Introduction Yunnan is the distribution center of the world's deep-grained walnut (Juglans sigillata), as well as the traditional main walnut production area in China and the world-renowned high-quality walnut production area. Deep-grained walnut plays an important supporting role in the social, economic and ecological construction of Yunnan Province, and is the most widely benefited and sustainable green ecological industry for farmers in mountainous areas. At present, the relevant national and industry standards are mainly for the northern ordinary walnuts, Yunnan main planting deep walnuts compared with the northern ordinary walnuts, in the cultivation management, after harvesting, intrinsic quality and other aspects of the significant differences, the standards that have been formulated are difficult to apply to the Yunnan deep walnuts, resulting in low recognition of deep walnuts in the market. The "Technical Regulations for the Production and Processing of Deep-grained Walnuts" is designed to be formulated for the weak links such as garden improvement, primary processing of production areas, preservation and storage, nut quality and kernel quality of the main planted varieties in the production and processing of deep-grained walnuts, and is planned to be composed of five parts.
Ecological town, walnut town. New villages and towns
Julong Village Committee Dalongtan Village "Walnut Ancient Tree"
Part 1: Upgrading of the Garden. The aim is to standardize and upgrade deep-grained walnut orchards that have the potential for efficient cultivation.
Walnut ancient trees are listed for protection
Part 2: Primary processing at the place of origin. The purpose is to provide standardized procedures for the harvesting and post-harvest treatment of deep-grained walnuts, and to improve the technical level of harvesting and post-harvest treatment.
Part 3: Packaging and storage. The purpose is to provide high-quality, standardized packaging and storage methods for deep-grained walnuts, extending storage time and increasing added value.
Flower bud stage
Early fruit hanging
Part 4: Nut quality grade of the main cultivar. The purpose is to standardize the nut quality grade of the main dark walnut varieties, distinguish it from the ordinary walnuts on the market, and enhance the popularity of Yunnan deep-grained walnuts.
Part 5: Kernel Quality Grade. The purpose is to standardize the quality of deep-grained walnut kernels, improve the quality of Yunnan deep-grained walnuts, and open up markets and sales channels. Upgrading the existing walnut orchard is the basic link to improve the quality of deep-grained walnuts. The formulation of this standard, focusing on the existing concentrated contiguous, good ecological environment, has the potential for transformation of walnut orchards, through the investigation and classification of the reasons for its low yield and inefficiency, clear the corresponding walnut orchard upgrading and transformation measures, while taking into account the concept of ecology and environmental protection, enhance the transformation of a number of Yunnan deep-grained walnut orchards, and finally improve the quality of deep-grained walnuts from the source. Through the formulation of standards, the various measures to enhance the transformation are based on evidence, so as to improve the scientificity, rationality and ease of use of the garden transformation measures.
Hanging fruit in the middle of the period
Technical Regulations for the Production and Processing of Deep-grained Walnuts Part 1:
Scope of Garden Improvement and Transformation 1 This document stipulates the basic requirements of the | garden, the object and goal of the transformation, the investigation of the garden to be transformed, the type and transformation method of the garden, the improvement of infrastructure, the improvement of varieties, the management of soil fertilizer and water, the management of trees, the management of flowers and fruits, and the control of pests and diseases. This document applies to the upgrading of deep-grained walnut orchards. 2. Normative citation of the following documents constitutes an indispensable clause of this document through the normative citation in the document. Wherein, the dated reference file, only the date corresponding to the version applicable to this file, the date of the reference file, its latest version (including all modification orders) applies to this file. GB 3095 Ambient Air Quality Standard GB 5084 Farmland Irrigation Water Quality Standard GB 8321 Guidelines for the Rational Use of Pesticides GB 15618 Soil Environmental Quality Soil Pollution Risk Control Standard for Agricultural Land (Trial) DB53/T 330 Walnut Harvest Cultivation Technical Regulations 3 Terms and Definitions The following terms and definitions apply to this document.
