Cover image source: montage/AP
Article/Phoenix Network "Wind Direction" author Husseley
Core Tips:
1. The withdrawal of U.S. troops has turned Afghanistan into a dangerous volcano, and extremist groups that have fallen apart are likely to roam and dominate across Central Asia. All of Afghanistan's neighbours, including those of them, are working intensively to deploy military exercises and border defenses to prevent afghan risk spillovers. Analyzing the subjects of the Sino-Russian military exercise, we can see that it is extremely targeted.
2. Although the Taliban have repeatedly promised that "no force will be allowed to use Afghan territory to do anything harmful to China." However, the Taliban and many Central Asian terrorist organizations are closely related in terms of ideology, personnel, funds and weapons, and the Taliban organization is highly flat, and the top level may not be able to restrain the mixed East Turkistan forces. Therefore, there are still high security risks.
3. In response to the above risks, China made better preparations for the western border several years ago and supported Tajikistan in strengthening security capacity-building. Moreover, foreign media reported that China has also set up a joint counter-terrorism center in Tajikistan, built a post on the Afghan-Tajik border, and formed a joint anti-terrorism force with Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and other countries to keep the enemy out of the country.
4. In addition to the core interests of preventing terrorist infiltration, the protection of China's economic interests around Afghanistan is also an important issue. Full abandonment and radical intervention are unrealistic, and if the situation deteriorates, the use of SCO intervention is a better option, and the September SCO military exercises can be seen as preparations for pre-emptive strikes. In the long run, China, the United States, Russia, India and Pakistan play a peacekeeping role, jointly build the China-Arab States Economic Corridor, and strengthen the capacity building of Afghan national governance, and the bottom-line "active intervention" strategy is more favorable.
The situation in Afghanistan is moving faster than you could have imagined.
From July 9 to August 15, the Taliban took almost all of Afghanistan for more than a month
On August 15, Taliban soldiers approached Kabul and Afghan President Ghani fled Tajikistan. The Taliban have de facto gained supreme power in Afghanistan.
The Taliban enter the office of Afghan President Ghani
It is foreseeable that a quarter of a century after the Taliban entered Kabul in 1996, the Taliban will again become the ruling force in Afghanistan.
The United States evacuated as it had left Saigon, and the streets of Kabul were crowded with cars leaving the city.
Many readers remember that after the last seizure of power, the Taliban actively supported Islamic extremist forces in neighboring countries, shielded os-bin Laden, and became the trigger for the US military to launch a war in Afghanistan.
At the end of September 1996, the Taliban moved into Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan.
Now, as a major country with major interests in the region, China obviously cannot go away like the United States, how to protect national interests and prevent terrorist infiltration? How can economic interests in Afghanistan and neighboring countries be protected? It has become an urgent issue of national concern.
<h1 class="pgc-h-center-line" data-track="15" when the eruption > of the volcano is in progress: terrorist organizations are active, and all neighboring countries are taking risks during military exercises</h1>
"The current situation in Afghanistan is spiraling out of control, and regional threats are extremely urgent. ...... This is not the time for Afghanistan to be loosely controlled by the United States, but like a boiling volcano next to it. Russian military expert Vladislav Shurekin said.
At this "dangerous turning point", the risk has begun to spill over, and from time to time, the scattered Afghan government forces have crossed into neighboring Tajikistan and Iran, and a considerable number of "East Turkistan" elements may cross the border.
Before the Taliban marched heavily into Kabul, Afghan civilians fleeing the fighting sought assistance in a camp in Kabul.
According to the United States and the United Nations, the remnants of et al-Turkistan in Syria encouraged personnel to infiltrate China from Afghanistan and settled in batches in Badakhshan province since 2016, waiting for an opportunity.
▎ Inside the red outline is Badakhshan Province, Afghanistan. The red circle is Jalalabad. The three asterisks on the left are Russian bases in Tajikistan. The asterisk on the right is a foreign media report on China's joint counter-terrorism center in Tajikistan.
