Author Fucha Baoren Jilin Family Tree
Manchu Hala (surname) examination
In the traditional Culture of the Manchus, hala (surname) and genealogy are important elements. From the surname and family tree, we can trace the footprints of the Manchus, a long-standing northern fishing and hunting nation, from the obscurantist period; from the Manchus' emphasis on the old surname (Manchu "Hala") and family tree, we can see the Manchus' distinct sense of ancestral residence, a strong national concept and the spirit of advocating the ancestral birthplace of changbai mountain.
The Manchu Hara (surname) can be described as vast and complex, and with the progress of time and the development of society, there have been many branches and evolutions. According to the "History of Jin and Hundred Officials", the Manchu ancestors of the Liao-Jin Dynasty had 115 surnames, which were divided into "white number surname" and "black number surname". By the Qing Dynasty, the Manchu surnames had expanded 10 times, and according to the "General Genealogy of the Manchu Clans of the Eight Banners of the Qing Dynasty" personally examined and approved by the Qianlong Emperor, there were more than 1100 Manchu surnames.
Fucha clan is a Surname of the Qing Dynasty, there are many branches, there are many clans, it is one of the "Eight Great Surnames of Manchuria" in the Qing Dynasty, and Tong (Tong Jia), Guan (Guar Jia), Ma (Fei Mo), Suo (Suo Jia), Qi (Qi Jia), Na (Nala), Lang (Niu Hulu), etc. 7 surnames, since the end of the Ming Dynasty, along with the Qing Taizu Nur Hachi, Emperor Taizong Taiji, Jianzhou Jurchen, Changbaishan Sanbu, Hulun Sibu, Donghai Jurchen, Heilongjiang Jurchen, etc., in the decades of fighting in the unification of the northeast region, in the lihou Jin, Jianda Qing's conquest was indispensable, so it was known as the "Eight Surnames" among the Manchus.
Fuchahara, which has far-reaching roots
The Fucha clan was called "Pucha clan" long ago, which can also be said to have a long history, and its distant origin can be traced back to at least the Tang Dynasty, and it is one of the "common thirty surnames" of the Manchu ancestors. By the Time of the Liaojin Dynasty, Pucha was already one of the surnames of the Jurchens, ranking as the "surname of the black number", and was always called "Pucha". From the Liaojin to the Qing Dynasty, the Fucha clan has been renamed "Fucha clan", and it has been recorded in writing for more than a thousand years. And through the changes in the surnames of "Pucha" and "Fucha", the surnames of the Han nationality such as "Fu", "Fu", and "Fu" have been crowned, and the clans have flourished, and they have spread all over the motherland's great rivers, north and south, inside and outside the Great Wall, so it can be said that "the tree has deep roots"!
During the Liao Dynasty, the Pu cha clan was already the main tribe among the Jurchen clans, and its power was powerful. During the Jin Dynasty, the Pu Cha clan was a surname and a famous family name for the Jin Dynasty, and not only were there many powerful people, but also had many in-laws with the Royal Family of the Yan Clan. At that time, due to its large population, the Pucha clan was widely distributed, and it was known as having seven major departments at that time. The Jinyuan Cultural Dictionary contains:
Known are the Pucha Department of The Pucha Department of The Shiju An Chu Hu Shui (present-day Ashe River), the Pu Cha Department of the Huishui River (known as the Ermin River in the Qing Dynasty, in the territory of Itong Prefecture), and the Pu Cha Department between Jugu Lidian (in present-day Delinshi, west of Tokyo, Ning'an City, Heilongjiang Province, or west of the lower reaches of the MudanJiang River), and the Abas River (present-day Dunhua City, Jilin Province, North Lefucheng River).
How did the long-standing Puchabu and Puchahara (surname) come about? The ancient texts are recorded because their tribe lived in the "Wild of Pucha" in the early years, so where is this Wild of Pucha? There are many opinions, and all are speculative, but in today's long years, the speculation is by no means conclusive.
Since ancient times, the Pucha clan has been a huge hara (surname), and there are many famous generals who can be seen in the history of Jin. There were the Jin Dynasty horses Pu Cha Hu Sha and Pu Cha Ding Shou; the famous Jin Dynasty generals Pu Cha Shi Jie, Pu Cha Zhen, Pu Cha Hu Yan, and Pu Cha Hui Lun; the famous Jin Dynasty ministers Pu Cha Si Zhong, Pu Cha He, Pu Cha Tong, Pu Cha Qi, and so on.
Among the generals of the Jin Dynasty, the surname Pucha was also Khitan, and Pucha Ali, who had served as the defense envoy of Shouzhou, the envoy of The Xingping Army, and the marshal of the Right Capital, was a Khitan person. Why? Originally, both the Jurchens and the Khitans belonged to the Altaic language family, but the Jurchens belonged to the Tungusic branch, while the Khitan belonged to the Mongolian branch, so many languages were the same or common. Therefore, the Khitans of the Eastern Hu clan also have the surname Pucha.
There was also a general in the Jin Dynasty named Pu Cha Guannu, who was also a Khitan person, who had been an official to the marshal and commanded soldiers and horses to engage the Mongol army. This Pu Cha guan Nu Yuan was not surnamed Pu Cha, but the Pu Cha clan that changed its surname after the Khitan migration clan returned to the Jin Kingdom.
Today, it seems that the surname was handed down from the ancestors, and it cannot be changed at will. However, in ancient times, especially among the northern peoples, it was common for peoples to change their surnames. The imperial surname of the Qing Dynasty, Ai Xin Jueluo, was later changed. It is recorded in great detail in the Records of Emperor Wu of the Qing Dynasty.
When Nurhaci raised an army in the tenth year of the Ming Dynasty (1583), he served as the commander of the Left Guard Capital of Jianzhou, and ten years later unified the Jurchen departments of Jianzhou. At this time, Nurhaci began to seek ancestral questions to pursue his ancestral lineage. After tracing the roots of zuo cha and right examination, he believes that the birthplace of his clan is the east of Changbai Mountain, which is the city of Omo hui no No. Suke, and the most direct ancestor is the sixth ancestor Timur.
