulate the pituitary gland to induce gonadotropy. However, Zhong Lin believes that this kind of treatment is not a cure for the root cause, and there is no way to carry out unified promotion throughout the country and apply it to the vast number of fishermen and farmers.
Therefore, he wants to solve the reproductive physiology of domestic fish, use artificial methods to breed fry of domestic fish raised in ponds, and take corresponding measures to achieve full artificial reproduction. Thus solving the problem fundamentally.
Zhong Lin is observing the development of fish embryos
At this time, the West for gonadotropin and gonadotropin-releasing hormone research has made great progress, in May 1954, the Institute of Aquatic Sciences Zhu Ningsheng used the fish pituitary suspension to try to fully mature "four big fish" aphrodisiac test, the results showed that the bluefish and bighead carp are effective, of which the results of the bluefish are more accurate, a fish can lay up to one million eggs.
In 1955, he first found that three-year-old silver carp and bighead carp could mature in the pond, which overturned the previous thesis that the domestic fish raised in the pond would not mature, but the male fish in the pool were all mature, and the female ovaries were also well developed, that is, they did not reproduce. At this time, Zhong Lin deliberately ran to Hubei to learn the pituitary aphrodisiac technique from Zhu Ningsheng.
Zhong Lin and his assistant, one of the inventors of artificial breeding of domestic fish, Liu Jiazhao, observed the development of the gonads of the fish
In 1956, Zhong Lin injected the pituitary gland of carp into mature domestic fish for induction testing, but was unsuccessful. At this time, Zhong Lin realized that only by further grasping the growth, development and reproduction of wild domestic fish, such as spawning and migrating in heat, could the problem be discovered
Therefore, Zhong Lin waded through the mountains and waters, and also deliberately investigated and observed the spawning grounds of the main fish spawning grounds along the Xun River, Yu River and Liu River and Xijiang River in Guangxi, and conducted in-depth analysis of first-hand data.
At this time, Zhong Lin was not a young and strong descendant, he stayed in a particularly dilapidated small fishing boat for two months, carrying a square zinc box containing alcohol, formalin and scalpels and other drugs for soaking fish specimens, while measuring the hydrological situation, observing and querying in detail the change of the spawning field, past and present flow rate, temperature, water level and many other ecological factors. These factors are essential for the natural reproduction of river fish.
After particularly careful observation, he discovered that the natural reproduction process of the river fish is essentially a process of sexual reflection. From this point of analysis, the domestic fish undoubtedly need to have a certain reproductive ecological conditions to stimulate, such as the acceleration of flowing water, the sudden increase in water level and so on. The gonads of pond-reared domestic fish are close to maturity, precisely because of the lack of stimulation from the above external conditions, so they cannot reproduce naturally in the pool.
In 1957, based on the prevailing Michurin theory, that is, the principle of "biological and environmental unity", he decided to further stimulate spawning with flowing water conditions, and he designed two ecological stimulation induction ponds in Huizhou and Zhaoqing. After many experiments, it was found that only one female silver had laid a small number of eggs, but was not spermated and failed again.
At this time, I don't know if it is Tianyou Zhonglin, this time the sky is raining, the water flow of the spawning pond is accelerated, and a 5-year-old silver carp was observed to successfully spawn, but the eggs were washed away. Inspired by this, on June 3, 1958, Zhong Lin used running water stimulation and pituitary aphrodisiac to achieve artificial spawning, insemination and hatching of silver carp and bighead carp for the first time. More than 30,000 healthy fry were obtained. Since then, the history of freshwater aquaculture fry relying on river loading and fishing for generations has ended, and a new era of freshwater fish farming history has been created.
On June 7, 1958, after the successful artificial breeding of domestic fish, the Yangcheng Evening News took the lead in reporting this major scientific research achievement
That is to say, from today on, fresh fish began to walk on the table of every ordinary person, becoming a delicacy that ordinary people can afford to eat every day. In 1962, more than 1 billion silver carp and bighead carp fry were artificially bred nationwide; in 1987, more than 200 billion artificially bred fry were bred nationwide, which was nearly 10 times higher than the 23.4 billion fish fry in 1957, which was the highest record of fish fry fishing from rivers in history.
