Abstract:Starting from the development of yam characteristic industries to promote local economic development, the existing advantages of yam cultivation in Daming County are analyzed, and the green and high-yield cultivation technology adapted to the local area is proposed according to years of production experience, so as to provide a reference for the sustainable development of the yam industry in Daming County.
Keywords: yam planting advantage conditions cultivation technology Daming County
Yam (Dioscorea opposita) belongs to the genus Dioscorea, which is an annual or perennial herbaceous vine plant with rich nutritional value and dual-use function of medicine and food, which is well received by the market. Over the years, because the cultivation of yam is limited by various conditions such as geographical environment, soil texture, number of seedlings, labor input and production technology, its potential has not been fully utilized, and the development of the yam industry in various places has contributed differently to local economic growth. Daming County, Hebei Province, is located in the ancient Yellow River at the junction of the three provinces of Hebei, Lu and Henan, with superior climate, suitable soil, affected by market demand, under the strong support of the local government, it has become a new yam planting base, and the "Daimyo White Jade Yam" has also been famous.
1 Daimyo County yam cultivation advantages
1.1 Excellent climatic and soil conditions
Daming County is located at 36 ° 18 ' north latitude, 115 ° 09 ' east longitude, belongs to the warm temperate semi-humid continental monsoon climate, four distinct seasons, mild climate, sufficient sunshine, moderate rainfall, frost-free period of 215d, perennial rainfall of 504.9mm. According to the requirements of yam growth, the average ground temperature of 5 cm per day can be colonized at 9 to 10 °C, the average occurrence day of 5 cm ground temperature in The calendar year of Daming Prefecture is March 26, the latest day is 28 days (Table 1), and the average date of stable passage through 12 °C is March 30. The local yam planting time can be completely advanced to the end of March, the growing season is from April to October, the growth period is more than 210d, the average monthly sunshine hours are more than 230h, the average daily sunshine hours are 7.7h, the light and heat resources are sufficient, and the annual precipitation is mainly concentrated in June to August, accounting for 60.9% of the annual rainfall, which caters to the peak season of yam growth. In the early stage, there is less rain, and the temperature rises quickly, which is conducive to the rooting of yam seedlings. From September to October, the sun is sufficient, the soil moisture is suitable, and the permeability is good, which is conducive to the expansion and thickening of the yam tubers, the increase of powder and sugar.
Table 1: Date of 5 cm stable passage of 10°C in Daming County (2005~2015)
Table 2: Average annual temperature, precipitation, and sunshine hours during the fertility period of Yam in Daming County
Daming County has a vast area, with nearly 40,000 hm2 of the Yellow River Old Road, fine sandy soil, sandy loam soil, soft texture, good permeability, deep sand layer without debris, flat terrain, convenient drainage and irrigation, medium to upper fertility, soil pH 7 ~ 8.2, very suitable for yam planting. The "Chronicle of Daming County" records that in the Song Dynasty, there were records of yam into medicine and cuisine, and it has a long history.
1.2 Obvious geographical characteristics Superior climatic conditions, suitable sandy soil, the production of yam is large, straight, skin, tumors, sparse hair, less spots, no deformity, resistant to storage and transportation, excellent commerciality, suitable for food and medicine. The main production area of yam in China, the Huai River on both sides of the river, has a large rainfall, high water content of yam, is not resistant to storage, and is easy to rot. The yam species in Baoding and the area north of Baoding are mainly hemp yam and short yam, with many branches, small size, not straight strips, low yields, and are not suitable for processing.
1.3 Excellent selection of varieties Of traditional yam in Daming County, the main cable yam and hemp yam, the yield is low and unstable, generally not more than 1500kg/666.7m2, and the economic benefits are not high. Since 2000, technical personnel from Jiangsu to Liaoning, the introduction of more than a dozen kinds of yam, and finally the Japanese Long and large taro settled in the local area, the output reached 3500kg/ 666.7m2 or more, high-yield plots of 5000kg/ 666.7m2, and crisp meat white, easy to ripe, delicate taste, sweet inlet, starch, glycoprotein and other content are high in the same kind of foreign yam, has been rapidly developed, become the dominant variety, the locals gave her a beautiful name - "white jade yam". At present, according to the different needs of the market, hemp yam, iron stick yam, purple yam and line yam have also developed in a small area.