Raw fruit after processing in the walnut production area of Xincun Town
Processed walnut kernels in the walnut production area of Xincun Town
3.1 Deep-grained walnuts are also known as iron walnuts, pickled walnuts, tea walnuts, and boiling bubble walnuts.
4 Garden Land Basic Requirements
4.1 The location of the garden is selected in an area with a good ecological environment, far from industry and mining, pollution-free, convenient transportation, and concentrated contiguous areas.
4.2 Climate conditions select areas where the average annual temperature is 13.5C to 16.0 °C, the average temperature of the coldest month is 5C to 10C, the extreme minimum temperature is > 5C, the annual sunshine hours are above 2000h, and the annual rainfall is 800mm~1200mm. 4.3 The standing conditions should choose an altitude of 1600m-2400m, a sunny slope or a semi-sunny slope, with open terrain and sunny plots. The thickness of the soil layer with a slope of 20 is ≥ 1.0 m, the groundwater level ≤ is 1.5 m, and the slightly acidic sand loam, light loam and loam soil with good permeability are good.
4.4 Air quality should comply with the provisions of GB 3095.
4.5 The quality of water quality shall comply with the provisions of GB 5084.
4.6 Soil quality shall comply with the provisions of GB 15618.
5. Transformation objects and goals
5.1 After the transformation object enters the full fruit stage, the yield is less than 30% of the walnut orchard under the same vertical conditions for 3 consecutive years.
5.2 The transformation target is reached after three consecutive years of transformation: - Density: 60 plants / hm? ~ 150 plants / hm?; _ Disease and insect hazard rate: < 30% in the second year, 15% in the third year <, 10% in the fourth year <; - Yield: reach the average level of walnut orchards with similar site conditions (except for variety improvement).
Xincun Town Green Source Agricultural Walnut Processing Products
New Village Town Green Source Agricultural Walnut Products
6 Proposed renovation of the park survey
6.1 The content of the investigation should be investigated before the transformation of the walnut orchard to be transformed, and the content of the investigation is shown in Appendix A, Table A.1.
6.2 Investigation Steps
6.2.1 Visit to inquire about the planting growth of the walnut orchard to be transformed and the yield in the past three years.
6.2.2 Sampling in the survey forest park, every 5 to 20 plants to extract a plant, the number of sampled plants 230 plants, the sample plants according to Appendix A Table A.2 content of measurement, recording.
7. According to the survey and measurement results, the walnut orchard land is divided into 1, II, III and IV according to the corresponding indicators such as yield, variety, pest and infrastructure, and the division indicators and transformation measures are shown in Table 1. Table 1 Types of Garden Land and Transformation Methods Walnut Orchard Type Division Indicators Main Transformation Measures Auxiliary Measures Category 1 Management is extensive, the growth trend is average, and the yield is lower than the average level of similar site conditions by more than 30%. Fertilizer water, flowers and fruits management tree management 88 infrastructure improvement
8.1 The width of the main road of the road system is 5m to 6m, and the slope of the slope along the slope is not more than 7"; the width of the trunk road is 4m to 5m, which is generally the dividing line of the planting area: the width of the branch road is 2m to 4m.
8.2 Drainage and irrigation system Conditional garden land in the planting area at the high level of the planting area according to the construction of a reservoir of 50m ~ 100m per hectare, according to the terrain and production conditions to select supporting channel irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, dropper facilities; low-lying areas to build a drainage system.
8.3 Soil and water conservation for plantations with slopes greater than 12" is improved by building terraces, hitting fortifications, excavating single-plant platforms and covering grass.
8.4 Auxiliary facilities include offices, storage rooms, agricultural tool rooms, fertilizer and pesticide warehouses, primary processing sites, drying fields, and necessary production and domestic electricity.
