【Abstract】: This article cites a large number of Chinese and Korean literature and historical materials to argue that the residents of Guchenhan in Korea are descendants of Luo Shi and Lu Rong of the Chu State, who followed Fang Shihan to Korea in the last year of the Qin Dynasty. The Danjun myth appeared after the unification of the Korean Peninsula in Silla, and Han may be the prototype of Huanxiong in the Danjun myth. Silla, with the advantage of skillful use of Chinese characters, created and recorded the founding myth, which incorporated a lot of Chinese Chu culture. Facts show that the mainstream of Korean culture has a deep relationship with Chinese Chu culture.
【Keywords】:Korean culture; Mythology; Chinese Chu culture; Origin
In mid-June 2004, the author was invited to visit and inspect the Dragon Boat Festival in Gangneung, South Korea, together with Mr. Wu Bing'an, Mr. Tao Li and other Chinese scholars, and saw that some of the folk customs of the Dragon Boat Festival were very similar to the ancient Chu customs. This article expounds his superficial views on this issue for advice from experts and scholars.
First, let's start with the similarities between Korean place names and Chu country place names
In Korea, in addition to Gangneung, there are also familiar place names such as Danyang, Xiangyang, Hanyang (present-day Seoul), Hanjiang, and Dongting Lake. Gangneung in South Korea was called "Athero" in the Three Kingdoms Period, "Dongwon Kyo" in the Goryeo Era, and "Gangneung Dadu Protectorate" in the Lee Joseon Era, also known as "Gangneung Province", the history is indeed not short, at least 600 years ago. At the same time, in 1397, Silla's Yiling County was changed to "Xiangyang Province", later "Xiangyang County", and both Gangneung and Xiangyang Provinces belonged to Gangwon Province. The capital of Korea, Seoul, was called "Hanyang Province" during the Goryeo era (1308), and around the same time, Chishan County in Silla was also changed to "Danyang County", Dongting Lake was located in Kita-Tungcheon-gun, Gangwon Province, the largest natural lake in Gangwon Province, and Taebaek City, named after Taebaeksan, which belonged to the territory of Tsuk-han during the Three Koreas and merged into Silla in 102 AD. On the surface, the names of Gangneung, Danyang, Xiangyang, Hanyang, Hanjiang, Dongting Lake and other places in South Korea and the Chu place names that existed more than 2,000 years ago seem to be incomparable in time or space, but the author has studied Mr. Shi Quan's book "New Exploration and Sequel to ancient Jingchu Geography", but suddenly enlightened, it turns out that there is indeed a certain connection between them.
Mr. Shi Quan spent 60 years studying the geography of ancient Jingchu and verifying that the ancient Capital Of Jiangling in the Chu State was not in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, but in Yicheng, Hubei Province, in the middle reaches of the Han River (also known as the Han River). According to Mr. Shi Quan's view, the political and cultural center of the Chu state should be the Xiangyi Plain in the middle reaches of the Han River, and the central areas should be Jiangling (Yicheng) and Xiangyang (Chu Placed In beijin). The ancient cave court was also in the middle reaches of the Han River, northwest of present-day Zhongxiang City, Hubei Province. There is also a Danyang, which is the birthplace of the Chu state of weekend and spring and autumn, and is also the capital of the early Chu Dynasty, but there have been many opinions about the danyang land, Mr. Zhang Zhengming believes that the ancient Danyang is in the territory of present-day Huaichuan County, Henan, and the Dan and Huai rivers will flow nearby. Danjiang is an important tributary of the upper reaches of the Han River, and Hanyang is a famous ancient city in the lower reaches of the Han River. That is to say, in the early days of the founding of the Chu people, Danyang in the upper reaches of the Han River, and in the mature period of development, it was in the middle reaches of the Han River in The areas of Jiangling, Xiangyang and Dongting Lake. In addition, the source of the Han River in China is traced back to the taibai mountain in the Qinling Mountains of Shaanxi Province, and its end is in Hanyang downstream.
