Keep the bright moon alone
Text | Qian Junjun
Xiangxi Caotang is located in Caitang Bay, Xiangxi Village, west of the Xiangjiang River in Qulan Town, Hengyang County, and is the former residence of Wang Chuanshan, a great materialist thinker in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties and the main representative of Huxiang culture. More than three hundred years ago, Mr. Funayama lived here and wrote a book in anger. For more than three hundred years, his thoughts have been like a bright moon, guiding the course of China's modern and contemporary history and illuminating the once sleeping and numb nation.
01
Wang Chuanshan (1619-1692) was born in The Forty-seventh Year of the Ming Dynasty (1619) in The Forty-seventh Year of the Ming Dynasty (1619) in Hengyang Huiyanfeng Wang Yaping. Chuanshan was extremely strict in his tutoring, receiving a theoretical upbringing from an early age, starting to read the "Thirteen Classics" at the age of seven, Zhongxiucai at the age of fourteen, and reading more than 100,000 poems from the Han Wei "Lefu" at the age of fifteen or sixteen.
In 1638, Wang Chuanshan, who was weak in the year of the crown, came to Yuelu Academy. Before the standing courtyard, he seemed to hear the voice of "Zhu Zhanghui Lecture" more than four hundred years ago: "The smoke and clouds are changing, the universe is poor and profound; nostalgia is full of ancient heroes, and the heart of a gentleman when worried." ”
This is a joint sentence of Zhu Xi and Zhang Yu when they were lecturing at Yuelu Academy. Funayama followed in the footsteps of the sages and fell into a state of distress about academic inquiry and state affairs. He read through the history of the scriptures and the sons, made good friends with the ancients, made good friends, and was enthusiastic about current affairs; and organized the "Kuang Society" with his classmates Guo Fengji and Guan Siqiu, aiming to save the shortcomings of the times and take the world as his responsibility.
In 1642, Funayama took the fifth place in the township examination. Proud of the spring breeze, he decided to go to the Capital Conference the next year, rush into the army, and enter Hanlin, but the Creator made a big joke with him. In 1643, Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong's "rebel army" rose from Shaanxi and quickly swept through most of China. The road to the north will be tested has been broken. The panicked horseshoe and the turbulent rivers and mountains made him more and more distant from the "dream of entering the soldiers".
On March 17, the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644), Li Zicheng invaded Beijing, the Chongzhen Emperor hanged himself, and the Ming Dynasty fell. Subsequently, the Manchu Qing entered the customs, and the Qing Dynasty Zu Fulin took the throne in Beijing, and Jianyuan Shunzhi ruled.
Faced with the situation of broken mountains and rivers and the peril of the nation, Wu Daoxing, then the head of Yuelu Academy and the teacher of Chuanshan, chose to sacrifice his life for righteousness, kill himself and become a benevolent person, and die without eating. The death of the gentleman stabbed into funayama's heart like a sharp blade, and he mourned to the extreme, and indignantly wrote the "Falling Flower Poem":
The song is also silent and crying and crazy,
Soul without Northern Summer Flying Frost.
Clues and mysteries,
Swallow pecking incense to cool a room.
Silent choking, crying, he is lamenting the disillusionment of a dream, he is mourning the demise of a dynasty, he is mourning the fall of a culture.
02
The Millennium Academy no longer had the sound of books, and he knew deeply that there was no way for scholars to serve the country. But he seemed to see a glimmer of light again, and in November 1646, King Gui proclaimed himself emperor in Zhaoqing, Guangdong, and changed the following year to the first year of the Yong calendar.