On June 4, 1958, the domestic fish was successfully bred artificially. The picture shows the inventors of artificial breeding of domestic fish (from right to left): Li Youguang (graduated in 1935), Zhong Lin (graduated in 1938), Liu Jiazhao (graduated in 1957), and Zhang Songtao (graduated in 1955) took a group photo in front of Tiananmen Square during the promotion in Beijing that year.
Zhong Lin successfully realized the full artificial breeding of domestic fish, creating a miracle in the world. Zhong Lin and scientific and technological personnel have successively broken through the artificial breeding of grass, carp, bream, green and other fish, so that China's freshwater fish all-artificial breeding technology and its theory has been in the international leading position. Zhong Lin's "Broodstock Physiological and Ecological Cultivation Method for Silver Carp and Bighead Carp" has won the invention certificate issued by the state.
Certificate of Invention issued in 1965
In 1978, Zhong Lin participated in the National Science Congress and won the award of the conference.
Not only that, Zhong Lin also promoted the artificial breeding technology of fish to the world, from 1975 to 1987, Zhong Lin successively presided over the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization commissioned China (Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute) to hold five freshwater fish farming training courses, mainly teaching fish artificial breeding technology courses. It has trained more than 160 fishery officials and technicians for 15 countries and regions in Asia, Africa and Oceania, which can be said to promote the development of complete artificial breeding technology for fish in the world.
Zhong Lin gave lessons to the participants of the freshwater fish farming training course organized by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and the lecturer wearing glasses was Zhong Lin.
The first batch of students finished their studies and took a photo, and zhong Lin was 6 on the right in the second row.
He has been engaged in fish breeding for a long time to theory, and has written a monograph of more than 100,000 words, "Biology and Artificial Reproduction of Domestic Fish", and he has also edited the book "Fish Farming in Chinese Ponds" and co-authored more than 30 monographs and papers such as "The Development and Achievements of Green, Grass, Silver Carp and Bighead Carp in China". Gradually formed a set of theoretical system of artificial breeding of freshwater fish. Zhong Lin is also known as the "father of artificial breeding of domestic fish".
It can be said that Mr. Yuan Longping of Agriculture and Mr. Zhong Lin of Fishery are people we cannot forget!
Of course, on the basis of Zhong Lin, we have made further breakthroughs in the technology of full artificial breeding of fish, like later Chinese scholars have developed oxytocin and compound agents such as diosterone, so that the effect of inducing labor has gradually improved.
In addition to Zhong Lin, "Fish Saint" Liu Yun is also a famous fish breeding and breeding expert in China. In 1959, he also achieved the success of artificial induction of grass carp! Following the success of artificial breeding of grass carp, Liu Yun and his disciples began to study green, silver carp and bighead carp, and after theoretical research and countless arduous comparative experiments, in 1963, the team led by Liu Yun finally succeeded in artificially inducing ovulation in four large fish.
With more than half a century of efforts, Liu Yun has theoretically established a systematic reproductive physiology of China's main farmed fish (four major fishes as the mainstay), Chinese turtle (turtle) and edible frogs, and in practice developed a technical system for artificial reproduction and breeding of farmed fish and aquatic economic animals; and took the lead in applying the comprehensive technology of combining cell engineering and sexual hybridization.
Liu Yun established the first tetraploid fish population with stable genetic traits and natural reproduction at home and abroad, and developed the heterologous tetraploid carp and carp for the first time. They are also named Xiangyun carp and Xiangyun carp. He has also successfully bred high-quality triploid crucian carp and triploid carp.
Xiangyun carp and Xiangyun carp
In 2008, Brown, a scholar at the American Grain Research Institute, came to China and said in an interview with the Global Times: In the past 30 years, China's freshwater fishery has made great progress and is a major contribution to the world. Ste Brown argues that the world hasn't realized how good it is. China is a major fishery country in the world, and aquaculture production accounts for 68% of the world's total aquaculture production, which not only provides people with a large amount of high-quality protein, but also provides an important guarantee for national food security.
The development of aquaculture industry has made a qualitative change and breakthrough in the growth mode of China's fishery, from fishing to aquaculture, from "animal husbandry and fishing" to "domestication", which is a process that takes other agricultural industries to spend hundreds of years and thousands of years to complete, and China has made a breakthrough in less than ten years, rewriting the history of the development of the world fishery and the history of civilization, which is a great contribution.
We should thank these scientists for their efforts, and it is they who have brought fresh fish to the table of ordinary people. In honor of them, I decided to go eat grilled fish tonight!