The Battle of Chibi: Ercai's fraudulent surrender to Eastern Wu was discovered by Zhou Yu, and Why did Huang Gai deceive Cao Wei Mengde? Deception is not only a technical work, but also a conscience work. The Battle of Chibi: Why was Ercai's deception to Eastern Wu easily recognized? Cao Cao made a fatal mistake!
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="2" >1/Conspiracy of the Three Kingdoms</h1>
In the Three Kingdoms era, wars and chaos were frequent, the powerful and powerful were divided, and the strategists were born, and in order to win the number, they did not hesitate to deceive themselves and plot at the same time. A good plan is better than a thousand troops. For example, Wang Yun's serial plan to sacrifice a maid (righteous daughter) mink cicada will break the DongLu alliance. Moreover, Zhuge Liang's "three tricks" successfully escorted Liu Bei's trip to Jiangdong, causing Eastern Wu to lose his wife and fold his troops.
Even a general who leads his troops to fight, if he does not have a little plan in his chest, he is embarrassed to come out and mix. Zhang Fei in "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is described as a mangy man, but he is also a master of coarse and fine. For example, when Liu Bei was in a tight battle in Xichuan, Zhang Fei was ordered to lead his troops into Sichuan for reinforcements. While passing through Ba County, The Ba Commandery of Zhenshou Jiang Prefecture (present-day Yuzhong District, Chongqing) could not be closed to block the way of Zhang Fei's army. Zhang Fei ordered the sergeant to call for three days, but Yan Yan remained closed and did not fight. Dragging on like this for a long time is not a good idea.
In order to lure Yan Yan out of the city, Zhang Fei had a plan: he ordered the sergeant to pretend to be a woodman and inquire around about the path around Ba County. Yan Yan did not see any movement for several days, sent someone out of the city to inquire about the news, and when he learned that Zhang Fei was going to take the path, he was very happy. I thought to myself, "Zhang Fei took a detour, the grain and grass in the army must be in the back, and I can take the opportunity to intercept his grain and grass." Yan Yan sent troops to set up an ambush in the place where Zhang Fei had to pass.
After three changes, I saw Zhang Fei cross-gun and lead the team forward. When the troops in front of them passed, the ambush was everywhere. Just as they were about to grab the grain and grass, a group of men and horses suddenly killed them. Only to hear Zhang Fei shout, "Yan Yan old thief Hugh left!" When Yan Yan saw that it was Zhang Fei, he was frightened out of his soul, and within ten rounds, he was captured alive by Zhang Fei. It turned out that Zhang Fei who passed in front of him was disguised by Zhang Fei, and the real Zhang Fei was sitting in the back waiting for Yan Yan to attack.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="7" >2/Cao Cao's defeat</h1>
Among the many schemes, deception is also a "common trick" that is often favored. For example, in the Battle of Chibi, there were two fraudulent surrenders before and after: one was Cao Cao's teaching of Cai Zhong, Cai He and Sun Quan, and the other was Huang Gai's deception of Cao Cao. These two fraudulent surrenders, one defeat and one success, were all suffered by Cao Cao. The root cause of Cao Cao's loss was suspiciousness.
Cao Cao's place was to have Cai Zhong, Cai, and the two brothers surrender Sun Quan because their brother Cai Mao had just been killed by Cao Cao. Cai Mao was born in Xiangyang County, Nan County, and his aunt was the wife of Zhang Wen, the Eastern Han Dynasty's eunuch, and the eldest sister and second sister successively married Huang Chengyan and Liu Biao as successors. Liu Biao later became the Assassin of Jingzhou, and Cai Mao served as the Taishou of Jiangxia, Nan Commandery, Zhangling and other counties for his meritorious service in assisting Liu Biao in pacifying Jingzhou. After Liu Biao's death, he supported Liu Chun's succession to the throne, and in 208 AD, when Cao Cao swung his army into Jingzhou, he and Ku Yue forced Liu Chun to surrender to Cao Cao, and then entered Cao Cao's command. According to the Description of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, after Cai Mao surrendered to Cao Cao, Zhou Yu made a counter-plan and induced Cao Cao to kill Cai Mao.