In the 26th year of the Ming Dynasty (1598), Nurhaci built an ancestral mausoleum in his hometown of Hetuala (present-day Xinbin Manchu Autonomous County, Liaoning Province). Buried in the ancestral tomb are Timur, the sixth ancestor of Jianzhou Zuowei, and Nurhaci's great-grandfathers Fuman, Zujue Chang'an, father Takshi and other ancestors. The ancestors of the Luo clan who loved Xinjue Luoshi more long ago than timur were born in the "Imperial Qing Founding Strategy", "Manchurian Origin Examination", "Imperial Dynasty Tongkao" and "Manchuria Records", etc., and in the "Legend of the Three Fairies" contained in the qing Dynasty's history, the fairy Buddha Kulun swallowed the Zhu fruit and was born in Bukuri Yongshun.
Bukuri Yongshun came to the place of Chodali and lived in Ilanhara (Manchu: three surnames). When his successor, Timur, moved south to Hetuala, where he served as the governor of Jianzhou Andu, and later became the governor of Jianzhou. These are clearly documented in the history books. Li Jiasheng's "Eight Flags and Ten Treatises" says:
Nurhaci is believed to be the sixth grandson of Timur, the fierce brother of the Chudori tribe, so he is called "Tong (Tong) Nurhaci" in official documents with the Ming Dynasty and Joseon. Timur is sometimes also written as "Tong (Tong) Timur" or "Sandwich Tamerlane". The Chinese surname "Jiawen" is written as "Tong" or "Tong", and in Jurchen it is "Jin". This is also the origin of the later self-called "Ai Shin Kyora".
In ancient times, for various reasons, there were many people who changed their nationalities and surnames, and even if thousands, tens of thousands, or even hundreds of thousands of people collectively changed their nationalities, those who gradually changed their surnames were also a great precedent. Let's talk about a few examples.
In the ninth year of the Reign of Sui (589), Emperor Wen of Sui launched a campaign against Goguryeo to regain the territory of Liaonan in Eastern Liaoning. The Late Sui people, who had long been oppressed by the Goguryeo people, also launched a counterattack against the Goguryeo people in conjunction with the Central Sui Dynasty. However, under the stubborn resistance of Goguryeo's troops throughout the country, the Sui Dynasty had to hastily collect troops. At this time, the Jing people were caught in a dilemma because they helped Sui to participate in the war.
In order to avoid revenge for the massacre of the Goguryeo people, the Su people, under the leadership of the commander (grand chief) of their chu department, led eight jingxiao soldiers and their families to submit to the Sui Dynasty territory from Buyeo City (present-day Nong'an County, Jilin Province). Emperor Wen of Sui was overjoyed and placed him at Liucheng (柳城, in present-day Chaoyang, Liaoning). This incident is described in great detail in the Taiping Huanyu Chronicle:
In the Kai Emperor, The Late Su Dynasty fought with Goryeo and was not victorious. There were eight departments of the Chu Ji Department, led the Eight Divisions of the Patrol Department, the Cave Tugu Department, the Jing Ji Meng Department, the Yue Yu Department, the Bu Protective Lai Department, the Broken Earthquake Department, and the Bu Bu Li Department, and thousands of victorious soldiers, from the northwest of Buyeo City, and lifted them to The Guannei Annex. The willow city is the north of the Yan capital.
More than 1,400 years ago, thousands of soldiers and horses were attached to the Sui Dynasty, and there should be at least 40,000 or 50,000 people in their families. These tens of thousands of people were very loyal and brave, and were deeply valued by the Sui and later Tang dynasties, and many of them were also made high-ranking officials and became important ministers such as generals, governors, dukes, and governors. These tens of thousands of people were all integrated into the Han nationality. Over the past thousand years, the population has multiplied to this day, at least hundreds of thousands.
There are many such cases in history, so it can be seen that there are many people in the Han population today who, like the Manchus, have the blood of their ancestors, the Jing people. Among the surnames of the Han people, there are also many people who are after the ancient Jing people who have the Surname of Han. In the big family of the Chinese nation, the manchus, the Han nationality, and many ethnic relations are indeed thicker than water relations. This is a Manchu ancestor who migrated south to integrate into the Han nationality, and was the first large number of Manchu ancestors to take the Han surname, and they were 1,300 or 400 years earlier than the Manchus in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. Let's talk about the historical fact of the integration of manchu ancestors and Donghu ethnic groups. In the Tang Dynasty, the Bohai State established by the Manchu ancestors, the Late Sui Dynasty, was known as the "Shengguo of Haidong", which was a feudal state of the Central Tang Dynasty.
After 15 generations of kings and 229 years of founding, the Bohai state was destroyed by the Khitan Liao state of the Eastern Hu clan. According to the literature, after the fall of the Bohai state, the Khitan Liao people feared that the Bohai people would make a comeback, so they exiled a large number of people. He exiled as many as 80,000 households to the Khitan homeland of the West Lamulun River (in present-day Inner Mongolia) in the northeast and west, and 100,000 households (later "mature Jurchens") to Liaoyang and other Han areas in the south.
Less than a hundred years after the fall of the Bohai state, another branch of the Jing people, the Black Water Jing, rose to prominence at pressed out of the Tiger River (present-day Ashe River), at which time the Black Water Jing Was not a Khitan citizen, so it was called the "Birth Daughter Zhen" person. After Jin Taizu finished Yan Akuma and led the Jurchens to destroy Liao Lijin, he repeated the Khitan strategy against the Jurchens, incorporating a large number of Khitan soldiers into his army to conquer the Great Song Dynasty, and plundering a large number of Khitans back into slavery.
During the Liao-Jin Dynasty, the Jurchens and Khitans, who were also northern ethnic groups of the Altaic language family, plundered each other's populations when they gained power, so that many of the two ethnic groups had the population of the other ethnic group. Today, many of the Manchus should be descendants of the Donghu clan, and likewise, many of the Mongols should be descendants of the Sushen clan.
There is a saying in the Qing Dynasty that it should be said that "the family is not divided into people" should be said to be appropriate. For this reason, there are also many Mongolian surnames in the Manchu surnames.
Leafy surname of Fucha
In the long history years, there have been many Manchu ancestors who entered the Central Plains south to integrate into the Han nationality, and the mutual integration between the Manchus and the Mongols (Donghu), while the Jurchens went south to plunder the Han population, the Han people broke into the Kanto, especially in the Qing Dynasty, a large number of Chen and New Han army Eight Banners joined the Manchurian Community, resulting in the Manchu surnames not only increased rapidly, but also very complicated.