1.4 market prospects are promising Although the scale of the development of Daimyo yam is not long, it also occupies a certain share in the market, and is very popular in Shandong, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Beijing and other places, Shandong customers are mainly used for exports, and sales in South Korea and Japan are very good. From the perspective of planting benefits, in 2015, it encountered a low point for many years, the new yam was listed at 2.4 yuan / kg, the general grower's commercial potato yield was above 3000kg/666.7m2, the benefit was 7200 yuan / 666.7m2, in addition to the cost of 666.7m2 there is still more than 1000 yuan of income, the same period in 2016 rose by 0.5 ~ 0.6 yuan / kg, significantly higher than the income of other crops, in 2017 ushered in the "spring" of yam, the land purchase price reached 5.8 ~ 6.0 yuan / kg. According to the average price of 5 yuan / kg from 2010 to 2017, the income is more than 10,000 yuan / 666.7m2.
2 Green high yield cultivation technology
2.1 Plot selection Daming County Yam Base is located in the Yellow River Old Road, away from industrial and mining enterprises, traffic trunk roads and other three waste pollution sources, planting areas all use underground well irrigation, excellent water quality. Choose a deep soil (sand) layer, loose texture, consistent up and down, no clay layer, fertile, smooth drainage of sandy loam soil, slightly sloped plot is the best. Yam is extremely avoided for continuous cropping, especially heavy ditch planting, which is easy to cause serious diseases and will reduce yield due to soil nutrient imbalance. According to the survey, two years of continuous cropping, the reduction of production by more than 30%, the reduction of 3 years of continuous cropping by 40% to 50%, the yam field can only be planted in the wrong ditch for two years, and then rotated for three years to replant. Daming County has nearly 40,000 hm2 sandy soil land, suitable for yam planting area of 33,000 hm2, yam is not tolerant of heavy stubble, according to a rotation time of 5 years (yam rotation time is generally required to be 3 years) two years of continuous cropping mode, Daming County yam is not affected by heavy stubble continuous cropping, can develop to 0.66 million hm2, the scale development potential is huge. According to the current Daimyo yam area of 2000 hm2, it takes 15.5a to rotate again, so the daimyo yam can be planted with new stubble every year, and there are few diseases and insect pests, and the yam grows in the "heart soil", and the underground pests generally cannot invade the yam, so the production of green yam daimyo has unique conditions. Suitable rotation patterns such as yam - spring peanut - winter wheat - summer corn, or yam - spring peanut - winter wheat - green onion, or yam - spring peanut - short season vegetables (radish, cabbage, spinach, etc.), or yam - carrot - cherry tomato, etc., avoid stubble for sweet potatoes, potatoes, burdock and other crops.
2.2 seed potato selection Choose white jade yam with disease resistance, strong stress resistance, fertilizer water resistance, high yield and good quality. Seed potatoes are divided into yam mouths, yam segments and whole small yam. From the quality of the seeds, the whole small yam is better than the yam mouth, the yam mouth is better than the yam section, and the yam section is better than the finished yam with a maturity of 2 to 3a yam beans, and the yield of different seed potatoes varies greatly.
Yam mouth: to choose the yam mouth below 3a as the seed potato, the yam mouth above 3a is degraded, the seed coat color is darker, and the yam that grows out is easy to fork and the skin color is darkened, not only the poor commerciality can not be used for seeding. To determine the planting age of the yam mouth, it depends on the scars on the yam mouth, and several scars are the yam mouths for several years.
Yam section: The first section of yam fries is the best, and the potato blocks after the middle section are not seed potatoes. From the appearance point of view, it is necessary to choose french fries that are smooth, moderate in thickness, uniform, no deformity, no mildew spots, no disease spots, and no rotten potato blocks to make seed potatoes.
Small yam: the yam planting period is too long, the germination is degraded, the yield potential is reduced, you can use the yam bean (zero remaining seeds) to purify and rejuvenate, the first year of sowing yam beans, grow into small yam, the second year for seeding. The offspring of yam bean breeding is vigorous and has increased production significantly. When choosing yam beans, pay attention to the selection of large, shiny, round best, rough skin, diseased beetle mouth and non-round can not be used.
Regardless of the size and weight of the yam mouth and the yam segment, the size and weight should be moderate, too small to emerge weakly, and it will not grow into a large yam, which will not only significantly increase the amount of seed potatoes used, but also cause the yam to grow too prosperous in the early stage of growth, and the nutrient growth is too strong, resulting in late premature aging and not growing into a large yam. Generally, the yam mouth is 30 to 40 cm long, the yam section is 8 to 10 cm long, the thickness is about 4 cm, and the size is 120 to 150 g.