Cai Zhong and Cai were Cai Mao's clan brothers, who were killed by Cao Cao, and the reason for the two to "betray Wei and return to Wu" is convincing. Therefore, Cao Cao arranged for Ercai to "descend Wu". In Cao Cao's view, this was a seamless trick, but when Cai Zhong, Cai He and the two led the old troops to defect to Eastern Wu, they were seen by Zhou Yu, Huang Gai and others - Er Cai's family did not accompany them.
It turned out that before Ercai "defected", Cao Cao said to the two of them: "The treasures of the two generals are now in Jingzhou, and they must be properly taken care of." "It is precisely because he does not bring a family member that he was recognized as a deceitful surrender."
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="12" >3/Zhou Yu hit the yellow cover</h1>
After Ercai's plan to deceive was seen through by Zhou Yu, Huang Gai and others, they did not expose it in public, and they wanted to use this opportunity to counterattack the deception. As a result, in the Eastern Wu camp, a very familiar "Zhou Yu hit the yellow cover" was staged. This meter has a regular name, called the bitter meat meter. Bitter flesh is counted as the thirty-fourth count in the "Thirty-Six Counts": "If a person does not harm himself, he will be true when he suffers; if he is false, true or false, he will be able to do it in between." Tong Meng No Ji, Shun Yi Xun Ye. "Refers to deliberately destroying the body to deceive the trust of the other party, so as to carry out counter-plots."
Zhou Yu looked for a no in front of Cai Zhong and Cai He, and beat Huang Gai up. Of course, Huang Gai, who had been beaten for no reason, could not swallow this breath, so he decided to lower Cao. Huang Gai was beaten for no reason, it was Ercai himself, and after receiving the secret report, even if Cao Cao, who was shrewd and brilliant, could not believe it. Zhou and Huang pretended to be real, beat their own families, deceived Cao Cao, successfully surrendered, and burned Cao Cao's 200,000 troops. From this, there was also a pause: "Zhou Yu beat Huang Gai - one is willing to fight, one is willing to be beaten." ”
Ercai and Cao Cao had a vendetta against each other, so why were they "deceived" at first sight when they "surrendered to Wu"? As mentioned above, it is related to Cao Cao's "seizure" of the Ercai family. Cao Cao's words that "the treasure dependents of the two generals are now in Jingzhou and must be properly taken care of" is actually a proton for Ercai's family.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="16" >4/Zhou Zhengjiaoqian had a bad start</h1>
Protons, similar to hostages in the modern sense, originally refer to people sent to other countries as hostages in ancient times, because they are mostly the sons of princes or princes, so they are called protons. Proton culture, in the long feudal era, has a very long history, and its "quality law" has also advanced with the times.
The era of proton prevalence, for the Spring and Autumn Warring States period, between the princely states, or for allies, or because of war, protons will be used as chips. In ancient times, in order to show the fulfillment of the covenant, the princely states sent close relatives to each other's countries as hostages, such as the "Zhou Zheng Jiaojiao" recorded in the "Zuo Zhuan".
The so-called "Zhou Zheng Jiao" refers to the fact that after the fall of Western Zhou, the princes welcomed the Tianzi to move east, and Zheng Guo won the first merit in the eastward migration of king Ping of Zhou, actively serving the Zhou royal family, and Zheng Guo's family was thus heavily used. Duke Huan of Zheng was once a situ in the court of the Zhou Dynasty, and Duke Wu of Zheng also served as a secretary during the reign of King Ping of Zhou. When Duke Zheng Zhuang succeeded his father as the King of Zheng, he also inherited his father's position as a secretary of state at the imperial court.
At the beginning of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, Zheng Guo and Zhou Tianzi established a good relationship between kings and subjects. Later, Zheng Zhuanggong's power grew, causing displeasure to King Ping of Zhou. In order to prevent Zheng Zhuanggong from monopolizing the government, the declining Zhou royal family wanted to divide the government into another state surnamed Ji, Duke Yu, in order to maintain the balance of power. However, Zheng Zhuanggong did not buy the account of King Zhou Ping and resented the move that King Zhou Ping was going to take. As a result, Zheng Zhuanggong provoked the authority of Zhou Tianzi at every turn, and the relationship between the monarch and the subject deteriorated.