In the Qing Dynasty, in the Manchurian community, it can be said that all ethnic groups are treated equally, and for the sake of unity within this community, the Qing Taizu Nurhaci and Emperor Taizong Taiji issued edicts many times to warn the Zhushen (Jurchen) people. In the sixth year of the Later Jin Mandate of Heaven (1621) at the beginning of the founding of the country, Nurhacik liaoyang city edicted the Eight Banners of Manchuria: Jurchen and Han people are a khan's kingdom, and they must not be enslaved to do evil. The Old Manchu Archives contain:
The present-day Zhushen (Jurchen) and Han Chinese were all unified into the Kingdom of one Khan. I moved here, and the old Zhushen must not regard the Han people as foreign people... If Er and others do evil, once they have been punished, then my old gods will suffer greatly from the labor of building the city, and will not be pitiful in front of the people of our country!
In the Qing Dynasty's "Nine Years of Tiancong", in the ninth year of Jin Tiancong (1635), Emperor Taiji issued an edict for the sake of seeking meritocracy: Khan's edict:
ZhuShen (Jurchen), Nikan (Han), Mongol ministers, all the sages who have foresight and are worthy of function, etc., once they know it, should be recommended.
It is also recorded in the "Nine Years of Tiancong", which was issued by Emperor Taizong Taiji for the banquet in June of that year:
I and the Eight Banners of Belle summoned the new and old kings of the various banners, the Nikans, and the Mongol courtiers, as well as the newly descended Mongols, Hurha, and the Various Pendulums, and sent them to feast in each pavilion.
On July 25 of the same year, it was recorded that:
Khan: I treat Zhushen, Mongolian, and Han Chinese as one, regardless of whether they are old or new.
Although there are Jurchens, Mongols, Han Chinese, Koreans, Russians, Annam and other ethnic groups in the Manchurian Community, the main body is still jurchen (Manchu). The Jurchen lineage is large, numerous, and geographically widespread. Mr. Zhang Jiasheng's "Eight Flags and Ten Treatises" contains:
In terms of the early Qing Dynasty, there are many internal tribes in the three major Jurchens. The Jianzhou Jurchens are divided into five parts, and there are three parts of Changbai Mountain. The Haixi Jurchens are divided into four parts, and the Savage Jurchens are divided into the Donghai No woji department, the Tiger Ha Department, and the Valkha Department. Heilongjiang Jurchen Solun Department, GuaErcha Department, Sakhalian Department, Dog Department, etc.
Although they are all Jurchens, they are widely distributed in a wide area, with large and small strengths, advanced and backward, and tribes and stars, and many titles. According to the situation at that time, the Jurchen ministries did not call the Jurchen (Zhushen) between them, but all said so-and-so. Under the background of the emperor Taiji's unification of the Jurchen ministries and the great increase in power, the establishment of the Eight Flags system actually broke the boundaries of the tribes, and the main bodies of the major tribes have been incorporated into the unified management of the Eight Banners.
In summary, the formation of the Manchu community of the Qing Dynasty was very extensive and complex, so it also made the Manchu surname have a multi-ethnic component. I would like to take the "fu", "Fu", and "Fu" surnames of the people in the late Qing Dynasty as an example to briefly analyze it.
In the Qing Dynasty, the Fucha clan was one of the "eight surnames of the Manchus" (Tong, Guan, Ma, Suo, Qi, Fu, Na, and Lang). At the beginning of the Republic of China, when the Han surname was crowned, except for a very few, they basically had the surnames of "Fu", "Fu", and "Fu".
These three surnames, given by the descendants of the Fucha clan, are all derived from the first syllable of the Manchu language of "Fucha". Moreover, the meaning of the words rich and fu is very good, "rich" is rich, rich, rich and other meanings, "Fu" is the master's Fu, the ancient proverb "one day as a teacher, lifelong as a father". The surname of "Fu" is mostly different from other branches of a clan, or the descendants of Fu and Fu and some people shorten the surnames of Fu and Fu. The author's own surname was written by someone else. Yu Ben "Fu Cha Clan", is the Buddha Manchuria Yellow Banner people, the ancestors of the Changbai Mountain Three Parts of the Neyin Department of the Jurchen, in the early years of the Republic of China crown Han surname "Fu", my father has always written "Fu" as a surname.
Before the Cultural Revolution, during a household census, some students who were temporarily summoned to fill in the hukou were mistakenly written as "Fu" surnames. At this time, my father had died, and my brother and sister were still young and did not understand the world, although they also pursued it several times but they could not be solved, so it was a big mistake to change the surname from "Fu" to "Fu". Now that I think about it, more than half a century has passed, and I think that the people of the same ethnic group in my hometown of Phoenix City, Liaoning Province, are still surnamed "Fu", but we have moved to Jilin, but we have changed our surname again and changed it to "Fu". Those who do not know the root of this matter will definitely judge us and the clans of our hometown in Phoenix City as people with two surnames. Similar to the Manchus who were crowned by the Fucha clan with the surname "Fu" and then divided into the "Fu" surname branch, there are many people, that is, people often say that "different surnames and the same branch".
Liaoning's "Genealogy of the Fucha Clan" says:
At the beginning of the national revival, we Fucha clan moved to various places, and scattered to Shaji, Yehe, Eyihu, Zakuta, Yuyoucheng, Nayin, Ekulun, Jilin, Ula, and Changbaishan, and scattered in nine places. Our Fucha clan is rich and prosperous, with many portals, and has been more than 400 years. To devoutly create a genealogy book, zonggong zude, rely on the zhao. In particular, the side branches stand out, the Miao ethnic divergence, the records are particularly sparse, the hook is lacking, and it is regrettable! The original husband and ancestors belonged to the same source at the beginning, and they had suffered family difficulties and changed everywhere. Either there are those stationed in the Conscription Pass, or there are those stationed in Shengjing and other places in Liaodong, serving the country, serving the eight banners of the world, and there are those who occupy the garrisons of various provinces, especially those who are not counted. There is no spectrum, Xi analyzes the source stream, the number of classics forgets the ancestors, and it is very sick.