In 2020, ETIM also participated in the Taliban's attacks on mining areas and towns in Kuranwa monjan County, near the Pakistani border in Badakhshan Province.
Not far to the south, near Jalalabad on the Ba-Arab border, there is even a famous "Uighur village" established by "East Turkistan" elements since 2016, providing free food, accommodation and training, and is said to have a "Chinese battalion" of up to 400 people.
Even the U.S. media outlet Atlantic has acknowledged that U.S. government lawyers refer to this as a terrorist training camp "linked" to al-Qaida and the Taliban.
Ramatoula Nabir, former director of Afghanistan's National Security Service (NDS), posted photos of terrorist activities in the Badakhshan Mountains, the date of which is unknown
On August 6, Ghulam Isaaczai, Afghanistan's new Permanent Representative to the United Nations, told the Security Council that Afghanistan now has more than 10,000 foreign fighters, including those from 20 groups, including Al-Qaida and IS. "There is growing evidence that the East Turkestan Islamic Movement and the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, which have sworn allegiance to IS, have fought alongside the Taliban in faryab, Juzjan, Tahar and Badakhshan provinces," he added. ”
Map of changes in the war situation in Afghanistan. Red represents the Taliban-controlled zone, blue represents the Afghan government army-controlled zone, and orange represents the war zone. Source: The Paper
During the OCCUPATION, although the US military was weak in control, it would often conduct air raids against ISis-related "ETIM" forces. But most of Afghanistan's borders are controlled by the Taliban, and operations are naturally impossible.
Again, without military repression, the pressure of the "three forces" infiltrating outwards has risen sharply.
So the main threat at the moment is not the possibility of the Taliban invading Central Asian countries. The real danger is extremist groups that have parted ways with the Taliban, who have either tried to flee into The Territory of Central Asian States, occupy certain areas and turn them into bases for their own, so they must prepare for military exercises.
So, all the countries surrounding Afghanistan are on the move.
The northern neighbor of Tajikistan held the country's largest military exercise on the 22nd, and the President of Tajikistan asked officers and soldiers to be vigilant about the situation in Afghanistan and "ensure the highest level of combat readiness to prevent potential threats and guard the national border."
Russia has shipped military equipment to the border between Tajikistan and Afghanistan in case of a possible threat from Afghanistan. At the same time, the Russian military is recruiting contract soldiers to serve in Tajikistan through recruitment advertisements.
Russia has a military base in Tajikistan. Reuters reported that the Russian side has begun to deliver new equipment to the base to strengthen the strength of the base.
In addition, countries such as Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, Afghanistan's other neighbor, will hold a series of joint exercises in August and September, focusing on combating illegal armed groups and responding to attempts to create instability in the region, close to the Afghan border.
Its western neighbor, Iran, has also secured its borders. The commander of the ground forces of Iran's Revolutionary Guards said it was necessary to ensure the security of the border area and that the sovereignty and integrity of Iran's territory was a red line that could not be crossed.
Afghan soldiers took refuge in Iran
More positively, Turkey, which is separated from Afghanistan by Iran, has taken over kabul airport. Turkey also plans to build a border wall along the 295-kilometer-long border between Turkey and Iran, saying it will help prevent illegal border crossings and trafficking in contraband and prevent terrorist infiltration.
Pakistan in the east has also moved, and the Pakistani foreign minister met with Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi on July 24, and the consensus between the two sides is that as Neighbors of Afghanistan, both China and Pakistan are most directly affected by the situation in Afghanistan. Resolutely crack down on terrorist forces such as the "East Turkestan Islamic Movement", resolutely prevent Afghanistan from becoming the source of terrorism again, and promote coordination and cooperation among Afghanistan's neighbors.