In April 1647, King Gui traveled from Zhaoqing to Wugang. Chuanshan and his friend Xia Rubi rushed from Xiangxiang to Wugang to join The King of Gui, but they were trapped in the Chejia Mountain in Xiangxiang when it rained heavily on the way. When the rain was pouring and the dilemma was in, Funayama asked Xia Rubi if he regretted it. Xia Rubi generously replied: Never regret it, in fact, it is not difficult to serve the country, and it is not necessary to personally serve the king or go to the battlefield to kill the enemy to repay the country. There is no ready-made way to serve the country in the world, as long as there is always the heart of serving the king and the country and the people, it is also a way to serve the country. Xia Rubi's words lit up the heart lamp of Chuanshan, so that after the demise of the Southern Ming Dynasty, Chuanshan did not choose to "die with his body", but chose to "live with the Tao" for the nation.
Suffering is the teacher of life, and it also fulfills Funayama's superb thoughts. In this year, the Qing army captured Chuanshan's hometown, and in the chaos of the war, his relatives died one after another: in the late spring, the eldest son Wang Beiyao died prematurely; in June, the younger uncle Wang Jiaping died; in August, the second brother Wang Sanzhi died; in November, his father went away with tears at the top of Nanyue Peak with the hatred of broken mountains and rivers.
Burdened with the pain of the death of relatives and the hatred of the subjugation of the country, Funayama's sorrows and emotions were intertwined, and he resolutely turned the leisurely nature of the reader Caiju Dongli into a hero who raised his arms and shouted Huang Zhong Dalu, and he began to plot the great cause of opposing the Qing Dynasty and restoring the Ming Dynasty. Ichisuke Shusheng finally expressed his pride, and he struggled to write:
Leaving a half-point of loyalty throughout the ages,
Save an inch of The Great Ming Dynasty.
In 1648, Wang Chuanshan, a member of the first year, and his friends Guan Siqiu and Xia Rubi and others rebelled against the Qing at the Fangguang Temple in Hengshan. A few students led a group of untrained students, peasants and monks to confront the strong Qing army. He knew he was touching the stone with an egg, but he had to touch it too. He wants to declare a voice to the Qing court, he wants to show a gesture to the world, he wants to stand tall in this battlefield of great disparity in strength into a giant of history!
The uprising failed, and Chuanshan broke through and ran towards the Yongli regime, which was now stationed in Guangxi. In 1650, he followed the Yongli Emperor to Wuzhou, Guangxi. In Wuzhou for a whole year, he saw too many things clearly, and the infighting in the yongli small imperial court was entangled, "the king does not know that he is the king of China, and the subject does not know that he is a minister of China", they are in a corner of peace, and they no longer have the courage to fight against the Qing in the Northern Expedition. In November of that year, the Qing army captured Guilin, and Guilin remained behind to defend Qu Shiyan and martyr the country. For countless nights, Funayama raised his eyes to gaze at the dim, dim moon nine days away, reciting the desperate poem of his friend Qu Shiyan:
Calmly treat me and the city to die,
Thousands of years of loyal subjects are independent.
For three hundred years,
The head is still full of incense.
A helpless desolation shrouded and pervaded his entire world like a thick fog, and he seemed to see Nanming's fate and his own fate.
In 1651, he returned to his hometown and built a hut on the Hammerhead Peak of Hengshan Mountain, named "Continued Dream Temple", which means that there are still unfinished dreams to be completed, and he still has a glimmer of hope for the restoration of the Ming Dynasty. In 1652, the Southern Ming general Li Dingguo recaptured Hengyang, and in November, the Qing army reoccupied Hengyang, and Chuanshan disguised himself as a Yao to avoid being pursued by the Qing soldiers, taking refuge in Lingling North Cave, Yuntai Mountain, JiangYe Mountain and other places.
In 1659, the Qing court had firmly controlled Jiangnan, and the Yongli Emperor fled to Burma. On April 8, 1662, the Yongli Emperor was handed over to the Qing army by the Burmese chieftains, and was hanged by Wu Sangui in Kunming, where the surviving Southern Ming regime ran out of oil.