Fucha is a Manchu surname of the Ming and Qing dynasties, with a wide geographical distribution and a large population, so even if it is the same "Fu" or "Fu" surname, it may be a people with the same surname with a long history, that is, people often say "the same surname and different branches".
The Manchu town of Ula Street on the northern outskirts of Jilin City, where the Qing Dynasty was located in the Yamen, the governor of the Ula Dynasty, was the only imperial court tribute Yamen in the northeast of the Qing Dynasty, and many Manchus still live here as Manchu towns. Since the Qing Dynasty, there have been many people in Ula Street with the surname of Fu, known as "Four Doors Fu".
The first is the "General Fu" of the Fucha clan with the yellow flag in Fo Manchuria, whose ancestral home is the present-day Hunchun area, which is the Jurchen of the East China Sea. In the third year of Jin Tiancong's reign (1629), his family was ordered by the fifth Zumaitu to lead his people to the capital of the Ming Dynasty Ula State (present-day Ula Street Manchu Town). Therefore, many people in the Fu family served as the chief steward and general of the animal fighting Ula, so people called them "General Fu".
The second is the "Haizun Fu" of Buddha-Manchuria, whose origin is clearly stated in the genealogical preface:
My haizun fu surname, the first generation of ancestors were born in the Ming Dynasty, when the beginning of the business in the Changbai Mountains Haizun River, Songhua River source area, in order to make a living. At the time of Ming Chongzhen, he threw himself into the shengjing Fengtian and listened to the command under the account of King Taizuhan of the Qing Dynasty...
The third is "Liaoyang Fu", who is the Bannerman of the Chen Han Army, who was originally stationed in Liaoyang City, not the Manchurian. The "Eight Banners han army" is a special phenomenon of "Manchuization" in China's ethnic relations. A large number of Han Chinese in the Eight Banners Han Army lived together with many ethnic groups in the Manchurian community in the Qing Dynasty and many other ethnic groups such as Manchus (now Manchus) and Mongols in the Manchurian Community for nearly 300 years.
Under the Qing Dynasty Court's implementation of the founding policy of "I treat Zhushen (Jurchen), Mongolian and Han people regarded them as one" (Emperor Taiji of the Qing Dynasty), the Eight Banners of the Han Army and the Manchurian and Mongolian Flag people lived together for a long time, and in terms of social life and national psychological consciousness, they have become a member of the Manchurian community. Whether these people are official titles of the imperial court, he or self-proclaimed, they are called "flag people".
After the abdication of the Qing Emperor in the Xinhai year and the disintegration of the Eight Banners system, when declaring ethnic composition, the vast majority of these Eight Banner Han Army flag people, except for a few, reported themselves as Manchus. The state government departments have also given full confirmation based on their voluntary national identity.
There are many examples of "Manchuization of the Han People", and many of them are recorded in genealogy: originally Han people and later banner people, now Manchus. Like chang Yuchun, a famous founding minister of the Ming Dynasty, his descendants are now Manchus, who now live in Nie Sima Village in Tuchengzi Manchu Korean Township, Jilin City, and are a large Manchu household in this village.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the ninth grandson of the general Chang Yuchun, Chang Lang, served in the important town of Liaoyang in Liaodong Province. In the sixth year of the Later Jin Dynasty (1621), Nurhaci led the Eight Banners to capture the city of Liaoyang, causing more than 70 cities in eastern Liaoning to fall. According to the "Genealogy of the Chang Clan", during the reign of Qing Shun, the eighteenth ancestor of the Chang clan, chang bang, was incorporated into the Jilin Dynasty and subordinated to the Zhengbai Banner of Manchuria. Since then, a branch of this Chang state has become a Manchurian bannerman, and today it is registered as a Manchu. There are many Manchus of Chen Hanjun in Jilin Wula Street, and the Manchus and "Liaoyang Fu" are one, they were not originally Jurchen Manchus, so although their surname was Fu, they were not descendants of the Fucha clan.
There is also a Fu surname on Jilin Wula Street, and the ceremony is commonly known as "Slave Fu". This Fu surname is also Han Chinese, and his original surname is Wang. The surname of Fu was originally the "General Fu" of the seventh Zumu Keden general manager of the "General Fu", and the surname of Fu was changed from the surname of the Han king to Fu according to the custom of "slave following the master's surname". Therefore, the origin of this Fu surname is not a Manchu Fucha clan. The Manchu Fuchahara tree has deep roots, and even after the same Fucha clan, the Jurchen and Manchu tribes, there are many branches of the clan. Jianzhou Jurchen, Haixi Jurchen, Changbaishan Sanbu, Donghai Jurchen, heilongjiang Jurchen all have Fuchahara (surname).
After the Manchus first crowned the Han surname in the early years of the Republic of China, the surnames "Fu, Fu, Fu" were mainly from the various branches of Fuchahara, but there was no shortage of people with other surnames. The Buddha (Chen) Manchurian Fucha Haka clan, Bayara clan, Bayan clan, Bayan A clan, Fu Jia clan, Fulkuru clan, etc., are also given the surnames of Fu, Fu and Fu. "Fucha Haka" is taken from the first scale of Manchu, and the surname "Fu, Fu, Fu" is crowned. "Bayara" and "Bayan" both mean "rich" and "rich" in Manchu, so they take their meaning and are given the surname of Han.
The northern ethnic groups are crowned with the surnames of "Fu" and "Fu"
The Manchus are an ethnic group belonging to the Altaic language family. Altaic studies is an international discipline based on linguistics, and there are certain commonalities between the Manchu-Tungusic language family of the Altaic language family and the Mongolian and Turkic language families, which was first discovered by the Dutch scholar Lanceti.
China is an important birthplace of the Altaic language family, experts have examined that China covers more than 20 ethnic groups in this Altaic language family, and the languages belonging to the Manchu-Tungusic language family are Manchu, Xibe, Hezhe, Orunchun, Evenk, etc.; the languages belonging to the Mongolian language family are Mongolian, Daur, Turkish, Dongxiang, Baoan, Eastern Yugu, etc.; the languages belonging to the Turkic language family are Kazakh, Uyghur, Kirgiz, Uzbek, Tatar, Western Yugu, Sala, etc. Tuvan, etc.