2.3 High yield cultivation technology
2.3.1 Seed potato treatment In early to mid-March, the seed potato is cut into sections, and then dipped in quicklime powder or 70% daisen manganese zinc ultra-fine wettable powder at the incision, and the seeds are sown according to the stages, which promotes the healing of wound tissue and enhances the ability of seeds to bind water, and the end of the germination (the upper end of the seed segment) is dried to a light green color, with obvious cracks. The time of drying is determined according to which period of fries to choose and the time of sowing. The last local evening frost is generally around April 10, the latest day is April 19 (Table 3), the emergence time of yam requires missing the last evening frost to prevent frost damage, for the sake of safety, the emergence time is after April 20
Table 3 : Dates of the end of the year in Daming Prefecture (2005~2015)
As well. Yam mouth half a month (15d) seedlings, generally sunning a week (7d), that is, 22d, April 20 push forward 22d that is, the end of March sunning. From the order of germination, the front section of the same fries is obviously earlier than the latter section, the yam mouth is half a month out of the seedlings, the first stage of the yam strip germinates about a week later than the yam mouth, the second section is 10d later than the first section, the third section is nearly half a month later than the first section, the middle section of the yam is one month out of the seedlings, April 20 push forward a month is March 20, and the sunning seed section is also longer than the yam mouth sunning time, generally more than half a month, that is, the beginning of March. The seeds were sown half a month later (at the end of March and the beginning of April), which coincided with the temperature of sowing at that time.
2.3.2 Fertilization of the land Yam land preparation can generally begin after the soil is thawed, according to the sowing time, before the preparation of the land, first make a plantar mound or build a ditch before trenching, spread the base fertilizer evenly in the field, deep ploughing 30cm, flat rake solid. After the preparation of the land according to the shape of the plot spaced 20 ~ 30m to open a horizontal drainage ditch, longitudinal also to leave a drainage ditch, the general principle is that when it rains heavily, the field can not accumulate water, to prevent the irrigation ditch from collapsing, affecting the yield and quality. After the drainage ditch is dug, the trench can be used to dig the trench back to the soil ridge and flatten it steadily. The depth of the ditch is 1.5 m, the width is 25 cm, and the distance of the ditch is 1 m, forming a trapezoidal ridge with a surface width of 40 cm and a ridge height of 20 cm.
Yam is a high-yield crop, the growth period is long, the amount of fertilizer required is large, and it requires balance and comprehensiveness, especially the bottom fertilizer, which is the basis of high yield, and various nutrients require full application of balance, so organic fertilizer, bacterial fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, trace elements can not be less. Generally, every 666.7㎡ of land is applied with decomposed manure (note: there can be no manure and hard matter) 3000~4000kg or organic fertilizer 400~500kg, biological agent (effective number of live bacteria ≥200 million/g) 2-3kg granules, or direct use of bio-organic fertilizer (effective number of live bacteria≥100 million /g, organic matter ≥40%) 400-500kg, balanced controlled release compound fertilizer (N-P2O5-K2O5=17-17)80~100kg or urea, diammonium phosphate, Potassium sulfate is 30 kg each, trace element water-soluble fertilizer (zinc + iron + copper + manganese + boron≥10%) 1 kg. The base fertilizer should be spread evenly throughout the field before the land preparation, and the fertilizer should be deeply ploughed into the tillage layer after fertilization. Yam prohibits chlorine-containing fertilizer, too much chloride ions in the soil, easy to cause vine growth, tuber yield is reduced, quality is reduced, fragile and easy to fold, resulting in yam is not resistant to storage and transportation.
2.3.3 Sowing In order to reduce the occurrence of underground pests, aphids and soil-borne diseases, control yam rot, and promote the early germination of yam, seedlings sprout strong, rapid growth, every 666.7㎡ seed potato (about 500kg) before sowing, can be used 25% thiomacete • cracker • frost spirit suspension seed coating agent 80ml + 10% pyrimid ester suspension seed coating agent 60ml with water 20 ~ 30kg soaking seeds or spray seed drying after sowing, or directly spraying seeding ditch after sowing, 50% need to be added to the serious plot of golden needle worms Chlorhexenamide suspension seed coating agent 10 ml.
When sowing seeds, a small trench of about 10 cm deep is first opened on the ridge, and then the seed potato is placed flat in the seed ditch in the same tooth order, with a plant spacing of 20 to 22 cm, 3000 to 3200 plants/ 666.7 m2. After the soil is solidly leveled, each 666.7 ㎡ is sprayed with 48% diloxamine 150ml or 33% dimethylpentanil 130~150ml mixed with water 15~30kg, and then covered with mulch film. When sowing seeds, the yam mouth and the sub-seed potatoes of different yam sections should be sown separately to keep the seedlings neat and easy to manage.