After the fall of the Southern Ming Dynasty, Chuanshan returned to his hometown and migrated to Zhuying Pond in Gaojie, Jinlan Township, Hengyang County. He built a hut there, named "Defeated Leaf Lu", which means that there is no hope of restoring the Ming Dynasty, and the fate of the Southern Ming is like the fallen leaves of autumn, and it goes with the wind. The desolate situation, the lonely heart, the sad emotions, just like the rivers and rivers, he wrote "Xi Jiang Yue Shigetsu Continued Dream Temple":
The dream was to continue, and The Grass Temple was idle.
For no reason, the bitter Handan was illusory, and it was forbidden to kill the rotten man riding a donkey.
Several degrees of knife and soldier blood, ten years of loneliness and bitterness.
Tan Long was too stupid to sleep, and he was lazy to continue to decline.
The heart of Funayama is still there, and the dream is not extinguished. In order to continue the old dream, the dream temple was built. He hoped that "Kyushu would float in the shadows and continue the new poems in the dream", but the final result was that "the old dream is not older than the adult".
Compared with the "Continuation of Dreams", there are no dreams to continue in the "Defeated Leaf Lu". Overnight, the world of Funayama seemed to be covered in layers of decaying and dead branches, broken flowers and grasses. Since then, he has lived in simplicity, wearing a bucket hat on his head and not standing up to the Qing Dynasty, and not stepping on the Qing Dynasty with clogs on his feet.
03
Wang Chuanshan immersed himself in history, did theoretical contemplation, and searched for historical laws of the rise and fall of China, and Xiangxi Caotang finally became a great philosopher and thinker.
Funayama deeply studied the "I Ching", wrote the "Outer Biography of Zhou Yi", and understood that "the change of the person, the change", the tradition must also make certain adjustments under the new historical conditions. In the next year, he decided to make adjustments to his life path, he hid the "sword blade", and used the "pen edge" to carry out the thinking and questioning of history.
In the thirteenth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1674), Chuanshan built three new grass huts one kilometer away from the "Lost Leaf Lu", named "Xiangxi Caotang" because the grass houses were in the west of the Xiang River. The Xiangxi Caotang was newly built, and he had decided to end up with The Old Forest Spring. The salvation of reality is hopeless, and he has to put it into the salvation of theory and culture. He meditated here and wrote down a magnificent self-encouragement: "The Six Classics rebuke me to open my face, and seven feet to be buried alive from heaven." He was willing to give up his seven-foot body and immerse himself in China's historical and cultural traditions.
Alone with a lone lamp and isolated from the outside world, Funayama began to explore and study the works of the Thirteen Classics, the Twenty-First History, Zhu Xi, Zhang Yu and other works, no matter the wind and rain, no matter how seriously ill he was, he was still the same. "The lights are half-hidden in the books, the yandi wants to cry and inject the medicine bottle", "the long illness is difficult to stay in the spring, the lonely heart is proud", these are all portrayals of his life of writing books during his illness.
Funayama worked day and night in the grass hall, burying the honor and disgrace of life and death in the green lantern and yellow scroll, even if he could not move the yantai and could not hold the brush, he still had to "fight alone and try to ask the heavens."
He completes a monograph almost every year. Works such as "Li Ji Zhang Sentences", "Song Theory", "Zhuangzi Tong", "Zhuangzi Xie", "JingYi", "Qian Xie", "Zhang Zizheng Meng's Notes", "Chu Ci Tong Interpretation", "Zhou Yi Wai Biography", "Reading Tong Jian Theory" and other works were written here. In his lifetime, he wrote more than 100 kinds of works, more than 400 volumes, more than 8 million words, and wherever his pen reached, he touched on literature, history, philosophy, classics, science and many other fields, systematically criticized and summarized the Song Ming Science and even ancient classics and historiography, and made bold innovations, making great contributions to the inheritance of traditional scholarship.