Many ethnic groups belonging to the Altaic language family in China live in the northern and northeastern regions of the motherland. Throughout history, language and culture are firmly integrated, language is a special cultural creation, and language has developed along with the history of human cultural progress. The study of a particular language or certain language of a certain nationality or certain nationalities will gain a deeper understanding of the language, history, folklore, culture, and many other aspects of these nationalities.
In the Qing Dynasty, the Manchurian commonwealth was called Buddha (Chen) Manchuria and Yiche (New) Manchuria, and all the ethnic groups belonging to the Manchu-Tungusic language clan were among them, and the Manchus (Jianzhou Jurchen, Haixi Jurchen, Changbaishan, and so on), as well as the Hezhe, Xibo, Orunk, and other tribesmen who joined the Manchurian community before entering the customs were all members of Buddha-Manchuria, while the Hezhe, Orunchun, and Evenk tribesmen who stayed in their original places of residence were called Yiche Manchuria. There are also Daur, Guaercha, and some Balhu Mongols who joined the Manchurian Community after the Qing Dynasty also belong to Itachi Manchuria.
The Manchu-Tungusic languages in the Manchu community of the Qing Dynasty had a common language, which is clearly stated in the "Records of Emperor Wu of the Qing Dynasty", four years after the Jin Mandate of Heaven (1619), Nurhaci's edict:
From the East China Sea to the Liaobian, north from the Mongolian Nen River, south to the Yalu River in Korea, the same voice is conquered.
Nurhaci's "same voice" is the Jurchens of the Manchu-Tungusic language tribe in this white mountain and black water domain. These Jurchen languages and Mongolian languages have certain commonalities because they belong to the same Altaic language family, and some are even the same. For example, the word "Bayan" of the Manchu-Tungusic language and the Mongolian language is the same, which means "rich" and "rich". For example, Bayan (Yan) County in Heilongjiang Province, the Jin Jurchen people belonged to Shangjing Huining Province, and its county name originated from its nearby Bayan Susu Mountain. Bayan is the Manchu word for "rich", and Susun means "place of residence", which means "rich place of residence" in Manchu.
There is a mountain in Fat Township in Shulan City, Jilin Province, which was the name set by the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty to this time, and the name "Bayan Efra" is the Manchu "meaning of rich mountain mouth". Bayan Efra was an important post in the Qing Dynasty. The word Bayan is also common in Mongolian, such as Bayan (Yan) Naur in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, which means "rich lake" in Mongolian, and Bayankara Mountain in Qinghai Province, which means "rich black mountain" in Mongolian.
Because the Manchu-Tungusic language family has similarities with the Mongolian language family, among the Han surnames "Fu", "Fu" and "Fu" surnames that the Manchus have given, there are also other Manchu-Tungusic people (Buddhas and Icher Manchus who have joined the Manchurian Community successively) and some Mongolian speakers who have joined the Eight Banners of Manchuria for a long time. As mentioned above, the Pucha Ali and Pucha Guannu of the Jin Dynasty were all Mongolian people of the Donghu clan.
The Barhu Mongols of the Qing Dynasty also had the surname "Fucha". Balhu Mongolia belongs to Transkarkha Mongolia. The "Examination of the Secret History of the Yuan Dynasty" contains:
Considering the "History of the Western Regions", there are four banners in the east of Baigal Lake, known as Huli, Yue Buriat, Yue Lang La Lost, Yue Bald Mart, and the general name is Known as Baruchut.
The "Lake Baigare" mentioned in this article, that is, Lake Baikal in present-day Siberia, its "Briat" and "Bargut", that is, the present-day Balhu. Therefore, Balhu Mongolia is also known as Briat Mongolia. Before the signing of the Sino-Russian Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar, Lake Baikal and the vast area of Nebuchu belonged to Chinese territory, and the Balhu Mongols were nomadic in this vast area.
During the Kangxi Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty, due to the war between the Mongolian Dzungars and Khalkhas, and to avoid the atrocities of the Russian army, more than 20,000 Balhu Mongols migrated to Qiqihar, Hulunbuir, Butekha, Hulan and other places where their lives were stable. The Qing government gave great preferential treatment to these Balhu Mongols, giving them grain and allocating them to nomadic land, while those who lacked livestock were bought for cattle, horses, and sheep. The Qing government sent Ding Zhuang to various places to defend, and in addition to more than 1,500 people moved to Jilin Ula and other places, more than 10,000 people were relocated to Shengjing and other places for resettlement. According to the Fengtian Tongzhi:
In the thirty-first year of the Kangxi Dynasty, Shengjing added three balhu zuo collars and three riding schools, and seven places each from Xiongyue, Liaoyang, Kaiyuan, Phoenix, Fuzhou, Jinzhou, and Xiuyan, and one each of the Balhuzuo and Xiao riding schools.
In order to stabilize the life of the nomadic Balhu Mongols in the Wuyu River Valley, the Qing government compiled them into 4 cattle records (Zuo Ling), attached to the eight banners of Xibe and Dahuer, and each two banners were attached to one cattle record to supervise farming for agricultural production. Since then, in the Wuyu River Valley near Qiqihar, the Barhu Mongols have gradually formed more than a dozen villages such as Taben qian, Shuangtu, Gaotou, Kulun Mutai, Chahannuoer, Dabalhu, and Xiaobalhu.
During the Kangxi Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty, the Balhu Mongols who moved to Qiqihar and other places were called "Chen BalHu", and the Balhu Mongols who moved in during the Later Yongzheng and Jiaqing years were called "New Balhu".
The Qing Dynasty had different administrations for the Mongols, such as the Horqin Mongols, Durbert, Zagat, Golrose and other Mongolian tribes in the northeast region, which implemented the alliance flag system, grazing cattle within their respective flags, and had strong independence. After the Mongol migration of the Balhu Mongols to the south, they were incorporated into the Eight Banners of Manchuria, and the eight flags system of garrisoning was implemented. Although the Balhu Mongols were Mongols of the Eastern Hu lineage, the Qing court also regarded them as members of The Ocher Manchuria (New Manchuria).