Green Source Agricultural Walnut Processed Product Walnut Oil
Green Source Agricultural Walnut Processed Products
9 varieties improved
9.1 Good varieties are selected to select deep-grained walnut varieties that are suitable for local cultivation and have been examined (recognized) by the national or provincial forest variety approval committee.
9.2 The harvesting of panicles selects walnut trees at the initial fruiting stage or full fruit stage with robust growth, good development and no disease and insect pests as the mother tree for ear picking, and takes the vegetative branches of the outer edge of the canopy as the panicles. 9.3 Panicle storage and collection of panicles placed in a cool and ventilated room for 3d to 5d, cut into 6 to 10 full buds of each short scion, wax sealed, placed in a cool place for preservation.
9.4 Grafting time
Grafting is made from mid-January to mid-February in areas with low temperature in short frost periods and mid-February in areas with low temperature in long frost periods and from mid-February to mid-March.
9.5 Grafting method Determines the grafting method according to the grafting site and the diameter of the rootstock.
9.6 Pipe protection 9.6.1 After the grafting, remove all the buds on the rootstock in time, once every 10d to 15d, and remove the germination 3 times to 4 times in a row. Unrivaled grafted plants retain 2 to 3 buds and are replenished in the coming year.
9.6.2 After untying and grafting into life, when the scion branches grow to 20cm to 30cm, the grafting membrane is lifted.
9.6.3 When the grafted branch of the auxiliary rod is grafted to 30 cm, it is bound with a wooden stick or bamboo pole.
9.6.4 When the new branch grows to 50 cm to 60 cm, the heart is plucked, and when the branch grows to 50 cm, the second heart is removed.
10 soil fertilizer water management
10.1 Soil management · 10 - Select dwarf crops, vegetables or green manure intercropping, yu closure degree 0.3 ~ ~ 0.5 select yin-loving plants, yu closure degree 0.6 ~ 0.7 select shade-tolerant plants. In uncropping walnut orchards, loose soil weeding is carried out at the end of May and August of each year according to the weed breeding situation, depending on the situation.
10.2 Fertilization
10.2.1 The types of fertilizers are mainly farm manure, compound fertilizer, green manure, commercial organic fertilizer and microbial fertilizer.
10.2.2 Fertilization methods
10.2.2.1 Circular fertilization is used to dig a circular trench at the outer edge of the canopy projection line, the width of the ditch is 30 cm to 40 cm, the depth of the ditch is 20 cm to 30 cm, and the fertilizer is applied evenly with the topsoil mud into the ditch and covered with soil.
10.2.2.2 Burrow-like fertilization is centered on the trunk, from 1/2 of the crown diameter to the canopy edge, dig a number of fertilization holes with a length and width of 20 cm× 20 cm, and a depth of 10 cm to 15 cm, and apply fertilizer into the hole to cover the soil.
10.2.3 Fertilization time and amount of fertilizer
10.2.3.1 Basal fertilizer is mainly farm manure and organic fertilizer, supplemented by microbial fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer, and applied after fruit harvest to before leaf fall, 60kg/plant~150kg/plant is appropriate.
10.2.3.2 Topdressing - before germination, topdressing once from mid-February to the end of March, mainly nitrogen fertilizer, 300g/plant~500g/plant; —— Hard core stage, late June topdressing once, mainly high phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer, 1.5kg/plant~2.0kg/plant. ——After fruit picking, apply farm manure 50kg/plant to 100kg/plant.
10.2.3.3 Foliar fertilizer spraying selects sunny morning, evening or cloudy day, with one spray of 0.3% urea in mid-May and one spray of 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate in late July. 10.3 Before the germination and flowering period of water management, irrigate once to 2 times according to the soil glass conditions. In the rainy season, pay attention to drainage in low terrain.
11 tree body management
11.1 Tree culture
11.1.1 The happy shape is about 1.5m of the main trunk, and 2 to 4 main branches are selected with the main trunk as the center, and the main branches are distributed with 2 to 5 side branches.