Look at the distribution of several place names in Korea, belonging to Danyang in Chungcheongbuk Province in the upper reaches of the Han River, and Hanyang (present-day Seoul) in the lower reaches of the Han River; Gangneung and Xiangyang, which belong to Gangwon Province, are not far from the upper reaches of the Han River, and Dongting Lake is also in Gangwon Province; The most interesting thing is that the Han River in South Korea also originates under the Taebaek Mountains at the junction of Gangwon Province and Gyeongsangbuk Province, which is almost the same as the distribution of ancient Chinese Chu place names, which makes people think.
Second, the chu cultural relics in the founding myth of Korea
Tanjun is the founding father of Korea and occupies a supreme position in the eyes of the Korean people. As Korean scholars have said: "The Danjun myth is the most fundamental myth created by our nation, which contains the symbols of the Korean nation's transcendent cosmology, anthropology, history, religion, state, and ethics." The legend of the founding of the Dan Dynasty is also the oldest totem myth about the origin of korean ethnic groups. It was first found in the Ancient Records (lost) and the Book of Wei, and later in the "Relics of the Three Kingdoms" compiled by the Goryeo monk Yiran at the end of the 13th century, and the original text is as follows:
Jin has Huan Yin (called Emperor Shiye) Shuzi Huanxiong, a number of meanings in the world, coveting the world, the father knows the meaning of the son, the next three dangers of the Taibo, can benefit the world, is to give the heavenly rune seal three, sent to the rational. Three thousand male disciples descended under the sandalwood tree on the top of Taibo Mountain (that is, Taibo's present-day Myoxiang Mountain), which is called the city of the gods, and is called Huanxiong Tianwangye, who will be the master of the wind and rain, and the master of the main valley will be the lord of the disease, and the lord of the main valley will be tortured by the lord of good and evil, and all the three hundred and sixty things between the masters will be physicalized in the world. Sometimes there is a bear and a tiger living in the same cave, often praying to the gods and heroes, willing to become human. When the relics of the gods are one and twenty pieces of garlic, they say: Er's generations eat it, and if they don't see the sun for a hundred days, they will get human form. The bear and the tiger get and eat the taboo for three or seven days, the bear gets the female body, the tiger cannot be jealous, and the human body is not allowed, and the bear woman has no marriage, so every time under the sandalwood tree, the curse wishes to be pregnant, the male is false and married, pregnant and has a child, and the name is Tan Junwang Jian.
Similar stories are also recorded in ancient Korean books such as the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, the Records of imperial rhymes, the Narrative of the Burning Chamber, the Tongjian of dongguo, the Records of Mei Sook, the Geographical Chronicles of Goryeo History, and the Records of Sejong Shilu Geography. In the "History of the Three Kingdoms", the son of the gods is called Huan Xiong, and the son of Huan Xiong and the bear girl, "Tan Jun", is called Tan Jun, "Taibo Mountain" is Taibai Mountain, and Tan Jun later established a state in Pyongyang, named Ancient Korea. The Tanjun myth in other ancient texts also has some variations, but the main body remains unchanged.
Chinese scholars believe that the Tanjun myth reflects the ancient people's idea of worshiping heaven and that one of the ancestors once used the bear as a totem. According to the analysis of Korean historians, "Huanxiong" refers to the god worship tribe that migrated to the Taebaek Mountains, and the bear girl refers to the indigenous tribe that worships the bear as a totem. Huan Xiong and The Bear Girl married Tan Jun, who became the ancestor of Korea, referring to the combination of the migrating gods worshiping tribes and the indigenous tribes worshipping the bear as a totem, forming a new tribe. I agree. The so-called bear and tiger are in the same cave, reflecting the relationship between the two clans with the bear and the tiger as the totem. The fact that The Bear Girl married Huan Xiong and the Tiger failed to become a human refers to the change in the status of two similar clans in the process of merging into one tribe. The bear-totem clan gained dominance, and the chiefs of the tribe also came from this clan.