India, on the other hand, used two C-17s to deliver 80 tons of military materiel to the Kabul regime. It is also said to be prepared to provide combat aircraft and pilots at the invitation of the Afghan government. Indian media also published an article early on "India should make more preparations for the chaos in Afghanistan". At the same time, the Indian side has also started negotiations with the Taliban.
So what are China's preparations?
The most direct is also military exercises. Last week's Sino-Russian Military Exercise in Ningxia was a combination of counterterrorism operations and the multiple objectives of dealing with strategic adversaries.
Through terms such as "reconnaissance and early warning" and "crackdown and suppression", it is not difficult to see the possible infiltration purpose of maintaining regional stability and mainly targeting the "three forces", namely terrorism, separatism and extremism.
In this case, it is easy to understand why China and Russia chose the Ningxia Qingtongxia base exercise.
It is said that the reason why the location of the military exercise was chosen in Ningxia is because the local terrain and climate are close to Central Asia.
The place for counter-terrorism is Central Asia, where the chaos in Afghanistan is the focus.
What exactly are the actions of China and Russia in Central Asia? It may be that the West is jealous of China and Russia, and many foreign media directly use the shocking title of "China and Russia use force in Afghanistan", as if in order to prevent the infiltration of violent terrorist forces, the Chinese and Russian armies only have one way to enter the "imperial cemetery" to conquer the northern war in the south.
In fact, the exercises are only prepared for the worst-case scenario, to deal with the crisis in Afghanistan, and China has many options.
<h1 class="pgc-h-center-line" data-track="177" > Central Asia: Outposts Abroad, Joint Counter-Terrorism Forces, How Can China Prevent Risk Spillover from Afghanistan? </h1>
Apart from military exercises, what other measures can be taken to prevent terrorist infiltration into China? What efforts has China made?
As we all know, Afghanistan and China are connected through the Wakhan Corridor. This thousand-year passage through Xuanzang and Marco Polo has become a hiding place for separatist forces in Xinjiang in previous years.
With the rise and collapse of IS, the recovery of most of the lost land by Syrian government forces, and the entry of Turkey into northern Syria, the scope of activities of the "East Turkestan Islamic Movement" has been greatly limited, and many "East Turkestan" elements have begun to flow back to the Wakhan Corridor area, which is located in the border area of China, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and Pakistan, with weak political control.
How weak is it? According to local media, on July 6, the Taliban sent four representatives to Wakhan County on the Border between China and Afghanistan, and after hugging and shaking hands with local representatives, the Taliban immediately took the Wakhan Corridor area without bloodshed. When the Taliban first seized power in 1996, they failed to control the northern stronghold.
In this regard, China has several hands to prepare.
The most direct is to ask the Taliban to restrain it.
During the July meeting, Wang Yi also clearly pointed out that the East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM) is an international terrorist organization listed by the UN Security Council and poses a direct threat to China's national security and territorial integrity. Cracking down on ETIM is the common responsibility of the international community. It is hoped that Atta will completely draw a clear line with all terrorist organizations such as the "East Turkestan Islamic Movement", crack down resolutely and effectively, remove obstacles to regional security and stability and development cooperation, play a positive role, and create favorable conditions.
The Taliban representative also confirmed that "the Ata will never allow any force to use Afghan territory to do something harmful to China." Previously, a Taliban spokesman had promised that "no one will be allowed to use Afghan land to attack countries such as China."
On July 28, Wang Yi met with Baradal, head of the Afghan Taliban's political committee
The Taliban's current official position is largely the same, and there is also an attitude of reflecting on the past and "keeping pace with the times". But after all, the Taliban and many Central Asian terrorist organizations have close ties in terms of ideology, personnel, funds and weapons, and the Taliban organization is highly flat, and the top level may not be able to restrain the mixed-in forces against East Turkistan.
Therefore, there is still a risk that the Taliban will support organizations such as et ALIM.
So how to put an end to the situation that the Ministry of Public Security said that "ETIM continues to send personnel to the territory"?