Chen Xin BalHu Mongolian surname is not much, the "Biography of the Ancestors of Black Water" contains:
The old (Chen) Balhu clan has the Khorat clan, the Chibuzinot clan, the Ulyat clan, the Orim Su clan, the Li Jia clan, the Hu Jia clan, and the Fucha clan. The new Balhu have the Halebin clan, the Yek chung clan, the Yongshebu clan, the Kuichelik clan, and the Kang Jin clan.
From the above, it can be seen that the Chenbal Tiger Mongols also have the surname "Fucha". This raises a serious historical question: Can this Balhu Mongol Fucha clan go back 1,000 years ago, when liao taizu Yelü Abaoji destroyed the Bohai state, in order to prevent the Bohai Jingxiao people from making a comeback to the Khitan (Mongolia) area such as the West Lamulun River, the descendants of the Pucha (Fucha) clan among the more than 80,000 Manchu ancestors of the Bohai (Jing) clan who flowed to the Khitan (Mongolia) region such as the West Lamulun River? A great deal of research is still needed.
Due to the long years of obliteration, and the history of the northern nationalities has many times in the history of you and me to win the integration and migration, so this historical issue still needs to be seriously examined.
Zheng Dongri, a historian of the Northeastern Nationalities, said in "The Origins and Social Conditions of the Ethnic Groups in the Northeast Tongu":
According to the research data, the modern Tunguska ethnic groups such as Evenk, Orunchun, and Hezhe, whose ancestors are counted from the Jurchen clan of the Ming Dynasty, can be traced back to the ancient Sushen clan for three thousand years... According to our research, Sushen is indeed the ancestor of the Tunguska people. The Jurchens speak from the source of the family, not one family and one source, but many sources. Among them, the Jurchens gradually formed the modern Tunguska people, which were divided into evenk, Orunchun, Hezhe and other ethnic groups. Tracing back to history, the ancient peoples of Tunguska have been inherited from the Bohai remnants through the Heishui Jing to the Jurchens.
In his writings, Mr. Zheng Dongri also said: It is a descendant of the Sushen people who are juxtaposed with the Su late Jing, who founded the Bohai State, and has developed into a number of other tribal Jurchens, becoming the ancestors of the Evenk, Orunchun, Hezhe and other ethnic groups.
Manchu-Tungusic people, in addition to the Manchus, the Han surname is "Fu", "Fu" and "Fu", the most obvious example is the Hezhe people. After the Hezhe and Manchu tribes were the same as the ancient Sushen, Rulou, Beji, Jing and other ethnic groups, the Liao, Jin, Yuan, and Ming dynasties were called "Jurchens". In the Qing Dynasty, a large number of Hezhe people were conscripted into the Eight Banners of Manchuria, that is, Buddha (Chen) Manchuria, so the population remaining in their original places was very small. Those who remained in their original places of origin were called "Icher Manchuria" (New Manchuria).
Volume 74 of the Great Qing Huidian contains:
In the tenth year of Shunzhi (1653), ten surnames such as Inube (Hezhe) Fushara were made to return to the sable.
At this rate, the ten surnames of Hezhe, such as "Bizhi Daqi Hala", "HeZhe Ri Hala", "Wu Ri Mihara", and "Malinka Hala", were included in the Qing government's FushHara Nai Hezhe clan surname, and the surname "Fu" was given when the Han surname was crowned. There are also several Halas who also have the surname "Fu" when they take the Han surname. The "Investigation of Jinkou Township, Tongjiang City, Heilongjiang Province" contains:
The Hezhe surname is related to the original clan. Influenced by Han surnames, some of their single-character surnames are transferred from the first character of their surnames, and some are transferred from the meaning of their surnames. as...... Fu (surname):"Fu Te Kahara", "Fu SiHara", "Malin Kahara", "Shih KhaliHara", "Hush Khali Hala"...
In the Qing Dynasty, the Hezhe people who were recruited into the Eight Banners of Manchuria in large numbers, and when they were crowned with Han surnames, the above-mentioned surnames, bayan hala, Bayarahara, etc., were all transferred according to the first word of their surnames" or "from the meaning of their surnames", while the Han surnames "Fu", "Fu" and "Fu". These people all declared manchus, so although their surnames were "Fu", "Fu", and "Fu", they were not in the ancient Fucha clan.
In the Qing Dynasty, the Xibe people belonging to Yiche Manchuria also had the surname "Fu" after the Han surname in the Republic of China.
Xi Bo also wrote Xi Bei, Xi Bai, Xi Bo, etc. The Heilongjiang Waiji contains:
Xianbei is a tribal species, not a place name, and the present-day Xibe and The Russian Tin (West) Siberia are all transliterations of Xianbei.
The Xibe people live in China's Daxing'anling mountains and Songnen Plains, and are one of the indigenous peoples in the Heilongjiang region. The Qing "Liubian Chronicle" records:
Xi Baiyi was the northwest and also the north of Xi, more than 500 miles southwest of the shipyard (present-day Jilin City). The natives, who claim to have the same ancestors as Manchuria, belong to the Mongolian Horqin.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the entire Xibe and Guaercha peoples were enslaved by the Horqin Mongols. During the Kangxi Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty, the Kangxi Emperor thought that Xibo was part of the Manchus, and it was a great shame to be enslaved by the Horqin Mongols. As stated in the Sibe Archives:
Xibo and Guaercha were originally slaves of Horqin, and the emperor regarded Yi and others as Manchuria, and he was blessed.
In the thirtieth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1691), the Kangxi Emperor, in the name of building the city of Qiqihar in response to the Russian invasion, asked the Mongol princes of Horqin to count and sacrifice the Xibe and Guaercha people they enslaved:
The place where Xibo and others lived, close to the Songhua River and the Nen River, and the corresponding messages were sent to the king of Horqin, Belle, Beizi, Gong, Taiji, etc., regardless of their belonging to Xibo and Guaercha, if they were willing to be stationed in armor, they would be allowed to list in detail their number of reports and be sent to the garrison.
The Kangxi Emperor asked the Prince of Horqin to "sacrifice" the Xibe people, which can be described as well-intentioned, one is to rescue the Xibe and Guaercha people who belong to their Manchurian ethnic group, the second is that the Xibe people can fight a good war and strengthen the military strength against Tsarist Russia, and the third is to weaken the powerful Horqin Mongol forces in order to implement divide and rule.