Some scholars have argued that the early totems of the Chu people were also bears. The Chu people's surname is Qi's bear, and after the bear, more than 30 monarchs in the past have taken bears as their surname, and the "History of the Chu Family" Yun: "At the time of King Wen of Zhou, the Miao descendants of Ji Lian were known as bears... His son xiong li, xiong li born bear madness, bear crazy bear crazy. Its earliest settlements are also named after bears, such as "there are bears", "bear mountains", "cave bears" and so on. Mr. Luo Xianglin said: "The leader of the Chu people, the world is crowned with the word bear, like a bear in the Chu people's original clan, that is, the bear is the totem ancestor's shadow." It is speculated that the Chu people were one of the tribes that worshipped bears as totems in the early days.
Regarding the "three dangers" and "Taibai", Korean scholars have different interpretations. Some say that the "Three Dangers are too white" is the Myohungsan in North Pyongan Province, North Korea; Some "three dangers" are regardless of it, saying that "too white" is Myoxiang Mountain. Another said that the "three dangers" refer to the southern part of Dunhuang in Gansu Province, and the "Taibai" refers to the Changbai Mountains. Chinese scholars also disagree on the ancient Sanwei Diwang, one saying that it is the Sanwei Mountain near present-day Dunhuang, Gansu; The second is that it is the Bird and Mouse Mountain near Tianshui in Gansu; The three are said to be near the upper reaches of the Jialing River at the junction of present-day Shaanxi,Gansu,sichuan provinces; The fourth is said to be in the upper reaches of the Min River at the junction of Sichuan and Gansu, along the Minshan Mountains. The "Examination of Poetic Geography" says: "Qiangben Jiang surname, after the three Miao, living in three dangers, the present-day Provinces of Die, Tang, and Song are all Qiangdi." Dieshan: southern Gansu, bordering Minshan; 宕: Present-day Gannan Tangchang, similar to the Min River. It is only a few hundred kilometers away from the Taibai Mountain in Qinling, Shaanxi, not as far away as Dunhuang in Gansu, which is convenient for the gods who did not have a very wide field of vision in the ancient period, "looking down at the three dangers and too white". I think that the "three dangers" in the Danjun myth refer to the fourth term of the ancient Chinese three dangers, and "Taibai" should refer to the Taebaeksan at the junction of Gangwon Province and Gyeongsang Province.
The most recorded of the Three Dangers in Chinese historical records is that Yao Shun exiled Sanmiao to the Three Dangers in more than 2000 BC. For example, in the "History of the Five Emperors", Yun said: "Move the three seedlings to the three dangers in order to change the Western Rong." The Shang Shu Yao Dian says that Shun "channeled three seedlings in three dangers". It shows that one of the Sanmiao tribal groups had been to the "Three Dangers", but the hinterland of the Three Miao should be in the Jingchu area, and the Three Miao Chieftain Xuan You had also gone north to the Central Plains to compete with the Yellow Emperor for deer. For example, in the "Classic of Mountains and Seas and the Great Wilderness of the North Classic", it is recorded: "Xuan You made a soldier to attack the Yellow Emperor, and the Yellow Emperor made Ying Long attack the wilderness of Jizhou." In response to the dragon livestock water, Xuan You asked the wind and rain to follow, the great wind and rain." "Han Feizi Ten Passes" also said: "In the past, the Yellow Emperor and the ghost god were on Mount Tai... Xuan You was in front, the wind was sweeping in, and the rain master was sprinkling. Qu Yuan, the great poet of the Chu State, also mentioned "Wind Bo", "Rain Master", and "Lei Gong" (also known as "Yun Zhongjun" and "Yun Shi" (also known as "Yun Zhongjun" and "Yun Shi" many times in Chu Ci). "Chu Ci Yuanyou" Yun: "Feng Bo is the pioneer of Yu,...... The left rain division made the path wait, and the right Lei Gong thought it was a guard. The "Wind Bo", "Rain Master", "Lei Gong" (Cloud Master) in the Chu Ci, and the "Wind Bo", "Rain Master", and "Cloud Master" in the Tanjun Myth are all objects that the gods can influence.