From 1651 Chinese New Year's Eve returned home at the age of three, to his death in 1692 at the age of seventy-four, Funayama spent more than forty years in the mountain huts, deserted temples. Unlike other literati who lived in the remote mountains, he was not a hermit, but a warrior. He did not have tao Yuanming's leisurely self-sufficiency of "picking chrysanthemums under the eastern fence and leisurely seeing the South Mountain", nor did he have the leisurely and calm of "the long hedge of the day has fallen, only the dragonflies and butterflies fly". He forgot the gains and losses, forgot the interests and interests, forgot the honor and disgrace, forgot the life and death, and buried the years in the books.
04
Funayama has experienced the tragedy of foreign invasions and the destruction of mountains and rivers, and has a deep pain in the destruction of the country and the family, so it has a strong nationalist ideology.
Mr. Yang Changji said: "The great festival of Mr. Funayama's life lies in advocating nationalism, and it is a deep shame and great pain that the Han nation is subject to foreign nationalities. "In the heart of Funayama, the interests of the nation are above all else. This fierce nationalist ideology is vividly expressed in his "Yellow Book": "Imperial power can be Zen, can be inherited, can be reformed, and cannot be alienated." He believed that a regime could be overthrown, but it could not be ruled by a foreign barbarian nation, because it was a regression of civilization. He commented on the history of the successes and failures of the Qin to the Two Song Dynasties in the Treatise on Reading Through the Classics and the Treatise on the Song Dynasty. In his view, "righteousness" has three realms: there is a person's righteousness, there is a moment of righteousness, and there is a common righteousness of ancient and modern times. On this scale, he made evaluations of Wang Dao, Huan Wen, Liu Yu, Yue Fei, Chen Qingzhi, and others that were very different from those of the ancients. He criticized Huan Wen for not taking advantage of the occupation of Luoyang to establish himself as king, but for missing the opportunity to restore the Central Plains. If Huan Wen could establish himself as king in Luoyang, even if he went south to destroy Jin, it would be okay. His score of history clearly contains a contemplation of the history of the Ming and Qing dynasties, and the words seem to reveal the following information: If Li Zicheng can overthrow the Qing Dynasty after occupying Beijing, even if he goes south to destroy the Southern Ming, he is also in favor.
Funayama is a traditional scholar and doctor, with a strong sense of loyalty to the king, but he is also a patriot, with deep patriotic feelings, he looks at history with "the common righteousness of ancient and modern", and believes that the interests of the country and the nation are above all else.
05
In the autumn of the thirtieth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1691), Chuanshan's asthma was very serious, and he looked out at the hill not far away, where there was a boulder, shaped like an upside-down boat, which the locals called Shichuanshan. Looking at The Stone Ship Mountain, he remembered his bumpy life. Back in his study, he wrote with a pen: "The mountain cen has stones like a boat, and the stubborn stones are also." "Old and dead, and the ship mountain man still returns his stubborn stone." "The Boat Mountain Is Also My Mountain."
It was winter, the weather was unusually cold, and the blizzard that had raged for several days crushed the pine trees on Hengshan Mountain, and Funayama looked out of the window at the heavy snow, feeling that there would be no more days to come, so he trembled and wrote "Absolute Poetry":
The desolate suburbs are three paths, and the country is destroyed and the subject is lonely.
Frost and snow leave sideburns, drifting zero memories of the five lakes.
Poor enough to pay for the night, there is no word in the world.
Nearly half a century after the fall of the Ming Dynasty, he is still chanting his identity as a "lone minister", in this world, he is like an outcast, lonely in heaven and earth. Before his death, he wrote an epitaph for himself as a summary of his life: "Holding Liu Yueshi's lonely anger and unable to die, Hoping to learn from the right channel and being unable to achieve it." Fortunately, all of them belonged to Ziqiu, and the title was fixed for eternity. "In the first half of his life, he worked for the Ming Dynasty like Liu Yueshi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and in the second half of his life, he devoted himself to Chinese culture like Zhang Hengqu of the Northern Song Dynasty.