First and foremost is the vital border defense, which is the last and strongest line of defense. In news reports, the border defense of the Wakhan Corridor has been described as an "indestructible iron wall against terrorism".
Moreover, the Wakhan Corridor is highly elevated and sparsely populated, making it easy for crossers to spot.
Screenshot of the CCTV documentary "Soldier Guarding the Wakhan Corridor".
It is said that the "only successful crossover" of the area in these years is a Kyrgyz old man Abdul Larim. In 1984, at the age of 34, he took his wife and four-month-old son to China to escape Soviet conscription to join relatives, and because the Sino-Arab border was guarded by Soviet troops at that time, the family crossed the iceberg and walked for two and a half days to China.
In October 2001, after a U.S.-British coalition attack on Afghanistan, China announced the closure of the China-Arab border. There are reports that President Bush called President Jiang Zemin and said that you should seal off the border between China and Afghanistan to prevent the Taliban from escaping to China.
But in fact, the 92-kilometer Wakhan Corridor is a plateau and mountainous area above 5,000 meters above sea level, which is extremely difficult to cross, so only one sheep ran over during the war, and later China sent this sheep back to Afghanistan.
According to a 2009 visit by the Global Times, after 9/11, in order to cope with the possible illegal crossing of the border by a large number of Afghans, the border troops under the mountain were deployed in echelons to the Sino-Arab border in turn, but in the end there was no illegal crossing of the border, and since then, no one has been found to have sneaked across the border from China to Afghanistan.
Also in 2009, both Afghanistan and the United States wanted China to open the Wakhan Corridor to help NATO coalitions deliver logistics, but the Chinese government rejected the proposal based on practical difficulties and strategic considerations.
Photo by Liu Xiaolong
Officers and men of a certain border defense regiment of the army stationed in the Pamir Plateau and officers and men of the Morgabu Border Defense Corps of Tajikistan carried out routine joint patrols in the area of boundary monument No. 35 in Central Tower in accordance with the established plan, and conducted joint exercises in response to various contingencies that may occur along the border.
So apart from the Wakhan Corridor, have other paths of infiltration been blocked? For example, if the military and police forces in a large area of eastern Tajikistan are weak, will the EAST TURKIstan elements infiltrate into China from this area?
China has long been preparing for the rainy day, and it has been seven years since today.
According to the U.S. Bureau of Asian Studies report "China's Security Operations in Tajikistan and the Wakhan Corridor in Afghanistan", since 2014, Tajikistan's economic downturn, coupled with NATO's withdrawal from Afghanistan, China has sensed changes in the security situation on the western frontier and has provided the following support to Tajikistan:
1. Provision of equipment and facilities to enhance Tajikistan's security capabilities.
This includes the provision of several new outposts and command headquarters to the tower, such as the establishment of 30-40 posts on the Afghan border in Tajikistan, according to the Wall Street Journal.
Related assistance also includes the construction of training centres and counter-narcotics buildings at the border.
It also includes the provision of mine-resistant anti-ambush vehicles, which are mainly used for counter-terrorism and policing operations, as well as Tigers armored vehicles.
Norinco's VP-11 lightning protection anti-ambush vehicle, 4X4, mainly used for counter-terrorism and security operations (Image source: BMPD Live Journal below)
Shaanxi Baoji Special Vehicle Factory "Hushi (ZFB05A)" armored vehicle
Similar equipment includes nearly 1,000 cameras provided by domestic head communication service providers, which can quickly identify and judge risks in the city.
2. Conduct joint exercises with tajikistan and Afghan troops.
The frequency of China-Tajikistan military exercises has increased significantly since 2015, and it is said that more than 400 Chinese soldiers participated in the exercises on the Atta border. In addition, there are humanitarian relief exercises under the multilateral framework of the SCO, cyber security exercises, irregular counter-terrorism exercises and so on.
In addition, China has helped train Tajikistan officials and security personnel and strengthen its capacity in areas such as law enforcement.