In the Tanjun mythology, the gods granted Huanxiong three celestial rune seals, and scholars in Both Korea believe that this heavenly rune seal is a magic weapon for wizards. According to historical records, witchcraft was once prevalent in ancient China, especially Chu Miao during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Mr. Fan Wenlan said in the "General History of China": The person who is in charge of the culture of the Huangyan ethnic group is called Shi, and the person who is in charge of the culture of the Miao-Li ethnic group is called Wu. Hanshu · Geographical Chronicle Yun: "The Chu people believe in witches and ghosts, and they are heavy on obscenity." Scholars believe that the ancestors of the Chu people, The Bear, and Qu Yuan were the great witches of the Chu State, and the Chu Ci, which pioneered a generation of literary styles, is also mostly based on the witch and ghost customs of the Chu land. At present, there are still many wizards in the Miao area, who use facial decorations, rattles, wooden drums, barmon sticks, bows and arrows, knives, swords and other magic tools to communicate with ghosts and gods in the Korean Peninsula, and it is more common to say that the ancient phenomenon of witchcraft first arose in the "Tanjun era", and even believed that the original founding of the Country was a witch himself.
In mythology, Huan Xiong, the son of the god of heaven, gave bears and tigers "one piece of lingai and twenty pieces of garlic" to make them change into human form, which is also reflected in Chu customs. Hanging wormwood and garlic during the Dragon Boat Festival to ward off evil spirits and drive away miasma is a long-standing custom of the Chu state, which still exists today. Written in the 6th century AD, the author Zong Yi was born and lived for a long time in the former Chu capital Jiangling, and he faithfully recorded the life of the ancient Chu people. Shuyun: "May 5th... Cai Ai thought it was a man, hanging on the door, to you poison gas. Press: Zong measured the word Wendu, tasted the chicken on the fifth of May when the chicken did not crow, saw the place like a person, took it, and used moxibustion to test. Mr. Duan Baolin believes that the mother bear uses mugwort, garlic and other spiritual plants under the guidance of the Huanxiong Heavenly King, and does not see the sunlight for a hundred days before it can change into a person, which already has the illusionary consciousness of witchcraft.
3. The Kingdom of Luo and Lu in Chu And the Ancient Korean Kingdoms of Chenhan and Silla
In the 8th century BC, there were two small states in the hinterland of Jingchu in the middle reaches of the Han River, the State of Luo (also known as the State of Luozi) and the State of Lu (also known as the State of Lu Rong and the State of Luzi). There are several views of scholars on the specific orientation of these two small ancient states: either Xiangyang or Nanzhang or Yicheng. The author prefers the luo state at the junction of the southwest of Xiangyang and the northeast of Zhangzhou. "Zuo Chuan Huan Gong Twelve Years" Du pre-note: "Luo, Xiong surnamed Guo." The Commentary on the "New Language of the World" quotes the "Biography of the King of Luo Province": "Luo, after the surname of Chu Xiong, the state of Qi TuLuo, the surname of Sui is Yan. Yes, the bear surname is also similar to the surname of Qi. "In 690 BC, King Wu of Chu annexed the kingdom of Luo, and his descendants changed their surname from Xiong to Luo. After Luo was destroyed by Chu, the King of Chu moved the state of Luo to Zhijiang and became a vassal state of the State of Chu, and there is a record of Zhijiang as the "Ancient State of Luo" in the Water JingJing Jiangshui. Later, the Chu division expanded its territory to the south of the river, and then moved the remnants of the Luo state to Changsha south of Dongting. During the Qin and Han dynasties, some of the Luo people stayed in Changsha, and some moved east to Yuzhang (present-day Nanchang, Jiangxi), and the Guangyun Yun said: "Originally from the last descendants of the Luo Dynasty, they were enfeoffed with the state of Luo." The descendants thought that they were clans, and looked out of Yuzhang and Changsha. According to the Taiping Huanyu Chronicle, among the five surnames of Yuzhang County, there are Xiong and Luo surnames. Therefore, during the Three Kingdoms and Southern and Northern Dynasties in China, most of the people with the name Luo name recorded in the history books were people from Xiangyang, Changsha, and Yuzhang.