The Kangxi Emperor's strategy of three eagles with three arrows was very clever, and in order to avoid the hatred of the King of Horqin, he rewarded them with hundreds of thousands of taels of silver. In this way, the "Xibei, Guacha, and Dahu'er (Daur) people" offered by the princes of Horqin became the government's act of redemption. Since then, these ethnic groups have been under the direct jurisdiction of the Qing court.
After the Xibe were redeemed by the Qing government, they moved to Qiqihar, Morgen, Boduna and other places, and later moved to Jilin Ula, Shengjing, Fushun, Xiuyan and other places. In the Qianlong year of the Qing Dynasty, another part of them wore armor and their families to guard Xinjiang's Ili, making outstanding contributions to the country's national defense construction, ethnic unity, and the development of frontiers.
In the seventh year of the Qianlong Dynasty (1742), some Xibe people were ordered to move from Liaoning and other places back to the Heilongjiang region to reclaim the barren area. According to the "Chronicle of Hulan County":
Xibo... Qianlong moved to Hulan in the seventh year, and lived separately in Shaojiawopu, with no examination of the original family, and the three surnames of Han (Guan), Fu and He.
The Xibe people, according to the examination "Xianbei is a tribal species", that is, their ancestors were donghu people, although they lived with the Manchus for more than 300 years but were not descendants of the Jin Jurchens, so the "Fu" surname they were crowned was not a descendant of the Fucha clan.
The Daur qing dynasty belonged to The Ich (New) Manchuria and was a Mongolian-speaking ethnic group belonging to the Altaic language family. The second volume of the "Historical Materials on the Dahur, Orunchun and Solun Tribes" reads: "In the eighth year of the Qianlong Qing Dynasty (1743), Qiqihar dispatched 12 Zoling Dahuer people to garrison the Hulan region. After these Daur people moved to Hulan, they separated into various villages and tuns, and there were also people with "rich" surnames. The text reads:
Scattered in the Hongqi, White Banner, Dahuli three sons each Tun, Doltor clan, (after the Republic of China) Yu are Han surname, there are Wu, Jin, He, Zhang, Tao, Bai, Shao, Fu eight surnames.
To sum up, the Han surnames such as "Fu", "Fu", and "Fu" are not only the ancient Pucha and Fuchahara in the Tang Dynasty, but also many Manchu-Tungusic people and some ancient surnames of mongolian-speaking families.
In the early years of the Republic of China, the "Fucha clan" began to be crowned with the Han surname
In the course of more than a thousand years of history, the Manchu Fucha clan and its ancestors also had surnames other than Fu, Fu, Fu and other surnames, like the Jurchens in the Jin Dynasty who had the surname "Li". Books such as the "Record of Quitting Cultivation" and the "Explanation of the History of Jin" are contained in the "Pu Cha clan, Han surname Li".
The saying that the ancestor of the Fucha clan, Pu Cha, had the surname "Li" was widely spread, and it is not known where it originated, but the time was the time of the Golden Lady. It was the Jin Jurchen Jinge Iron Horse that went south to the Central Plains, and after having a large territory such as Shandong, Shanxi, Hebei, Henan, Gansu, and Ningxia, it reached a peace agreement with the Southern Song Dynasty and bounded by the Huai River, and since then, China has once again appeared in a situation of southern and northern kingdoms.
At that time, the Jin Dynasty and the Song Dynasty fought for decades for the honor of the emperor who unified China. The Jin Jurchens repeatedly plundered nearly one million people from the Central Plains to the hinterland of the Jin Dynasty (present-day Northeast China), and in order to consolidate the large territories north of the Huai River that they had obtained during the war, they not only moved the capital to Yanjing (present-day Beijing), but also moved more than one million Jurchen people from the northeast to the Central Plains.
The dream of the Golden Lady True Emperor is not long, and Jin Liguo has only been destroyed by the iron horse long knife of Genghis Khan, who is proud of Genghis Khan for generations, and it is really "you sing me to appear". As a result, the earliest great migration of the north and south in ancient China was declared frozen, and the Han people who plundered to the hinterland of the northeast gradually integrated into the Jurchens and other northern ethnic groups, while the more than one million Jurchens and northern ethnic groups stationed in the Central Plains were given The han surname, Yi Hanfu, and spoke Chinese, and integrated into the Han nationality.
The Jin Dynasty daughter Zhen Pucha clan, the crown Han surname is "Li", that is, at this time, under this objective situation. Because no one in the Jinnu Zhenren area has a Han surname, the Pucha clan's Han surname "Li" is only a matter in the Central Plains.
The Jurchens of the Ming Dynasty and the Jurchens of the Later Jin Dynasty, especially the Manchurians (Manchus) of the Qing Dynasty, followed the surname customs of their ancestors since the Liaojin Period, and only called the original "Hala" (surname). The Qianlong Emperor was very angry at some individual people who "attached themselves to the Han surname" and issued a special edict to seriously correct them. According to the Records of Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty, Qianlong Decree of the Twentieth Year of Qianlong (1755):
It has always been the various clans of Manchuria, but those who take the Qing dialect (Manchu) and the Chinese characters to each other, write Chinese characters, and must not attach themselves to the Han surname, and deliberately confuse them. In the past, he repeatedly issued edicts, and corrected the two departments of officials and soldiers.
According to the will of the Qianlong Emperor, the Qing dynasty scholars Ah Gui and He Yan led their ministers to compile and write the "General Genealogy of the Eight Banners Clan of The King", in which they concluded:
Jin case, eight flags Manchurian surname, mostly compound surname, from two characters to three or four five characters, there is always no Han people with a single word as a surname. For example, the Manchu ancestors scattered in the area around the Changbai Mountains, dating back to the beginning of their surnames, or from the mountains and rivers where they lived, or when they encountered things that had a detailed record, they thought they were surnames. Although the migration is not frequent, the whole world is scrupulous and dares to change... There are also those who take Chinese (Manchu) and Mongolian as surnames, and this Manchurian surname originates from Dafanye.