On the second day of the first lunar month in 1692, this old man who had been tied up all his life for the Ming Dynasty let go of his miserable, arrogant and magnificent life, but left lightning and flame-like thoughts for the world.
Nowadays, people often refer to Wang Chuanshan and Zhou Dunyi as the two monuments of the Huxiang School, in fact, he was unknown at that time, and the people of the time knew him as nothing more than a remnant of a subjugated country, a dignified scholar, and a stubborn and bitter old man who stayed in a dark room all day to read and write.
When The mountain was broken, he raised an army against the Qing with a weak scholar, and after the defeat, he picked up a large pen like rafters and continued to fight in the spiritual territory. His life demonstrated the value of a scholar. This sense of responsibility and historical mission of "appointing himself with the Tao" has enabled him to always show a sage atmosphere of self-enjoyment no matter what kind of difficulties and difficulties he is in. Funayama says, "There is a sage but not a sage, and there is no sage who is not a sage." His life was the most perfect combination of Haojie and the sages. His loyal and indomitable integrity is Haojie, his responsibility of "appointing himself by the Tao" is a sage; he is a sage who draws his sword and raises an army against the Qing Dynasty; he is a sage who works day and night to raise an army against the Qing Dynasty.
More than 150 years after his death, during the Jia and Dao dynasties of the Qing Dynasty, when "there were no changes in the past three thousand years", his ideas of "nationalism" and "applying the scriptures to the general" were admired by the scholars and doctors at that time. First, Deng Xianhe carved the "Chuanshan Testament", and then the brothers Zeng Guofan and Zeng Guoquan carved the Jinling version of the "Chuanshan Testament" after pacifying the Taiping Army. At the time of the rise of anti-Qing ideology at the end of the Qing Dynasty, Funayama's anti-Qing and anti-feudal democratic ideas catered to the social trend of that time, and his works such as "Yellow Book", "Nightmare", "Reading Through Theory", and "Song Theory" became the ideological weapons of later Restoration volunteers and revolutionaries. As a result, a group of Huxiang people who have been used for generations rose up from the ground.
Chuanshan thought has a long history, with charm and charm beyond time and space, Tao Shu, Wei Yuan, He Changling, Zeng Guofan, Zuo Zongtang, Peng Yulin, Hu Linyi, Guo Songtao, Huang Xing, Cai Yi, Song Jiaoren, Tan Renfeng... So much so that Mao Zedong, Hu Yaobang and other Hunan people were all affected by Chuanshan.
06
In the Xiangxi Caotang, looking at the portrait of Mr. Funayama, I remembered the words of "Partridge Heaven" that he inscribed on his portrait in his later years:
Look at the mirror and recognize it, and ask people whether this is Jiang Zhai.
The turtle follows the people after the decay, and When the dream is not complete, Mo Lang guesses.
Whoever writes a battle, this shape of skeleton, idle to lose Ru two eyebrows open.
Lead Hua is still there, I have been begging to be buried alive since heaven.
Funayama's loneliness and sorrow before his death are overflowing with words. But he was also fortunate that the ideological territory he conquered was vaster and more distant than the geographical territory conquered by the Qing court.
Stepping out of the Xiangxi Caotang, I can't help but think of the verse in Funayama's "More Leaky Zi , Original Meaning": "The moon is oblique, the stars are shining, and the autumn night is really eternal." The sound is slow, the dripping is clear, and the eyes are not easy to pick. Frost leaf drops, ghost worms, thin wine He once got drunk. The world's affairs, the young heart, clear and deep. How many sleepless nights, he was so lonely that round of bright moon, unwilling to "wake up"! But we had to wake up from the tragedy of the Ming Dynasty, stand on the high ground of history, exhaustively investigate the heavens and people, learn from the ancient and modern, and leave an unquenchable fire for Chinese culture and an unripe passion for national rejuvenation!
This article was originally published in Bookhouse, No. 7, 2017
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