The geographical location of the State of Lu (also known as Lu Rong) was in the west of present-day Xiangyang County, Hubei Province, and it is also said that it was in the northeast of Nanzhang, and the Lu Hou Guo Tiao in the Book of Later Han Dynasty, Junguo Zhi Nan County, quoted in the "Xiangyang Qi Old Biography" as saying: "Ancient Lu Rong also". Lu Rong, the surname of Emperor Yan jiang, originated from the upper reaches of the Lu River, so the name Lu Rong. The Jiang surname belongs to the ancient Qiang people also known as Qiang Qiang and Qiang Rong, and Lu Shui is now minjiang in Sichuan. From the Spring and Autumn Warring States to the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Qiang people operated in the area from Longxi in the west, to Luoyang in the east, and north of the Min Mountains in the south, that is, in the southeast of present-day Gansu Province, southwest of Shaanxi Province, and northeast of Sichuan Province, including the source of the Han River, the Min River, and the Jialing River. This area is also the place of the ancient three dangers, as the "Poetry Geography Examination" said: "Qiangben Jiang surname, after the three Miao, living in the three dangers." Some of the three seedlings were moved to the three dangers, some of them were integrated into Xi Rong, and some of them continued to exist as seedlings and seedlings. From the 11th to the 8th century BC, miao people appeared on the territory of the Western Zhou Kingdom again, with the title of "
The tribal form of "髳" was calibrated between the Min River and the Jialing River, and the author believes that these Miao tribes were probably from the Sanmiao tribe of Sanwei, who migrated south along the Upper Reaches of the Han River not far from the Jialing River, reached the middle reaches of the Han River in the 8th century BC, and established the State of Lu. These descendants of Sanmiao, who migrated back from Sanwei to their homeland more than a thousand years later, have been strongly integrated into the many customs of Xirong and Qiang, and they respect the tiger like the ancestors of the Yi, Bai and Tujia families. The distance between Lu Guo and Luo Guo is very close, as if lips and teeth are dependent on each other. The Chu people invaded, the lips and teeth died, in history, the Luolu coalition army had defeated the invasion of the Chu army, and in 690 BC, the Lu and Luo states were destroyed by Chu at the same time. After that, they were moved to Zhijiang and then to Changsha. After arriving in Changsha, one of Lu Rong's forces went west to Chenzhou. Therefore, Mr. Wu Ruishu has examined that the Miao people in Fenghuang County in the upper reaches of the Xiangxi Chenshui still have the belief in the Hakka White Tiger, and some of the Xiangxi Miao people also call themselves Lu (Hmong for deblongl), and they may be descendants of Lu Rong.
Let's look at the ancient Korean Tatsuhan. The Chinese history books "Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Book of Wei" and "Later Han Dynasty Book of Dongyi Lie" have such records: "Chen Han, the ancient Chen Kingdom also ... Chen Han said to himself that qin was a dead man, avoided hard labor, and was suitable for Korea. Li Yanshou's "History of the North" records the eighty-second record: "The Silla people, their ancestors, Han Zhongye." The land is in the southeast of Goryeo and the land of The Joy wave of the Han Dynasty. Chen Han is also known as Qin Han. According to legend, the deceased of the Qin Dynasty avoided military service, and Ma Han cut off its eastern boundary to live in it, taking the Qin people, so the name was Qin Han. Its verbal names are similar to Chinese. These historical books about Chen han are reproduced in ancient books such as The Relics of the Three Kingdoms in Korea: "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Chen Han Said to Himself, The Dead of Qin Were Suitable for Korea." A large number of historical sources say that Chen Han was a Chinese who fled during the Qin Dynasty, and Chinese and Korean scholars agree on this. The Book of Wei of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms: "Benchen is also the Twelve Kingdoms... Benchen and Han combined twenty-four countries, 45,000 large countries, 670 small countries, a total of 40,000 or 50,000 households. Its twelve kingdoms belong to the King of Chen. "From the Chinese and Korean historical records, we can see the three Korean tribes in the southeast of the ancient Korean Peninsula, mahan is the indigenous people, Tatsuhan and Benhan are from China, and Benhan is part of Chenhan. Chen Shou recorded in detail in the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms and book of Wei" that the large and small tribal states of Chenhan were named after Lu, such as the state of Sulubusi, the state of Mulu, the state of Molu, the state of DogLu, the state of Silu, the state of Wanlu, the state of Jielu, the state of Mulubei, and so on, and even some of them directly used Chu as the name of the country, such as Chu Shan Tubei leaving the country, Chu leaving the country, and so on.
