Yam, also known as potato, sweet potato, big potato, etc., is native to China and is a perennial vine of the genus Diospyrifos in the family Diospyraceae. Feeding on underground tubers, it is rich in starch, protein, sugar and paraneal cord, soap back, mucus and other nutrients, which is not only a nutritious crop of grain and vegetables, but also a Chinese herbal medicine with strong tonic function.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" >1, production planning and preparation of agricultural materials</h1>
According to the production scale and production targets, a detailed production plan is formulated, and the relevant agricultural production materials (seeds, agricultural films, fertilizers, pesticides, etc.) are prepared.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" >2, propagation method</h1>
(1) Zero surplus seeds (yam beans) breeding in the first autumn, select large zero remnant sand to hide over the winter, the following spring half a month before the late frost strip sown in the open field, after the autumn to dig up the entire tubers (length 13 ~ 16cm, mass 200 ~ 250g), for the next year as seeds, with zero remaining seeds to breed seed potato vitality is more vigorous, can be used to replace the old yam planters, 3 to 4 years to update once.
(2) There is a hidden bud at the top of the tuber of the yam planting long column seed, which can be cut off 20 to 30 cm long as propagation material, called yam plant or yam mouth. It can be bred continuously for 3 to 4 years with yam seeds. After the growth recession, it is updated with zero surplus.
(3) Stem segment propagation Yam tubers are prone to indeterminate buds and can be cut into chunks for propagation. The flat-block species only germinate at the top of the tuber, and the longitudinal cutting method is adopted when cutting the blocks, and the cut weight is about 100 g. Any part of the tubers of the long column species can germinate, can be cut according to 7 to 10em long sections, cut the vine grass and wood ash, and placed in a cool place for 2 to 3 days after 25 ° C to germinate, after 15 to 20 days of germination after sowing, try not to use the stem segment to reproduce, because of easy degradation, low yield.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" >3, fertilize the land</h1>
Yam, especially long-pillar species, has strict soil requirements and requires a 3-year crop rotation. Deep, loose and fertile sandy loam or sandy soil is conducive to tuber growth, which has high yield and good quality. Before winter, dig a deep ditch with a width of 25 to 30 cm and a depth of 0.8 to 1.2 m according to the distance of lm ditches, and carry out frozen soil or sunburn. When thawing in the spring of the second year, mix the soil turned over with the fully decomposed organic fertilizer, and the amount of application per mu is 5000kg. Clean up all rubble and debris. After backfilling, it is made into a high energy with a width of 50 cm. In order to reduce the labor intensity of trenching cultivation, the drilling cultivation technique can be used. In the late autumn and early winter fertilization rake, in the winter according to the row spacing of 70 cm line, dig a shallow ditch 5 ~ 8 cm deep along the line, and then use a 6 ~ 8em thick steel rod in the ditch according to the distance of 25 ~ 30 cm plant spacing to make a hole, 150 cm deep, the hole is required to be smooth and strong.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" >4, sowing</h1>
Before planting, a deep, 60-80 cm wide furrow should be dug around the field and communicated with the outer ditch. Fields with a length of more than 20 meters are also added to open the waist ditch to ensure rapid drainage during the rainy season. Dig a ditch for cultivation, open a ditch with a width of 10-15 cm and a depth of 30-40 cm on the furrow surface, apply 5 to 7.5 kg of diammonium phosphate per mu.Urea: 2.5 to 5 kg.Calcium superphosphate 5 kg as seed fertilizer, cover the soil with 20 to 30 cm, put the yam plant or yam strip in the ditch according to the plant spacing of 15 to 20 cm, cover the soil 8 to 10 cm, sow 2 rows according to the lm furrow strips when breeding, the row spacing is 50 cm. The plant spacing is 8 to 10 cm, and the hole cultivation is First cover the mouth of the cave with a 20 cm wide mulch film (no need to break the film, the tubers can be drilled automatically), and the yam plant is placed horizontally at the mouth of the cave along the ditch. Above, align the buds at the opening of the hole to guide the newborn tubers to protrude vertically downwards and grow evenly in thickness. After draining a ditch, it immediately covers the ridge, which is 40 cm wide and 20 cm high.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" >5, field management</h1>
(1) Plant adjustment After the yam emerges, the vine is slender and crisp, the vine should be supported in time, often using a herringbone, tripod or quadrangle, the height of the shelf is 2.0 ~ 2.5m is appropriate, the bracket should be inserted firmly to prevent being blown down by the wind. Generally, a seed stem produces a seedling, if there are several seedlings, it should be selected to leave a robust vine when the seedling height is 7 to 8em, and the rest is removed. Most of the branches are not whole, but removing 2 to 3 side branches at the base can concentrate nutrients and increase tuber yield. If the zero surplus is not used, it should be removed as soon as possible to save nutrients. The use of zero surplus seeds, generally controlled at 100 ~ 150kg per acre.