In order to reach a compromise, King Ping of Zhou and Duke Zheng Zhuang exchanged hostages to win the trust and restrain both sides. Since the beginning of the Spring and Autumn Period in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the world has been in chaos, the ceremonies have collapsed, and even the princes of the clan surnamed Ji are no longer loyal to assist. The credit of the Sons of Heaven and the princes is even more dangerous to be guaranteed by exchanging hostages, thus becoming a joke of history.
In addition, starting from the "Zhou-Zheng cross-quality", it opened a precedent for the common use of proton exchange among various princely states after the Spring and Autumn Period to maintain balance.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="23" >5/Heterogeneous Zhao and Han Dynasty peace relatives</h1>
For example, Qin Shi Huang's father, Gongzi Yiren (who changed his name to Zi Chu), was once a proton sent into the Zhao State by the Qin State. Yiren was the son of Emperor An Guojun (later King Xiaowen of Qin) and his biological mother was Xia Ji. Neither mother nor son was favored by An Guojun, and with An Guojun having more than twenty sons, gongzi Yiren was sent to Handan, the Zhao kingdom, as a proton.
At that time, the relations between Qin and Zhao deteriorated, and wars broke out from time to time, and the strangers were treated coldly. Lack of travel horses and daily necessities, life is poor, very frustrated. At this time, a wealthy merchant named Lü Buwei took the initiative to approach him, not only providing him with cars, horses, houses, and food, but also introducing his beloved woman Zhao Ji to Gongzi Yiren. Later, Gongzi Yiren married Zhao Ji and gave birth to Qin Shi Huang. With the help of Lü Buwei, he became the monarch of the Qin state and was the King of Xiang of QinZhuang.
"Qin Shi Huang Emperor, Prince Xiang of Qin Zhuang also." King Zhuang Xiang was a proton of Qin, Yu Zhao, and when he saw Lü Buwei Ji, he took it with pleasure and gave birth to the first emperor. (History of the First Emperor of Qin)
In addition to the mutual exchange of protons between the two countries, when the two countries fought and sought peace in ancient times, the losing party sent its close relatives to the other party as hostages in order to show submission and ensure trustworthiness. For example, the han dynasty's peace system is a kind of proton. Although the strong men in history have the bold words that "those who offend our strong men will be punished from afar", they also have the helplessness of defeat and humiliation. "Plugged in now there is no war dust, the princess of the Han family out of peace." In order to ensure the tranquility of the border, this is the helpless act of the Princess and relatives of the Han family who are criticized by future generations.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="28" >6/When a living person becomes collateral</h1>
During the Three Kingdoms period, such "quality" and "quality" were also very common. For example, Gongsun Huang, the elder brother of Gongsun Yuan in Liaodong Province, once worked as a proton in Luoyang, and later, because his brother rebelled and was implicated, he lost his life. Gongsun Huang was the grandson of Gongsun Du of Liaodong and the son of the left general Gongsun Kang. His uncle Gongsun Gong served as Liaodong too punctual and was sent to the Capital Division as an official. To say that you are going to be an official is actually to act as a hostage, which is the "pledge" in history.
When Gongsun Huang learned that his younger brother Gongsun Yuan had forced Gongsun Gong to abdicate and ascend the throne himself, Gongsun Huang decided that Gongsun Yuan would rebel. In order to protect himself, Gongsun Huang constantly wrote letters that Gongsun Yuan might rebel and asked Cao Wei to send an army to fight, but the Wei Ming Emperor Cao Rui did not listen. Later, Gongsun Yuan did indeed rebel against Wei in Liaodong, and Gongsun Huang, as a hostage, eventually died.