In Korean historical records, there are records that Chenhan and Benhan were Miao, such as the "Relics of the Three Kingdoms": "The Old and New Book of Tang" Yun. Bian Han Miao people in the land of Lelang. Books such as the Korean History of Huantan say that the Beida Kingdom (which Koreans call themselves the Beida Nation) is after the 14th generation of The Great. At present, There are many ancestral hall ruins in Korea that are dedicated to Xuanyu. This shows that some of chenhan and benhan are of Miao descent like the Lu clan of the Chu state, and the same is the ancestor of the clam. Some scholars in Korea also believe that the creation myths of Korea and the Miao people are very similar, and they are very different from the creation myths of other ethnic groups.
The founding of ancient Silla in 57 BC. Silla was founded by the Sulu tribe in the Chenhan tribal confederation, so Silla was also called Silok and Sulu, and was established as the capital in Seolowa (Gyeongju), ruling the southeast of the Korean Peninsula, until the 3rd century AD, Silla still occupied only the eastern part of Gyeongsang Nambok Province and part of Gangwon Province, with a small territory. After the 4th century, it began to conquer the surrounding tribes and became a powerful country in the southeast of the peninsula, forming a foothold with Baekje and Goguryeo. Silla, with the cooperation of the Tang Dynasty, first unified the Korean Peninsula south of the Taedong River in 676 AD. In the more than two centuries after the reunification of Silla, there was a scene of peace and prosperity, and the unique Silla culture was widely spread under the initiative of the rulers, and eventually became one of the mainstream cultures in Korea.
It can be seen that the residents of Chenhan came from the Chu state that was destroyed by qin, and after Luo and Lu Rong, there were both the Luo clan with bears as totems and the Lu clan who worshipped tigers, which is why Silla is also called Si Luo and Si Lu. Luo and Lu moved to Korea together, and the Lu clan, which initially worshipped the tiger, was powerful, so the name of the country was named Chenhan after the Lu clan from Chudi Chenzhou. Later, the Ro clan, which used bears as totems, became increasingly powerful and gained the upper hand in territorial expansion, and the name of the country was changed to Silla Kingdom. Understanding the changes in the relationship between Lu and Luo, it is not difficult to understand the clan relationship with bears and tigers as totems reflected in the Danjun mythology, and in the process of tribal merger, the Luo clan with bears as totems eventually gained dominance, and the name Silla came from this.
How did the residents of Chenhan come from China? The author believes that the Luo and Lu clans followed an alchemist named Han Zhong and crossed the sea to Korea in 212 BC.