The report also said That China has established a "Joint Counter-Terrorism Center" in the Tasmanian Autonomous Prefecture of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region and is stationed on patrol by armed police. Although some foreign media claimed to have met the Chinese armed police in Tajikistan, the Chinese side did not respond to this.
▎ If the report is true, the red marker is the location of the reported Joint Counter-Terrorism Center, which is located on the northern Tajikistan side of the Wakhan Corridor, which can be called a defense against enemies outside the gates of the country
3. Match Tajikistan's security interests with China's interests.
For example, after the construction of the D line through the Central Asia-China natural gas pipeline, Tajikistan is naturally willing to tilt its security resources to Chinese investment. This is because Chinese investment brings budget revenue to Tajikistan.
In addition, such security attempts include the establishment of new security mechanisms, such as the 2016 Afghanistan-China-Pakistan-Tajikistan quadrilateral mechanism, which is also an important mechanism for joint consultations between China and Afghanistan.
On March 18, 2018, an Afghan television station said that the People's Liberation Army had established an "anti-terrorism center" in the border area between China, Afghanistan and Tajikistan, and had deployed an unknown number of troops there. This action was also welcomed by the Afghan authorities.
Pan Guang, director of the SCO Research Center of the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, recently pointed out that on the border between Tajikistan and Afghanistan, China, Tajikistan, Pakistan and Afghanistan have formed a joint anti-terrorist force, which is located in the border post established in Tajikistan during the former Soviet Union. This counter-terrorism front force is important and can play a role if the situation warrants it.
<h1 class="pgc-h-center-line" data-track="178" > go further: retreat or advance? Multilateral cooperation preemptively</h1>
In addition to its core interests in preventing the spread of terrorist forces, China has considerable economic interests in Afghanistan and its environs that need to be protected.
For example, a number of important companies in Afghanistan:
There is also the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which is close to Afghanistan.
For example, what about the US$2 billion investment in Tajikistan, covering agriculture, mining, textiles, telecommunications, cement and other fields?
You know, what if the Chinese side used the most advanced, environmentally friendly and efficient process in China at that time to build a factory in the tower?
▎ Cement plant established by China in Tajikistan in 2016. After the factory was built, the tower officials drove past the factory gate, because they did not see the thick white smoke and called and asked, "Why don't you produce?" The head of the factory said: "We are in production and everything is normal, our production does not smoke." ”
Is it necessary to terminate the abandonment in its entirety?
Although the evacuation of citizens is required for a short period of time, the project is suspended.
But the long-term problems to be faced have also emerged -
"China must open up overland trade routes to Europe and the Middle East, which could inevitably draw it into an internal conflict in Afghanistan." ...... Afghanistan is a perfect example of how it will become increasingly difficult for China to avoid getting involved in local politics and security issues in areas of major economic interest. Roberts, an associate professor at George Washington University in the United States, said.
Some American scholars have even directly encouraged China to "fill the vacuum."
Yes, Afghanistan needs order. But it was not directly involved like Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States. Unilateral intervention is bound to undermine the current delicate balance between China and Russia in Central Asia.
Between giving up and filling in the blanks, China has more options.
Because this is 2021, after all, this is not the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, nor the first time the Taliban seized power in 1996. The Shanghai Five, established in 1996, has formally evolved into the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and has become a solid security network in the region.
Pan Guang once pointed out that the SCO and the United Nations have signed cooperation agreements that stipulate that the United Nations can authorize the SCO to undertake peacekeeping missions in emergency situations.
Coincidentally, the meeting of defense ministers of the SCO member states was held in Tajikistan on July 28, where the Chinese and Russian defense ministers discussed the situation in Afghanistan.
Russian military expert Shamir Galiyev said it was very realistic for the SCO countries to intervene to stabilize regional order in the context of instability on the border with Afghanistan, including humanitarian and peacekeeping operations.