2.3.4 Field management
Seedlings, weeding. The yam only leaves one strong seedling, and the excess weak seedlings should be removed in time. Otherwise, there will be a yam under one seedling, and more than two yam will grow small, affecting the value of the commodity. The method of interspersing seedlings is to press the base of the large seedlings with one hand and gently remove the seedlings to be removed with the other hand. Since the yam root system is very shallow, weeds in the field should not be broken with a hoe to break the soil and weeds, so as not to break the root system. When there are few weeds, they should be removed by hand in time, such as a large number of occurrences, you can use a hoe to gently scrape on the surface, you can also use the yam seedling after the herbicide 15% to kill the emulsion or 10% fine quinolin emulsion 50 ~ 60 ml with water 30 kg spray removal in the 2 to 3 leaf stage of the weed.
Racking, straightening. When the yam seedling grows to 30cm, it is necessary to set up a frame in time, plant a wooden stake at both ends of the yam ditch, and pull a wire longitudinally along the ditch to prevent the yam from climbing the full shelf and being blown down by the wind, generally using bamboo poles to build a herringbone frame, the height of the shelf is about 2m, too high cost, too low yam vine overlap, affecting the leaf photosynthesis. After a period of time, it is found that the seedlings that are not on the shelves should be artificially sorted clockwise, and at the same time, the entanglement should be prevented from becoming clumps, so as not to affect each other's growth and development. When the yam bean grows too much, it should be removed in time to prevent competing with the underground stem block for nutrients.
Topdressing and watering. Yam is a drought-tolerant crop that prefers sunny, dry weather and higher ground temperatures. In the case of sowing foot manure, watering and topdressing are generally not required in the early stage of growth. In May, the plots with slightly poor seedling conditions at the low elongation stage can be fertilized once, combined with watering, humic acid-containing water-soluble fertilizer (humic acid 40g/L + nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium≥200g/L) 5L/666.7㎡, the middle and late growth of 7, 8, 9 three months for the tuber expansion of the key period, according to the topdressing needs for watering, the second topdressing in early July, the application of a large number of elements high potassium water-soluble fertilizer (18-8-24 +TE) 5kg/666.7 ㎡, the third topdressing in early and mid-August, the third topdressing, A large amount of elemental potassium water-soluble fertilizer (14-7-39+TE) was applied 5kg/666.7㎡. During the rainy season, every time there is a large amount of rainfall, the accumulated water should be discharged in time to prevent irrigation and collapse. Foliar fertilization and premature aging can be sprayed in the middle and late stages of growth in August, and 100g + 0.01% brassinolide 20ml of brassinolide 20ml of brassinolide can be sprayed every 666.7 square meters with 30kg of water, sprayed once every 666.7 square meters.
Kill rats. Usually, it is necessary to check whether there is a rat hole in the field and kill the rats in time. In particular, loopholes found before the rain should be filled with fertilizer bags in time, and a hole should be plugged with a bag to prevent rainwater from irrigating ditches.
2.3.5 Pest control
Preventive measures To use the drug before the disease and insects, the underground pests such as caddisflies, grubs, golden needle worms and rhizome rot, blight and other reference seed potato treatment and sowing links, before inserting the rack, the pole used in previous years should be soaked with 50% carbendazim wettable powder 500 to 600 times liquid and other fungicides and then inserted.
Spraying control anthrax, brown spot disease and other leaf diseases can be controlled by 70% of the daison manganese zinc wettable powder 500 to 600 times liquid or 25% pyrazole ether oxystil suspension 1500-2000 times liquid or 17% zole ether • fluconazole suspension 600 times liquid, etc., every 7 to 10 days spray 1 time, spray 2 to 3 times, after rain to timely spray. Yam leaf wasp, twill moth, etc. can be controlled by spray spraying 5% high chlorine and methyl vitamin salt microemulsion 1000 times liquid or 2.5% cypermethrin microemulsion 600 to 800 times liquid spray. Red spiders can be controlled with 10.5% Avi Da mite emulsion 1000 times liquid.
2.4 Harvesting, storage
In early to mid-October, the harvest is ready after a week after the frost has passed. When digging, it should be finely harvested and not broken, otherwise it will affect the performance of the commodity. When selling, the yam mouth should be treated with antiseptic treatment in time, dipped in lime or sprayed with antiseptic preservatives, such as carbendazim, daisen manganese zinc, etc., and then dried in the courtyard, as long as it is not frozen (outdoor temperature is above 0 ° C), it has been dried, and it has been moved to the house or dug into the cellar for storage after freezing. Commercial yams can also be stored in cold storage and supplied to the market in the off-season to obtain higher yields. Both seed and commercial potatoes must be stored at 3 to 6 °C.