4. Han and the Luo and Lu clans of Korea
During the Warring States and Qin and Han dynasties, alchemists were favored by emperors, who were not only familiar with alchemy, but also familiar with astronomy, geography, medicine, agriculture and navigation. Xu Fu, as one of the most famous alchemists, went to the sea for Qin Shi Huang to seek medicine, and finally arrived in Japan. The alchemists of Xu Fu's contemporaries also included Han Zhong, Lu Sheng, Hou Gong, etc., who also visited qin shi huang for immortal medicine. The Shi Huang Benji records that the Shi Huang "thirty-five years later, Hou Sheng and Lu Sheng xiang and plotted: 'Shi Huang ... Greed for power to the point of such a way that he could not seek the elixir 'and then perished'. And "Han Zhong (finally) went to report." It can be seen that in the thirty-fifth year of the First Emperor (212 BC), Lu Sheng, Hou Sheng, Han Zhong, and others had already fled one after another. "Hanshu Jiaoqizhi" Yun: "When Qin Shi Huang first merged with the world, he was willing to follow the path of the gods and immortals, and sent Xu Fu and Han Zhongzhi's subordinates into the sea to ask god for medicine, because they could not escape, and the world resented." Here Han Zhong and Xu Fu are linked together, Xu Fu and his party went to Japan, this is now the unanimous understanding of Chinese and Japanese scholars, where did Han Zhongzhi's genus go to sea? Mr. Guo Jifen, former president of the Xufu Research Association of Qinhuangdao City, believes that Han finally arrived in Chen Korea in the southeast of the Korean Peninsula, "The name Chen (Qin) Han is also a memorial to its founder, Qin Han. The author very much agrees with this statement.
According to relevant historical records, Han was an alchemist of the State of Qi, refining Dan and collecting medicines, and cultivating into immortals. The Later Han Shu Zhang Henglie's Biography (49) reads: "Han refers to the Qi immortal Han Zhongye. Taking medicine for the king, the king refused to take it, and finally took it himself, and he was immortal. The Jin Dynasty Ge Hong's "Baopuzi Inner Volume IV Jindan" contains: "Han Zhongdan Fa: Lacquer Honey and Dan Frying, Serving Can Be Seen for a Long Time, and There Is No Shadow in the Day". The Ninth Volume of the Guanghong Famous Collection reads: "Serve Dan into a golden ,...... Xi Han finally obeyed. The one whose face is golden and whose body is golden. "Baopuzi Inner Volume Xi Xian Yao" says: "Han finally took calamus for thirteen years and was hairy." Whether it was Han's final alchemy, whether he was taking medicine or becoming an immortal, the key problem was that the place where Han finally cultivated was Changsha in the territory of the Chu Kingdom. In the Tang Dynasty Sima Chengzhen's "Records of Dongtian Fudi", it is recorded: "The Twenty-third Cave True Ruins -- in Changsha County, Tanzhou, the place where Xiyue Zhenren Han finally ruled." Cultivating immortals is not a day's work, you must stay in the place where you rule for a long time, it is conceivable that Han finally had close contacts with Luo Shi and Lu Shi when he was in Changsha, and after Qin destroyed Chu, Han finally fled the Qin State with Luo Shi, Lu Shi and other Chu remnants and crossed the sea to the southeast of the Korean Peninsula. Chinese and foreign scholars believe that the introduction of Chinese characters in Korea is about the time from the Warring States to the beginning of the Han Dynasty, which coincides with the time when Han finally came to Korea. As for the sea crossing route, the author believes that it is not in Qinhuangdao, in view of the fact that anhui and Jiangsu in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River have appeared in danyang place names, and there are still reefs called "Silla Reef" in the Putuo Mountains of the East China Sea, the author speculates that Han Final belongs to the East China Sea from the mouth of the Yangtze River, through Jeju Island to the southeast of the Korean Peninsula, and rebuild his homeland in Gyeongju to commemorate the appearance of Han Zhong and Lu's original Chenzhou Chen han. Han Zhong may be the prototype of HuanXiong in the Tanjun myth, the historical records record that Han Zhong has cultivated into a immortal, it is entirely possible that he will be worshipped as a god by posterity, and in the myth, Huan Xiong led three thousand disciples to descend on the top of Taibai Mountain, which means that Han Finally led 3,000 subjects mainly from the Luo clan and the Lu clan to settle under the Taibai Mountain (Taibai has always belonged to the territory of Chenhan and Silla). The tanjun born to Huan Xiong and the bear girl in mythology should be the leader of Silla with the bear as the totem. Silla took the lead in unifying the peninsula and created and recorded the founding myth with the advantage of skillful use of Chinese characters.