Coincidentally, SCO member states will hold a joint counter-terrorism exercise "Peace Mission 2021" in September. In addition to the Chinese and Russian armies, more than 4,000 military personnel from other SCO countries – India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan – will participate.
After all, at the SCO Foreign Ministers' Meeting in July, Wang Yi pointed out that the SCO should give full play to the functions and roles of regional anti-terrorist structures and make every effort to prevent the infiltration and spread of the "three forces" into the periphery of Afghanistan.
September coincided with the withdrawal of US troops, and it is not excluded that the SCO national exercises have the meaning of pre-emptive strikes.
<h1 class="pgc-h-center-line" data-track="179" > Conclusion: How does China treat "imperial cemeteries?" ”</h1>
Britain, the Soviet Union, the United States, Afghanistan have always warned of overextended powers with long and resilient chaos, and from the perspective of protecting interests, there is still a lot of debate in the domestic strategic circles about how China should intervene in Afghanistan.
For example, is it "minimal involvement" or "active involvement"?
Those who support "active intervention" believe that if China wants to achieve global importance, it should provide the most important public goods for its neighbors, without which there will be no voice and influence, and that the stability of Afghanistan is of great strategic importance to China.
These scholars argue that China should not engage directly in the military and that its military presence is limited to peacekeeping operations. At the same time, in the spirit of the Charter of the United Nations, it participates in the settlement of the internal crisis in Afghanistan. And it insists on respecting the will of the Afghan people.
Specific solutions have also become clear.
In terms of regional security, China, the United States, Russia, India and Pakistan jointly dispatch peacekeeping forces to prevent the spillover of terrorism. Of course, in terms of regional patterns, in addition to the United States, Russia and Pakistan, which have always exerted greater influence, China and India should have their own place in the solution.
One anecdote is that in 2009, former British Prime Minister Gordon Brown formally invited China and India to send troops to Afghanistan in 2009, but both China and India refused, on the grounds that China and India are not NATO members.
Now things have changed.
"Although China has long been extremely cautious about sending troops overseas, it could join the international peacekeeping force into Afghanistan if it is supported by UN resolutions," said Fan Hongda, a professor at the Middle East Institute at Shanghai Chinese University.
The withdrawal of the Us military was originally expected by India to fill its vacuum, and India also had considerable enthusiasm, after all, it could put pressure on its old enemy Pakistan. And Russia's hope of being the dominant player in Central Asia is also in the Afghanistan strategy. Finally, in order to balance Russia and China, the United States will not go far.
Since all countries have the incentive to intervene, it is better to intervene together.
After the security issues are resolved, it is necessary to mediate disputes between the various factions in Afghanistan diplomatically, and on the basis of mechanisms such as the "Shanghai Cooperation Organization-Afghanistan Liaison Group", we should give full play to China's advantages in coordinating information, punish countries that do not abide by the rules, and eventually include Afghanistan in the SCO. Given China's long-standing impartial role and good relations with Pakistan, Iran, Qatar and other countries, it is not difficult to exert corresponding influence.
Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi (center), Afghan Foreign Minister Salah Din Rabbani (left), and Pakistani Foreign Minister Hawaja Mohammed Asif in 2017
At the same time, the longer-term strategy is to promote the economic development of Afghanistan by radiating the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor to Afghanistan, and the three countries will jointly build the China-Arab Economic Corridor.
Of course, this step must have a certain safety foundation, otherwise the safety cost is extremely high. In addition, it is necessary to develop small projects that are really affordable to the locals, which India has done relatively well.
In addition, there are also Afghan civilian officials to participate in training in China, and only by improving Afghanistan's national governance capacity can we truly achieve "Afghan governance".
Earlier, Wang Yi expressed the hope that Atta would put the interests of the country and the nation first, hold high the banner of peace talks, establish peace goals, establish a positive image, and pursue an inclusive policy. All factions and ethnic groups in Afghanistan should unite as one, truly implement the principle of "Afghan-led and Afghan-owned", promote the Afghan peace and reconciliation process to achieve substantive results as soon as possible, and independently establish a broad and inclusive political structure that conforms to Afghanistan's own national conditions.