Under the Jin surname article contained in the "Record of Quitting Cultivation" written by Tao Zongyi, a Yuanren, there are words such as the surname of Yan Han and the surname of Yue Li, which are related to the appendix, which is particularly absurd! Those who do not even know the origin of the Manchurian surname, that is, Manchuria should also have a single-character Han surname. Along the mistake of Tao Zongyi, and the surname of Niu Hulu lang and the surname of Guarjia Guan, the error has been extremely wrong.
From this point on, the Qianlong Emperor's "General Genealogy of the Eight Banners Clan of the Qing Dynasty" shows that, first, the use of Manchu Manchu surnames during the Qing Dynasty was a formality of the imperial court, and it was strictly forbidden to change to Han surnames. The two, "Fu Cha Han surnamed Li and other words, are involved in the appendix, which is particularly absurd! "The Surname of the Han People "Li" crowned by the Pu Cha clan of the Jin Dynasty and the Fu Cha clan of the Qing Dynasty all came from the mouth of the Han people's books first, and the later generations were "along the mistakes of Tao Zongyi".
Of course, there are many branches of the Pucha and Fucha clans, and there are many people, and there are definitely people with the surname of "Li", but it should also be a very rare case, and it is not possible to point to the face. Otherwise, it is really "wrong to the extreme"! Yu Nai Fu Cha clan, ancestral buddha Manchuria with yellow flag, now crown Han surname "Fu", was later mistakenly written as "Fu". I have dozens of friends of the Fucha clan around me, all of whom are now crowned with the Han surnames of "Fu", "Fu", and "Fu", and I have not yet heard of any of their family branches who have the surname of "Li".
Today, there are many Manchus with the Han surnames "Fu", "Fu", and "Fu", not just the "Fucha" Hala (surname), such as the Fucha Haka clan, the Fusuhu clan, the Fulkuru clan, the Bayan clan, the Bayara clan, the Bayara clan, the Bayara clan, and some other Manchu halas have the surnames "Fu", "Fu", "Fu", "Fu".
In the early years, the Han Chinese called the Manchus "father and son with different surnames" or "one surname per generation". In fact, this is a misunderstanding of the Manchu title. The "Barnyard Banknotes" contains:
The surnames of the Manchu and Mongolian ethnic groups are not written in the world, and they are called surnames in the first word of their names. The customs did not notice, so they thought that their ancestors, fathers, sons, and grandchildren had different surnames!
In the early years of the Manchus and Mongols, there were slang customs of not calling names and not surnames, usually only calling names, and only calling surnames when recording records, sacrifices and other major events. Like Ai Xin Jue Luo is the royal surname of the Qing Dynasty, while the Qing Taizu Nur Hachi, Emperor Taizong Taiji, and Shizu Fulin are the three generations of grandchildren, usually only called nur hachi, huang taiji, fu lin, and never ha la (surname) and the name at the same time. Therefore, some Han People mistakenly believe that their surnames are Nu, Huang, and Fu.
Like the "General Fu" family in Jilin Wula Street, it is The Buddha Manchuria Fuchahara. His Zumaitu led his people from the Hunchun region to serve as Gashanda (township chief) and chief of the Ula of Fighting Animals. His eldest son, Hitku, second son Mandarhan, and Sun Mukden, all served as governors of the Ulla. At that time, they were only called by their first names, but they were not surnamed Mai, Xi, Manchu, and Mu, but "Fuchahara".
In the Qing Dynasty, the Han people who were incorporated into the Eight Banners of the Han Dynasty also followed this Manchurian custom, which was also "called by name but not by surname". The sixth grandson of Yuan Chonghuan, a famous anti-Qing general at the end of the Ming Dynasty, that is, the Jilin general Fu Ming'a, who was quite successful during the Qing Tongzhi period, and the seventh grandson was the famous anti-Russian general and Heilongjiang general Shoushan who sacrificed his life for the country. They are not surnamed Fu or Shou, but surnamed Yuan, all of whom are famous in the history of the Qing Dynasty.
In the early years, the Manchus were mistaken by the Han people for different surnames of father and son, and another important reason was because of the usual title. Because the Manchus usually only call the first word of their name and do not call the surname, they are often misunderstood. In the early years, there was a strong sense of hierarchy in the Manchu titles, such as the famous "General Fu" family in the Jilin region. Before Mukden became the head of the animal fighting ura, people would call him "Mu Ye" before there was no official position (Manchu men called each other "Ye", which is an honorific title); after having a minor official, people would call him "Mu Laoye"; when they became a larger official, people would call him "Mu DaLa"; when they became the chief, they would be honored as "Mu Da", because no one would add his hala (surname) "Fucha" to the title.
Manchu surnames are vast and far-reaching, vast and complex, dating back to the Sui, Tang, and Five Dynasties to Liao and Jin, to the Ming and Qing dynasties, and have a history of more than 1,400 years; there are at least 1,000 surnames, which is rare among ethnic minorities in China. The Manchu Hara (surname) was once an important feature of their nation, showing its distinct national consciousness, national spirit, and long-standing cultural connotations such as history and humanities.
The Manchus' cultivation of genealogies, continuations, ancestor worship, etc., are all sacred events of their people, in order to pursue the distant future, understand the clan lineage, and pray for the prosperity of their descendants. As stated in the Commentary on manchu folk rituals, the Fucha Clan Ritual Commentary:
The priests of the husband, the ones who remembered, the relics of the ancestors. The devotees, Enye, the yu en of the ancestors. Therefore, the water source is woody, so as to pursue the filial piety of the distance. Spring dew and autumn frost, the sincerity of the foot sacrifice. However, the ancients distinguished between etiquette and inferiority, and although the present people cannot follow the ancient deeds, they must not lose their true etiquette. Why not?
Since the beginning of our Fucha clan, the clan has flourished, scattered everywhere, and its descendants have multiplied, and those who are still incomplete in sacrifice are not only amused by people, but they are especially afraid that the descendants of our clan will feel even more dazed. To be very worried, is to put the appendix of the ritual note, never forget, Yun'er!
After the Manchus in the Republic of China, the distinctive Manchu Hala (surname) has been integrated into the Han surnames, and it is difficult to distinguish between Manchu and Han if the ethnic group is not declared. Therefore, the study of Manchu surnames and genealogies has become an important evidence and reference system for the study of Manchu ethnicity, folklore, history, religion, Jin history and Qing history.
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