There are similar records in the genealogies of Roche and Lu in Korea. Korean Roche is divided into Roche Roche and Jincheng Roche. The Korean 1982 edition of the Luozhou Luoshi Datong Genealogy Volume 1 "Surname Yuan kao" says: "Luo Shi is a descendant of Boyi, who has been an official in the Yu Kingdom for generations, and King Cheng of the Zhou Dynasty has sealed the Luo Kingdom because of the great Luo clan' merits, and is a vassal of Chu, and was later destroyed by the Chu Qu clan, which is for yuzhang Luoshi." The 1987 edition of the "Jincheng Luoshi Datong Genealogy" Volume 1 "Surname Yuankao" quoted Luo Fufang, a person from Xin Wei Keju, as saying: "Luo Shi Ben zhu Rong's descendants of the Yun surname, in the Spring and Autumn Period, King Ping of Zhou sealed the kingdom in the twelfth year." The Korean Luo clan genealogy very clearly records that Luo Shi is a "Chu vassal Luo Guo" and "Zhu Rong (chu ancestor) descendant", which shows that Luo Zhou Luo and Jincheng Luo Shi are the same family, both luo people in the land of Chu.
The Korean surname Lu has always been believed to be from Shandong, but the history of its Lu surname is not the same. Lu Rong had developed into a powerful clan in the Shang Dynasty, having exterminated the Shang from King Wu of Zhou, and Jiang Shang, the leader of the Jiang clan, a hero of the Zhou Dynasty, went to Yingqiu as the Marquis of Qi, so some Lu people also went to Shandong with their fellow tribes to establish the Lu Zi Kingdom (southwest of present-day Changqing County, Shandong), and the Tongzhi Clan Strategy, the New Book of Tang, the Lineage of the Prime Minister, and the Yuanhe Surname Usurpation are all recorded, and Shandong Changqing is the main body of the Lu clan. However, as mentioned above, there is another part of the Lu people who moved south to Xiangyang, Hubei Province, and also established the Lu Ziguo, which is the ancestors of the Lu clan who moved to Korea with the Luo clan.
Finally, looking back at the distribution of Korean place names, we can see that place names similar to the Chu State are mainly concentrated in Gangwon Province on the east coast of Korea, where there are place names such as Gangneung, Xiangyang, and Dongting Lake. Gangwon Province has a special geographical location, it is surrounded by mountains on three sides, one is facing the sea, and the Taebaek Mountains run through the whole road from north to south, forming a closed encirclement, making it relatively isolated from the outside world, and many ancient customs and customs have been completely preserved. Gangwon-do witchcraft customs are the most preserved and complete places in Korea, and the witch festival presided over by shamans is one of the important contents of the "Dragon Boat Festival" that has attracted the attention of the world, and the witch customs in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula have many colors of Chu Miao witch customs, which I will discuss in another article.
In summary, the author believes that the cultural ties between China and South Korea are not only manifested in the similarity or similarity of some place names, but more importantly, as early as the last year of the Qin Dynasty in more than 2,000 years, under the leadership of Fang Shi Han, more than 3,000 residents of the Luo and Lu clans of the Chu State migrated to the southeast of the Korean Peninsula and established chen han and later the Silla state, which may be the prototype of Huanxiong in the myth of The Danjun. Facts have proved that the mainstream of Korean culture has a deep relationship with Chinese Chu culture, and it also provides excellent new clues for the study of Chu history and Chu culture in China.
Article author: Yang Wanjuan
Source: Journal of South Central University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition), No. 1, 2005
Draft: Geng Yao
Editor: Hong Shan
Proofreader: Youhua Liu
Editor-in-Charge: Zhang Chunyu
Jiangxi Toponymy Research Group