According to historical records, because of the rebellion of his brother Gongsun Yuan, Gongsun Huang was killed according to his sins. The Wei Ming Emperor Cao Rui could not bear to behead Gongsun Huang in public because of Gongsun Huang's previous advice, and wanted to imprison him in prison and let him commit suicide, although some people wrote to ask for forgiveness for Gongsun Huang's crimes, but Cao Rui did not listen, and still sent someone to give Gongsun Huang and his wife to swallow gold to commit suicide (after all, leaving the whole body). After the death of Gongsun Huang and his wife, Cao Rui gave them coffins and clothes, and buried Gongsun Huang and his wife in his home.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="32" >7/ Delegated to people</h1>
In fact, the pledge system has been continued in the feudal era. In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, it was stipulated that all those who were county officials in border prefectures should concurrently serve as prefecture and county officials in the interior under their names, and were only allowed to go to the border areas alone, and their families stayed in the inland offices. Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang controlled the generals more strictly, and he once issued an edict: "The chief military officer who takes the city with me, his wife must live in Beijing and sit, and are not allowed to move out." ”
From the above examples, it can be seen that the basis for mutual trust between military leaders and emperors in feudal society between their generals and border officials does not exist, and the way to ensure the unity of both sides is to control the family members of the generals or border officials as collateral to gain "trust", which is called "delegating to people".
People are used as collateral, and whether they live or die depends on the change in the status of the parents or whether they keep their promises. To a certain extent, the hostages maintain the "mutual integrity" between the monarch and the marshal, and can maintain mutual balance.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="36" >8/Smart is mistaken for smart</h1>
Back to the Battle of Chibi. According to common sense, surrender is to bring family members, but Cao Cao taught people to surrender but to detain family members, and the family members of military officers have always been used as collateral in feudal society, and there is a special term called "pledge", or "pledge". In the matter of taking "quality" or not, Cao Cao suffered losses.
After Cao Cao was defeated by Zhang Xiu, he said to the generals: "I lowered Zhang Xiu, and the mistake was that I did not take his 'quality' and got to this point." After eating this loss and growing a wisdom, you see, from now on, I will never suffer defeat again. Cao Cao's failure lesson that time was to learn to be obedient, that is, to take people's families as "hostages." With the mortgage of a living person as a guarantee, people can be forced to obey, and they dare not or bear to abandon their family lives to rebel in disregard of their lives.
However, in the Battle of Chibi, Cao Cao sent Ercai to surrender and detained his family members as protons, and the result was that Wisdom was mistaken by Wisdom, because, in Eastern Wu's view, this situation was too abnormal.
When things go wrong, there will be demons. After Cao Cao's little cleverness was recognized, he was burned and his soldiers fled in defeat. After Ercai helped Zhou Yu and Huang Gai complete the task of fraudulently descending fire attack, both were reprimanded.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="41" >9/old yellow phrase</h1>
Since the beginning of the war strategy, the strategy of deception has always accompanied the war. Surrendering seems to be a very easy technical task, pretending to surrender, do enough homework. In fact, more than half of the fraudulent descendants will end in failure, which shows that the fraudulent surrender itself is a dangerous move. Sometimes it's a useless piece of.
Since the deception is a simple and practical trick, it is often picked up by people, indicating that there is no shortage of successful deception. Those who succeed, at least have one thing in common, that is, everyone must act according to conscience, if one party is reluctant to do it, it is sooner or later that things will fail.
In the Qing Dynasty's long heroic legendary novel "The Complete Biography of Yue Yue", the story of Wang Zuo's successful surrender with a broken arm against Lu Wenlong is another example of the successful surrender. Wang Zuo, like Huang Gai, was a person who was willing to be tortured, and he cooperated with the commander in a tacit understanding and entrusted him with his life, which completely dispelled the doubts of the enemy and allowed the plan to be successfully implemented.
On the other hand, Cao Cao was to Er Cai, he only regarded Er Cai as a pawn, Er Cai was coerced by people, and the generals could not keep faith in each other, so Cao Cao sacrificed the ancient law of "hostage", and the result was defeat. Therefore, cheating is not only a technical work, but also a conscience work.
(Cai Mao was not killed after he surrendered to Cao, and after Shi Wei served as a lieutenant of Zhonglang, Sima and Changshui, and was knighted as the Marquis of Hanyangting.) Cai Zhong and Cai He are fictional characters in Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Old Yellow Notes)
(Image from the Internet)