(2) Water and fertilizer management watering the soles of the feet before sowing, even if it is a little earlier in the early stage of fertility, generally not watered, so as to promote the downward growth of tubers. If it is too dry, it can only be watered once. The tubers rapidly expand and remain moist. Yams are afraid of waterlogging, and drainage in time during the rainy season. Yam fertilization should master the principle of heavy application of base fertilizer and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. Nitrogen fertilizer can be applied in front of the stent to supply nutrients successively. Fertilize 1 to 2 times during the planting period to ensure that the tree needs. At the time of budding, the stems, leaves and tubers begin to grow vigorously, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium should be reapplied with complete manure once.
(3) In the early stage of the growth of cultivated soil, weeding should be diligently cultivated until the stem has been half-framed, and then the weeds should be pulled out later. It is necessary to dig up a part of the inter-row soil outside the shelf and fill it into the row inside the shelf, so that the shelf forms a high furrow, and a furrow of 20 cm deep and 30 cm wide is formed between the outside of the frame, so that it can drain water during the rainy season.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" >6, pest control</h1>
The main diseases of yam are anthrax, brown spot disease, rust, root rot and so on. Anthrax is mainly harmful to stems and leaves. Occurs in mid-June until harvest. It often causes stems to wither and leaves to fall. Prevention and control measures: clear the garden, burn the disease residue, reduce the source of overwintering bacteria: planted with 1: 1: 1: 150 times Bordeaux liquid soaked for 4 minutes, eliminate the germs: spray 65% Daisen zinc wettable powder 500 times liquid or 50% debacterial special wettable powder 800 to 1000 times liquid during the growth period.
Brown spot disease, also known as leaf spot disease, is harmful to leaves and begins to occur in late July. Prevention and control methods: clean the garden, deal with residual plant disease leaves; rotation, the pathogenesis period can be controlled by 58% ruitoxin manganese zinc wettable powder 1000 times liquid spray.
Rust is harmful to leaves, onset in June and August, and severe in autumn. 500 times 50% carbendazim wettable powder can be used, sprayed once every 7 days, and continuously used 3 to 4 times.
Root rot is a bacterial disease, which is harmful to two-year-old or more adult plants, which begins to occur in May, and is most abundant in July to August, and can be sprayed with wine or irrigated with 500 times liquid spray or root irrigation with 65% Daisen zinc wettable powder.
The main insect pests of yam are yam leaf bees. Yam leaf wasp is a specialized food pest that harms yam. It can be controlled with 90% of the original drug of 1000 times the solution in the early stage of pest occurrence.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" >7, harvesting</h1>
After early frost in autumn, the stems and leaves can be harvested when they turn yellow. The southern winter soil is not frozen, and can be left in the ground and ready to be harvested and supplied. At harvest, first remove the scaffolds and stems, dig a deep pit on the side of the yam ditch, and use a shovel to shovel the root system of the lateral roots and the ground layer, and remove the entire tubers. When digging the hole to cultivate and harvest, use a shovel to dig out the ridge of the cultivated soil, expose the yam plant, remove the soil above the hole, be careful not to let the soil into the hole, and gently remove the yam from the hole by hand. Then seal the opening for use the next year. The integrity of the tubers should be maintained when excavating. Harvest zero seeds, you need to start 1 month in advance.
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > concluding remarks</h1>
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