11.1.2 Evacuation layered
-11- Select dwarf crops, vegetables or green manure intercropping, choose shade-loving plants with a depression closure of 0.3 to ~ 0.5, and choose shade-tolerant plants with a depression closure of 0.6 to 0.7. In uncropping walnut orchards, loose soil weeding is carried out at the end of May and August of each year according to the weed breeding situation, depending on the situation. -
At about 1.2 m of the trunk, 2 layers to 3 layers of main branches are distributed upwards, 2 to 3 main branches per layer, 3 to 4 side branches on each main branch, the layer spacing is 80 cm to 100 cm, and the spacing between the two branches in the same layer is > 20 cm.
11.1.3 After the natural round head shape is truncated at 1.5m, let it branch naturally, remove too many backbone branches, and appropriately arrange the main branch, side branches and branches, naturally forming a round head shape. 11.2 Shaping trimming
11.2.1 Time Winter Shaping Pruning is performed during the dormant period of walnuts. Summer pruning takes place from mid-May to mid-June during the growing season.
11.2.2 Methods to remove over-dense branches, overlapping branches, intersecting branches, long branches, weak branches and diseased and insect branches, and improve ventilation and light transmission conditions. When the tree tendency begins to weaken, select strong branches or long branches with good direction and suitable angle in the middle or upper middle of the large branches, control their growth, and cultivate them as new branches.
12 flowers and fruits management
12.1 Male grooming is performed physically when the male buds first germinate. About 5% to 10% of the robust male flower buds are retained in different parts of the canopy, and the rest are completely removed.
12.2 Artificially assisted pollination female flowering period to collect male inflorescences just about to be pollinated, 6 to 10 for a bunch, hanging on the upper part of the canopy windward surface. Male inflorescences that have just been powdered can also be collected, placed in a cool and ventilated place, collect pollen after powdering, add 10 times talcum powder, and use a brush to dot or pollinate with a pollinator during the "eight" period of female flowers.
13 Pest control
13.1 The principle of prevention and control is based on prevention and comprehensive prevention and control. Maintain and optimize the ecosystem of walnut orchards, establish environmental conditions conducive to the reproduction of various natural enemies and detrimental to pests and diseases, improve biodiversity and maintain the balance of ecosystems.
13.2 Agricultural control through the planting of disease-resistant walnut varieties, strengthen the management of the garden, create good ecological conditions, so that the tree body grows robustly, increase the body's disease resistance. Destroy the branches and leaves of diseases and insects and weeds that are prone to breeding pests, and control the source of diseases and insect pests.
13.3 Artificial control uses manual capture or the use of equipment to prevent, entice, shock and other means to eliminate pests.
13.4 According to the biological characteristics of pests, physical control adopts methods such as sweet and sour liquid, tree trunk tangle rope and black light to trap insects.
-12.13.5 Biological control
13.5.1 Artificial evacuation, breeding release of natural enemy worker evacuation, breeding and release of pine caterpillar red-eyed bee, flower velvet parasitic bees, swollen leg bees, odd ladybirds, parasitic bees, etc. Pine caterpillar red-eyed bees are used to control leaf pests such as walnut lifting moths: cloud-spotted tianniu are controlled with flower-lined beetles and swollen-legged bees; walnut flatleaf beetles are controlled with Australian floating insects; and walnut giddings are controlled with parasitic bees.
13.5.2 The use of pesticides of biological origin and pesticides of mineral origin shall be used to control pests and pests. 13.5.3 Use sexual attractants to place sexual attractants and a small amount of pesticides in walnut orchards to induce and kill walnut erection and male insects, and reduce the chance of mating with female insects.
13.6 The requirements for the use of chemical control pesticides shall comply with the provisions of GB 8321.
(The article is from the Yunnan Province", "Technical Regulations for the Production and Processing of Deep-grained Walnuts") in 2021