Judging from Atta's latest actions, China's advice has been heeded. The political structure after that also needs to be closely watched.
The great regional changes have begun, can China use various methods to promote the establishment of order?
This is not only about The West, but also about Central Asia, but also about the overall situation.
Let's wait and see.
[1] Miao Beibud, and Xue Li. From "Minimal Intervention" to "Conditional Active Involvement": On the Adjustment of China's Policy toward Afghanistan. South and Southeast Asian Studies(2), 15.
[2] Afghanistan-Outward Investment Cooperation Country (Region) Guide (2019 Edition) http://images.sh-itc.net/202003/20200302152759448.pdf
[3] Steel from Damascus: The Taliban attacked the city, where the future of Afghanistan in the post-American era is https://www.guancha.cn/LaiZiDaMaShiGeDeGang/2021_07_19_598979_1.shtml
[4] Russian media: Russia will hold a series of military exercises http://www.cankaoxiaoxi.com/mil/20210716/2448536.shtml on the Afghan border
[5] The Wakhan Corridor: An indestructible anti-terrorist iron wall http://pic.people.com.cn/n1/2018/1024/c1016-30359333-2.html
[6] Conflict in Afghanistan: Pakistan issues civil war warning Iran secures borders The United States calls for a settlement https://chinese.aljazeera.net/news/political/2021/7/12/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%8F%91%E5%87%BA%E5%86%85%E6%88%98%E8%AD%A6%E5%91%8A%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E7%A1%AE%E4%BF%9D%E8%BE%B9%E5%A2%83%E5%AE%89
[7] The Global Times reporter group felt China's border defense in the Wakhan Corridor
http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2009-05-07/073615584198s.shtml
[8] China-Tajikistan Belt and Road cooperation is breaking through: why China has become the largest source of investment in Tajikistan http://www.21jingji.com/2021/7-10/xNMDEzNzlfMTYyNTgxNQ.html
[9] Afghanistan wants to open the China-Awahan Passage China is concerned about national security
https://news.ifeng.com/mil/2/200906/0615_340_1203371_1.shtml
[10] Pan Guang: The key to the change in the situation in Afghanistan is pakistan?
https://www.guancha.cn/PanGuang/2021_06_28_596072_s.shtml
[11] Taliban soldiers in Xinjiang What is China's Afghan layout? https://www.hk01.com/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90/651256/%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%E7%8F%AD%E5%85%B5%E8%87%A8%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%89%E4%BD%95%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E4%BD%88%E5%B1%80
[12] The United States is the world's largest mess maker and the world-renowned "King of the Pot" http://www.mod.gov.cn/jzhzt/2021-07/29/content_4890625.htm
[13] Tajikistan and Russia discussed joint responses to the risk of conflict spillover from the Afghan conflict http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2021-07/26/c_1211258104.htm
[14] The UN envoy warned the Security Council that Afghanistan was at a "dangerous turning point" https://news.un.org/zh/story/2021/08/1089152
[15] China's Security Activities in Tajikistan and Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor https://www.nbr.org/publication/chinas-security-activities-in-tajikistan-and-afghanistans-wakhan-corridor/ p.71-89
[16] In Central Asia’s forbidding highlands, a quiet newcomer: Chinese troops https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/in-central-asias-forbidding-highlands-a-quiet-newcomer-chinese-troops/2019/02/18/78d4a8d0-1e62-11e9-a759-2b8541bbbe20_story.html
[17] China’s Afghanistan Gambit https://thediplomat.com/2021/07/chinas-afghanistan-gambit/
[18] China watches Afghanistan anxiously as the US withdraws https://www.ft.com/content/49d266c6-a6c2-4ab2-bf52-ed34d72b22c1